13-4-2SAVING THE SOIL
原文
More than a third of the Earth's top layer is at risk. Is there hope for our planet's most precious resource?
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小標題,作者哀嚎. > 就現(xiàn)象提出疑問
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A? More than a third of the world's soil is ==endangered==, according to a recent UN report. If we don't slow the decline, all farmable soil could be gone in 60 years. Since soil grows 95% of our food, and sustains human life in other more surprising ways, that is a huge problem.
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A: 土地問題很嚴重
單詞:
endangered, (動植物)瀕危的
UN 聯(lián)合國
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B? Peter Groffman, from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York, points out that soil scientists have been warning about the degradation of the world's soil for decades. At the same time, our understanding of its importance to humans has grown.A single gram of healthy soil might contain 100 million bacteria, as well as other ==microorganisms== such as viruses and ==fungi==, living amid ==decomposing== plants and various minerals.
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PG這個人說科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)土地退化很多年了. 同時人們也明白了土地很重要. 然后解釋具體怎么個重要.
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That means soils do not just grow our food, but are the source of ==nearly all our existing antibiotics==, and could be our best hope in the fight against antibiotic- resistant bacteria. Soil is also an ==ally== against climate change: as microorganisms within soil digest dead animals and plants,they lock in their carbon content, holding three times the amount of carbon as does the entire atmosphere. Soils alsostore water, preventing flood damage: in the UK, damage to buildings, roads and bridges from floods caused by soil degradation costs ￡233 million every year.
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依舊土地重要性, 舉例.一直在also.
ally 盟友;同盟國,輔助 支持者
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C? If the soil loses its ability to perform these functions, the human race could be in big trouble. The danger is not that the soil will disappear completely, but that the microorganisms that give it its ==special properties== will be lost. And once this has happened, it may take the soil thousands of years to recover.
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如果土壤失去了他的能力就....
special properties 特性
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Agriculture is by far the biggest problem. In the wild, when plants grow they remove nutrients from the soil, but then when the plants die and decay these nutrients are returned directly to the soil.Humans tend not to return unused parts of harvested crops directly to the soil to enrich it, meaning that the soil gradually becomes less fertile.In the past we developed strategies to get around the problem, such as regularly varying the types of crops grown, or leaving fields uncultivated for a season.
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(進一步解釋說明土地失去能力會怎樣.舉例.)在野外植物會吸收土壤營養(yǎng),但是植物死掉就會還回去.
人們往往不會將收獲的作物中未使用的部分直接歸還給土壤，這意味著土壤逐漸變得不那么肥沃
(承上啟下)我們采取了措施,如改變作物類型,一個季度不耕作該土地.
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D? But these practices became inconvenient as populations grew and agriculture had to be run on more commercial lines. A solution came in the early 20th century with the Haber-Bosch process for manufacturing ==ammonium nitrate==. Farmers have been putting this ==synthetic fertiliser== on their fields ever since.
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這種措施不方便了,人口太多,農(nóng)業(yè)要變得更商業(yè)化.(我的理解是.如果一個季度不耕作或者改變作物類型會影響賺錢.)
ammonium nitrate. 硝酸銨. 這個老見,記一下影響不大.
synthetic fertiliser 合成肥料
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But over the past few decades, it has become clear this wasn't such a bright idea. Chemical fertilisers can release polluting ==nitrous oxide== into the atmosphere and excess is often washed away with the rain, releasing nitrogen into rivers. More recently, we have found that ==indiscriminate== use of fertilisers hurts the soil itself, turning it a==cidic and salty,== and degrading the soil they are supposed to ==nourish.==
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(又但是了,要出題了!) 這不是聰明的方式,化學肥料釋放有害的氣體.隨著下雨進河流里了.
indiscriminate 不歧視v. 無差別的,任意的.
nourish. 養(yǎng)育,滋養(yǎng)
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E? One of the people looking for a solution to this problem is Pius Floris, who ==started out== running a tree-care business in the ==Netherlands==, and now advises some of the world's top soil scientists. He came to realise that the best way to ensure his trees ==flourished== was to take care of the soil, and has developed a ==cocktail== of beneficial bacteria, fungi and humus* to do this. Researchers at the University of Valladolid in Spain recently used this cocktail on soils destroyed by years of fertiliser overuse. When they applied Floris's mix to the desert-like test ==plots==, a good crop of plants emerged that were not just healthy at the surface, but had roots strong enough to ==pierce== dirt as hard as rock. The few plants that grew in the ==control plots==, fed with traditional fertilisers, were small and weak.
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(要開始解決了)一個人找到了解決方式,研發(fā)出了有益菌的混合物.把這種混合物放到了過度使用肥料的土壤上.和以前用傳統(tǒng)肥料的區(qū)別很大.
start out 從事,出發(fā).
Netherlands 荷蘭
flourished? 長勢良好的.
cocktail 雞尾酒,混合物
plots:密謀,小塊地,圖表.
pierce 刺入
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FHowever, measures like this are not enough to solve the global soil degradation problem.To assess our options on a global scale we first ==need an accurate picture of what types of soil are out there==, and the problems they face. That's not easy. For one thing, there is no agreed international system for classifying soil. In an attempt to unify the different approaches, the UN has created the Global Soil Map project. Researchers from nine countries are working together to create a map linked to a database that can be fed measurements from field surveys, ==drone surveys,== satellite imagery, lab analyses and so on to provide real-time data on the state of the soil. Within the next four years, they aim to have mapped soils worldwide to a depth of 100 metres, with the results freely accessible to all.
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(又是然而..)這種方式依舊不能解決全球土地衰退問題.我們需要對那里的土地有一個精確的了解,知道他們面對什么問題.(對問題展開說)第一,沒有公認的國際化系統(tǒng)辨認土地.為了用統(tǒng)一的方式,聯(lián)合國還創(chuàng)建了一個全球土地地圖計劃.來自9個國家的研究人員正在合作創(chuàng)建一幅與數(shù)據(jù)庫相連的地圖，該數(shù)據(jù)庫可以提供來自實地調(diào)查、無人機調(diào)查、衛(wèi)星圖像、實驗室分析等的測量數(shù)據(jù)，從而提供關(guān)于soi狀態(tài)的實時數(shù)據(jù)
assess 評估,評定.
access 使用權(quán), 入口通道.訪問.
drone 無人機.
be fed. 就是被提供.
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G? But this is only a first step. We need ways of presenting the problem that bring it home to governments and the wider public, says Pamela Chasek at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, in Winnipeg, Canada. 'Most scientists don't speak language that policy-makers can understand, and vice versa. Chasek and her colleagues have proposed a goal of 'zero net land degradation'. Like the idea of ==carbon neutrality==, it is an easily understood target that can help shape expectations and encourage action.
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做呼吁 提建議了.
carbon neutrality 碳中和
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For soils on the brink, that may be too late. Several researchers are ==agitating== for the immediate creation of protected zones for endangered soils. One difficulty here is defining what these areas should conserve: areas where the greatest soil diversity is present? Or areas of unspoilt soils that could act as a future benchmark of quality?
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提出問題.
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Whatever we do, if we want our soils to survive, we need to take action now.
*Humus: the part of the soil formed from dead plant material
筆記
一共三個大題
第一題 14-17? Complete the summary below. 短文填空
==Write ONE WORD ONLY in each gap.==
image-20220306191657432
image-20220306193505904
順序的填空題 -----? 找到定位就填寫完了.
注意點:
同義替換,指代關(guān)系出答案.
同義替換
14? as well as -----and
15 storing --- holding
16 holding ---- storing
17 main factor ---- the biggest problem
筆記
by far =so far 到目前為止
第二道題? Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
==Choose the correct answer and move it into the gap.==6個中選4個
[ ] 這是啥題型啊?????????????
image-20220306192355104
image-20220306194143347
注意點
18 unused parts of harvested crops定位 Nutrients句意定位.? return ---- put back into
19 HB 人名(感覺不像人名,名字定位吧),(大寫定位), Synthetic fertilisers 復(fù)雜名詞定位. 明顯承上啟下句往下看.
不是個聰明的做法,然后產(chǎn)生了一堆問題.
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Synthetic fertilisers = fertilizer 合成化肥
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20 PF定位,? 大定位, addition of mixture 小定位. F'mix
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這道題笨蛋了! 題目翻譯: 在土壤中加入由PF開發(fā)的混合物. 我竟然后面的題沒對....答案都直接寫出來額
20題小難. 感覺出來考官想分一下學生等級.
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21 zero net 定位,
這道題第一時間沒有找到定位,前面的題都是一道題一段,這道題是跨了一段,也還好.沒那么過分.
筆記
f 第一段有 負向 定位 global? ,因此直接把選項里f去掉.
如果認真掃讀其實也看到了nine countries. 和題目無關(guān),刪了.
題目做完選項只有acde 了..找就完事
技巧
并列排除 同義替換, 跳題,兩兩定位,
第三題? Which paragraph contains the following information?
Choose the correct answer.
NBYou may use any letter more than once.
image-20220306200200432
image-20220306200519243
注意點
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不會真錯這么多吧...第二篇就錯3個第三篇咋辦!!!!發(fā)個牢騷繼續(xù)
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22? a reference to one person's motivation for a soil-improvement project 一個人參與土壤改良項目的動機
定位, one person motivation? soil-improvement.
說到一個人只有BE,B其實感覺不合適..但是沒時間了直接選了. 解析看精讀里.
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這道題主要是前面的題一直在看句子,很少看段落,這道題開始要看段落了.沒有轉(zhuǎn)換過來
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23 an explanation of how soil stayed healthy before the development of farming 解釋在農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展之前土壤是如何保持健康的
定位 感覺沒定位... stay healthy.
這道題有點難啊..? 解析上的意思是, 大自然和人類活動下土壤發(fā)展做了對比, 剛好迎合了原文.拿不到正常.能理解
24 examples of different ways of collecting information on soil degradation 收集土壤退化信息的不同方法的例子
題目中有一句話,*NBYou may use any letter more than once. *這樣的話一般都會有一個雙選的.
25 a suggestion for a way of keeping some types of soil safe in the near future 關(guān)于在不久的將來保持某些類型土壤安全的方法的建議
看了段首的話就出來了,而且根據(jù)說明文結(jié)構(gòu)最后一段最有可能對未來提建議
26 a reason why it is difficult to provide an overview of soil degradation 難以提供土壤退化概況的原因之一
看了倒數(shù)第二段段首就出來了.
筆記
技巧就是 先找好找的,不好找的是真不好找. 軟柿子原則;
有的不好找并不意味著找不出來,是為了避免9分思想, 時間先拿好拿的題.
技巧
overall
這道題錯三個正常.
23 是段意總結(jié)出來的關(guān)系,需要看很久
24 看到NB其實就出來了 不該錯
22 沒有轉(zhuǎn)換過來,但是也是段落之間 50%正確率猜吧.
20,21 有點小套路,可以錯,但是沒錯...
13-4-3 Book review
什么題需要暫時跳過最后做?
第一道題是選擇題
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選擇題
定位
-最優(yōu)答案
-順序原則
-同義轉(zhuǎn)換
檢查
正確:切題/概括/客觀
錯誤:離題/過于具體/絕對
-兩個選項類似,答案可能在里面
-方向一致
-語義連貫
-主觀狀態(tài)與客觀事實相混淆
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