1、原級比較
(1)as... as結(jié)構(gòu),表示“和……一樣”,其否定式形式為not so/as as;該結(jié)構(gòu)前可以用nearly,almost,nothing like(絕對不),just,twice,(three) times等詞修飾,表示某種程度的相等。
You're nothing like as critical as you used to be. 你一點(diǎn)也不像過去那樣挑剔。
I just want to read as interesting a book as that one. = I just want to read a book as interesting as that one. 我只是想讀跟那本一樣有趣的書。
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 他入睡和醒過來都很迅速。
The room is not so big as we imagined房間沒有我們想象的大
(2)not so much... as... 表示“與其····不如……(否定前者,肯定后者)”。
如:
Success lies not so much in luck as in hard work. 與其說成功在于運(yùn)氣,不如說在于辛勤勞動(dòng)。
He is not so much a scholar as a pedant. 與其說他是個(gè)學(xué)者,不如說他是個(gè)書呆子。
It is not so much the language as the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand. 與其說是語言,不如說是文化背景使這本書難以理解。
(3)A is to B what C is to D句型,其中的連詞what可以用來表示比較兩種事物相同或相似的關(guān)系,表示“A之于B就好像C之于D一樣”。但如果是數(shù)與數(shù)的比較,則一般用as。
To the Portuguese, the dry salted cod is what pasta is to the Italians. 咸鱈魚干對葡萄牙人來說就像面食對意大利人一樣不可或缺。
2 is to 4 as 8 is to 16. //As 2 is to 4, (so) 8 is to 16. 2比4等于8比16。
2、比較級
(1)常用結(jié)構(gòu):形容詞/副詞的比較級+than,其否定形式為less+形容詞/副詞原級+than。比較級前面可用a bit, a little, a lot, even,far,greatly,many,much,slightly,still等表示程度的詞修飾。注意:當(dāng)more后面接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),不能用much來修飾,而用many或far等詞來修飾。
Mike is much less heavy than his brother. 邁克遠(yuǎn)沒有弟弟重。
They need many more volunteers than we think. 他們需要志愿者的人數(shù)比我們設(shè)想的多得多
(2)“the+比較級...,the+比較級”表示“越……越……”。該結(jié)構(gòu)前面部分是狀語從句,后面部分是表示結(jié)果的主句,整個(gè)句子表示“后面部分隨著前面部分的變化而變化”。
The older we grow, the poorer our memory will become. 年紀(jì)越大,記憶力越差。
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, the greater the stress to the truck. 在一輛滿載卡車的重壓下,地表變形越小,卡車所受壓力越大。
分析:“the+比較級……,the+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越…越…”;前后兩個(gè)部分都應(yīng)該使用自然語序,有時(shí)第二部分可以使用省略形式,本句的完整形式為the greater the stress is to the truck.其省略形式為the greater the stress,
(3)比較級的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
more A than B或rather A than B 與其說是B,不如說是A
less A than B或not so much A as B 與其說是A不如說是B
none other than 不是別的……正是……
no other... than 除了之外,沒有;只有
more than 不只是,極其
no more than 僅僅,只不過
no more... than... 與……一樣不……
other than 不同于……,非……
His visit to New York was more than sightseeing. 他去紐約不只是為了觀光。
You are not capable of speaking English any more than I am. //You are no more capable of speaking English than I am. 你和我一樣都說不好英語。
Our teacher asked us to write an essay in not more than three thousand words. 老師要求我們寫一篇不超過3000字的文章。
In his composition, there were no other errors than a few misspelled words. 在他的作文里除了幾個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤,沒有別的錯(cuò)誤。
This room is no bigger than that one. 這間房和那間一樣小。
比較:This room is not bigger than that one. 這間房間不比那間大。
John is no less hardworking than his sister but he failed in the exam.? 約翰和他的姐姐一樣努力,但他沒通過考試。
分析:not less... than屬于常規(guī)的比較級構(gòu)成形式,表示在兩者之間進(jìn)行數(shù)量或程度上的比較。如:What he earns is not less than mine. (他賺的并不比我少。)而no less...than則是一個(gè)特殊用法,它并不在兩者之間進(jìn)行比較,而強(qiáng)調(diào)“兩者都……,與……一樣”例如:He is no less rich than me.(他和我一樣都很富有。)本題是強(qiáng)調(diào)約翰和他姐姐都很努力,而并不是想在兩者之間比較誰更努力,因此不用not less,應(yīng)該選no less。而no more than的意思為相反的“兩者都不.……”。
(4)“of a/an+n.”相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,表示具有后面那個(gè)名詞的性質(zhì),可用于以下搭配:as much/little of a/an+n.+as分句;more/less of a/an+n+than分句。
What he told us was more of an illusion than a reality. 他對我們所說的在很大程度上是一種幻覺而不是真實(shí)的東西。
It was?as much of a success as we had hoped. 這正如我們希望的那樣,是個(gè)了不起的成功。
分析:be much of a/an... 表示“了不起的,稱得上的”,可用于as... as結(jié)構(gòu)或more... than結(jié)構(gòu):as much of a/an...或more of a/an..than。還原成非比較句為:It was much of a success.
3、最高級
基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:(the)+形容詞/副詞的最高級+比較范圍。最高級的含義也可通過more... than,as...as,否定詞+比較級等結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)。
這里the并不是固定的,而是出現(xiàn)在名詞短語中的形容詞前面才會(huì)有定冠詞出現(xiàn),如果是補(bǔ)語位置的形容詞,前面則不必加冠詞the。
Yangmingshan is crowded. 陽明山人潮洶涌。
Yangmingshan is most crowded in March. 三月的陽明山人最多。
This is one of the best movies I've ever watched. 這是我看過的最好的電影之一。
My mother does more housework than any of us. 媽媽做家務(wù)活比我們?nèi)魏稳硕家?。(媽媽干家?wù)活最多。)
Nothing is more attractive to me than reading. //Nothing appeals to me more than reading. 沒有什么比閱讀對我更有吸引力。
The Yangtze River is among the longest rivers in the world. 長江是世界上最長的河流之一
Issues of price, place,promotion, and product are?among the most conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies. 諸如價(jià)格、地點(diǎn)促銷和產(chǎn)品等事宜是制定市場營銷策略時(shí)最常見的考慮因素。
4、as,than引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句
在as... as和more... than等比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,as/than可作連詞,引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句,充當(dāng)從句中的主語、表語、賓語的作用,其功能類似于定語從句的關(guān)系代詞。
Children should not have more money than is needed. 孩子們不應(yīng)該有比需要的更多的錢。
The medicine is more effective than is expected. 這藥比預(yù)期的更有效。
She makes as much (money) as I do.她賺的錢和我賺的一樣多。
5、倍數(shù)表達(dá)法
“A is 倍數(shù)+the size/length/width of B”(A是B的幾倍大小/長/寬)
“A is 倍數(shù) as+形容詞或副詞原級+as B”(A是B的幾倍)
“A is 倍數(shù) more than B”(A比B多幾倍)
*注意:對“A is倍數(shù) more than B”結(jié)構(gòu)的理解存在爭議,為避免歧義,表示倍數(shù)時(shí),建議使用“A is 倍數(shù)+the size/length/width of B"或“A is 倍數(shù) as+形容詞或副詞原級+as B”結(jié)構(gòu)。
The Yangtze River is almost three times the length of(=three times as long as= twice longer than)the Pearl River. 長江差不多是珠江的三倍長。/ 長江差不多比珠江長兩倍。
A new laptop costs about three times the price of a second-hand one. 一臺新的筆記本電腦的價(jià)格大概是二手筆記本電腦價(jià)格的3倍。
分析:比較級句型:A is three (four, etc.) times the size (height, length, width, etc.) of B表示倍數(shù),意為“A的大小(高度、長度、寬度等)是B的三倍(或四倍等)”。
6、具有比較意義的特殊形式
(1)一些本身就具有比較意義的單詞,其后常接介詞to引出比較的對象而不能用than。常見的有:senior to(比……年長;比……地位高),junior to(比……年少:比……級別低),anterior/prior to(在……之前),posterior to(晚于),prefer to(更喜歡,寧愿),superior to(比…優(yōu)越),inferior to(比……差,低于……的)。
The children prefer camping in the mountains to an indoor activity. 相對于室內(nèi)活動(dòng),孩子們更喜歡爬山。
分析:prefer A to B表示“與B相比起來,更喜歡A”。
(2)表示對比的一些標(biāo)志性詞語,如like,unlike,in contrast,in comparison with,compared with等,可用于同級比較、比較級和最高級。注意不要混淆compare with(與……相比)和compare to(把……比作)。
The Prime Minister's support staff is tiny in comparison with (=compared with) that of a US President. 和美國總統(tǒng)比起來首相的參謀團(tuán)人數(shù)少得可憐。
(3)一些表示完全、極限的形容詞,由于本身意義的關(guān)系,不能采用比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
常見的有:absolute(絕對的),alone(單獨(dú)的,獨(dú)一無二的),correct(正確的),complete(完全的),dead(死的,無感覺的),excellent(優(yōu)秀的),empty(空的),eternal(永恒的,不變的),false(錯(cuò)的),final(最終的),horizontal(水平的),maximum(最高/大的),perfect(最好的),primary(第一位的),pregnant(懷孕的),round(圓的),single(單一的),square(正方形的),straight(直的),supreme(最高的),unique(獨(dú)一無二的),unanimous(意見一致的),wrong(錯(cuò)誤的)。
盡管這些詞沒有“等級差別”,但可以使用表示“接近的”副詞來修飾。比如:nearly,almost,the most closely,more nearly。
nearly perfect 接近完美的
nearly dead 奄奄一息的
almost fatal 幾乎致命的
Shakespeare occupies a unique place in English literature. 莎士比亞在英國文學(xué)史上占有獨(dú)一無二的地位。