(五)一般將來(lái)時(shí)：
??1.用法：表示未來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)；
??2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
? ? (1)next（下一個(gè)） +表示時(shí)間的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(day/month/ week/year等)；
??? (2)in（……之后）+ 時(shí)間段=時(shí)間段+ later：
? ? ? ?e.g. in five years= five
? ? ? ? ? ? ? years later五年之后；
??? (3)in+未來(lái)的年份：in 2050;
??? (4)in the future在未來(lái).
??3.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式：will(主語(yǔ)可以為任意人稱(chēng))/shall(主語(yǔ)只能為第一人稱(chēng)單復(fù)數(shù)I/we) + do(動(dòng)詞原形);
?? e.g. Tom will go to school three days later.
? ? ? ? ? ?I will be a doctor in the future.
(六)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1.用法：
(1)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果；
? ? e.g. I have already finished my homework.
? ? ? ? ? She has already read this book.
? ? ? ? ? Mary and Tom have finished their lunch.
(2)也表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去一致延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能是將來(lái)。此用法常與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。
e.g. I have studied English for three years.
? ?????She has lived here for eight years.
? ? ? ?Tom has worked there since 1998.
? ? ? ?They have been here since they graduated.
2.常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yet（用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句）, already（用于肯定句）, for +一段時(shí)間（a year, three months,etc.）, since +表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，so far, ever, in the past few years（months, days, etc.）, up to now, before等；
e.g. I haven’t had lunch yet.
?? ???Mary has already read this book.
3.形式：助動(dòng)詞have/has + done（動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞）；
4.主謂一致：have:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為：I, you和復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)；
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?has:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)（he, she, Mary, etc.）.
5.動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞的轉(zhuǎn)變規(guī)則：
? (1)規(guī)則變化：和動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式的變法一致；
? (2)不規(guī)則變化：特殊記憶（有些相同，有些不同）。
6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與since +句子連用，since從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
?e.g. I have studied Japanese since I graduated from university.
? ? ? ? She has worked here since she came Shanghai.
7. have/has been (to)與have/has gone(to)的區(qū)別
(1)has/have been (to)意為“到過(guò)某地”，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)此人已經(jīng)不再那個(gè)地方，可能已經(jīng)回來(lái)，強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)歷；
(2)has/have gone(to)意為“已經(jīng)去了某地”，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)此人已經(jīng)不再這里，很可能已經(jīng)到達(dá)那個(gè)地方或是在路上。
e.g. He has been to Beijing.
? ? ? ?He has gone to Beijing.
? ? ? ?Where has Tom been?
? ? ? ?Where has Tom gone?
8.瞬間動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：
(1)瞬間性動(dòng)詞指不能夠持續(xù)的動(dòng)詞，如go, come, arrive, die等，不能與一段時(shí)間連用。
(2)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示可以持續(xù)的動(dòng)詞，如stay, live, wait等。
e.g. She has gone to Shanghai.
? ? ? ? I have lived in the place for three years.
9.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)分
(1)一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果；
e.g. I read the book last year.
? ????I have read the book.
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去而且現(xiàn)在還在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)的動(dòng)作早已結(jié)束；
e.g. He has worked in this company for three years.
? ????He has worked in this company for three years.
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去一個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，常與already,yet, never, before等連用；一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)確定的時(shí)間發(fā)生，常與過(guò)去具體的時(shí)間連用；
e.g. I have already read the book.
? ? ? ?I lived in the countryside three years ago.
(4)用how long來(lái)詢(xún)問(wèn)for +一段時(shí)間或since +過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)；
?e.g. How long have you had that bike over there?
? ? ? ? I’ve had it for three years.
????? ?How long has his son owned the train and railway set?
? ? ? ?He’s owned it since his fourth birthday.
(七)過(guò)去完成時(shí)：
1. 定義：表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束, 也可能是早已完成或結(jié)束, 即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；也可以指過(guò)去的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻。
2. 結(jié)構(gòu)：had +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
3. 用法：
（1）表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。句中常用by,before,? when,? until等詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。它是以過(guò)去某一時(shí)間為起點(diǎn), 所以過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài), 表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)間或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才能用到它;
??e.g.Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
(2)過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去, 常與for,? since等詞連用;
e.g. When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
4.by the time 意為“到……時(shí)候(為止)”, 是一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ), 在句中常起到連詞的作用, 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(1)如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí), 那么主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí), 表示“截止到從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí), 主句動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成, 即過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
e. g. By the time you came back, I had finished this book.
(2)如果從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 那么主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用將來(lái)完成時(shí), 表示“截止到將來(lái)的某一時(shí)刻為止, 主句動(dòng)作將已完成”。
e.g. By the time I get home, they will have left.
? ? ? ?By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for five years.
(3)注意：? by the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)意為“到……結(jié)束時(shí)”
?? ① +過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn), 主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；
e.g. By the end of last year, I had stayed in Xi’an for seven years.
?? ② +將來(lái)的時(shí)間點(diǎn),? 主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)；
e.g .By the end of next month, I will have finished my new book.
? ? by+時(shí)間點(diǎn)意為“到……為止；截止……時(shí)”
?? ① +現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間點(diǎn), 主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；
e.g. By now, I have finished all my homework.
② +過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn), 主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；
e.g. By yesterday, the building had been completed.?
③ +將來(lái)的時(shí)間點(diǎn), 主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。
e.g. By tomorrow, all the students will have been out of the school.
