1、爬蟲
- 大數(shù)據(jù)
1-1、 提取本地html中的數(shù)據(jù)
1、新建html文件
2、讀取
3、使用xpath語法進(jìn)行提取
4、使用 lxml 中的xpath
- 使用lxml提h1標(biāo)簽中的內(nèi)容
# 先創(chuàng)建一個index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>歡迎來到王者榮耀</h1>
<ul>
<li><a ><img src="https://game.gtimg.cn/images/yxzj/img201606/heroimg/508/508.jpg" alt="">伽羅</a></li>
<li><a ><img src="https://game.gtimg.cn/images/yxzj/img201606/heroimg/510/510.jpg" alt="">孫策</a></li>
<li><a ><img src="https://game.gtimg.cn/images/yxzj/img201606/heroimg/193/193.jpg" alt="">鎧</a></li>
<li>虞姬</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>坦克</li>
<li>戰(zhàn)士</li>
<li>刺客</li>
</ol>
<!--div + css 布局-->
<div id="container">
<p>被動:</p>
<a >點(diǎn)擊跳轉(zhuǎn)至百度</a>
</div>
<
</body>
</html>
- 結(jié)點(diǎn)選擇語法
XPath使用路徑表達(dá)式來選取XML文檔中的節(jié)點(diǎn)或者節(jié)點(diǎn)集。這些路徑表達(dá)式和我們在常規(guī)的電腦文件系統(tǒng)中看到的表達(dá)式非常相似。
1、 nodename:選取此節(jié)點(diǎn)的所有子節(jié)點(diǎn);
2、 /:從根節(jié)點(diǎn)選??;
3、 //:從匹配選擇的當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)選擇文檔中的節(jié)點(diǎn),而不考慮它們的位置;
4、 . :選取當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn);
5、 .. :選取當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)的父節(jié)點(diǎn);
6、 @:選取屬性。
- 提取本地html中的數(shù)據(jù)
from lxml import html
# 讀取index.html文件
with open('./index.html', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
html_data = f.read()
# print(html_data)
# 解析html文件,獲得selector對象
selector = html.fromstring(html_data)
# selecor中調(diào)用xpath方法
# 要獲取標(biāo)簽中的內(nèi)容,末尾要添加text()
h1 = selector.xpath('/html/body/h1/text()')
print(h1[0])
# // 可以代表從任意位置出發(fā)
# // 標(biāo)簽1[@屬性=屬性值]/標(biāo)簽2[@屬性=屬性值].../text()
a = selector.xpath('//div[@id="container"]/a/text()')
print(a)
# 獲取 p標(biāo)簽的內(nèi)容
p = selector.xpath('//div[@id="container"]/p/text()')
print(p)
# 獲取屬性
link = selector.xpath('//div[@id="container"]/a/@href')
print(link[0])
結(jié)果:
讀取本地html文件
1-2、requests
# 導(dǎo)入
import requests
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
# url = 'https://www.taobao.com'
# url = 'https://www.jd.com'
# url = 'http://www.dangdang.com'
# url = 'https://www.zhihu.com'
response = requests.get(url)
print(response)
# 獲取str類型的響應(yīng)
print(response.text)
# 獲取bytes類型的響應(yīng)
print(response.content)
# 獲取響應(yīng)頭
print(response.headers)
# 獲取狀態(tài)碼
print(response.status_code)
# 獲取編碼方式
print(response.encoding)
結(jié)果:顯示響應(yīng)請求網(wǎng)站的各種狀態(tài)
requests結(jié)果
- 請求沒有添加請求頭的知乎網(wǎng)站
# 沒有添加請求頭的知乎網(wǎng)站
resp = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/')
print(resp.status_code)
結(jié)果:請求不成功
請求不成功
-
復(fù)制網(wǎng)站的請求頭
打開知乎網(wǎng)站,單擊鼠標(biāo)右鍵,選擇審查元素,點(diǎn)擊如圖 1-2-1 所示:
1-2-1 - 添加請求頭后請求知乎網(wǎng)站
# 使用字典定義請求頭
headers = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36"}
resp = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/', headers=headers)
print(resp.status_code)
結(jié)果:請求成功
結(jié)果
2、獲取當(dāng)當(dāng)網(wǎng)站指定圖書的商家信息
import requests
from lxml import html
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams["font.sans-serif"] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
def spider_dangdang(isbn):
book_list = []
# 目標(biāo)站點(diǎn)地址
url = 'http://search.dangdang.com/?key={}&act=input'.format(isbn)
# print(url)
# 獲取站點(diǎn)str類型的響應(yīng)
headers = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36"}
resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
html_data = resp.text
# 將html頁面寫入本地
# with open('dangdang.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
# f.write(html_data)
# 提取目標(biāo)站的信息
selector = html.fromstring(html_data)
ul_list = selector.xpath('//div[@id="search_nature_rg"]/ul/li')
print('您好,共有{}家店鋪售賣此圖書'.format(len(ul_list)))
# 遍歷ul_list
for li in ul_list:
# 圖書名稱
title = li.xpath('./a/@title')[0].strip()
# print(title)
# 圖書購買鏈接
link = li.xpath('./a/@href')[0]
# print(link)
# 圖書價(jià)格
price = li.xpath('./p[@class="price"]/span[@class="search_now_price"]/text()')[0]
price = float(price.replace('¥', ''))
# print(price)
# 圖書賣家名稱
store = li.xpath('./p[@class="search_shangjia"]/a/text()')
# if len(store) == 0:
# store = '當(dāng)當(dāng)自營'
# else:
# store = store[0]
store = '當(dāng)當(dāng)自營' if len(store) == 0 else store[0]
# print(store)
# 添加每一個商家的圖書信息
book_list.append({
'title': title,
'price': price,
'link': link,
'store': store
})
# 按照價(jià)格進(jìn)行排序
book_list.sort(key=lambda x: x['price'])
# 遍歷book_list
for book in book_list:
print(book)
# 展示價(jià)格最低的前10家 柱狀圖
# 店鋪的名稱
top10_store = [book_list[i] for i in range(10)]
# x = []
# for store in top10_store:
# x.append(store['store'])
x = [x['store'] for x in top10_store]
print(x)
# 圖書的價(jià)格
y = [x['price'] for x in top10_store]
print(y)
# plt.bar(x, y)
plt.barh(x, y)
plt.show()
# 存儲成csv文件
df = pd.DataFrame(book_list)
df.to_csv('dangdang.csv')
spider_dangdang('9787115428028')
結(jié)果:
柱狀圖
3、獲取豆瓣網(wǎng)站重慶地區(qū)即將上映的電影信息
- 電影名,上映日期,類型,上映國家,想看人數(shù)
- 根據(jù)想看人數(shù)進(jìn)行排序
- 繪制即將上映電影想看人數(shù)占比圖和即將上映電影國家的占比圖
- 繪制top5最想看的電影
import requests
import jieba
from lxml import html
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams["font.sans-serif"] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
def spider_douban():
movie_list = []
# 目標(biāo)站點(diǎn)地址
url = 'https://movie.douban.com/cinema/later/chongqing/'
# print(url)
# 獲取站點(diǎn)str類型的響應(yīng)
headers = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.142 Safari/537.36"}
resp = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
html_data = resp.text
# 提取目標(biāo)站的信息
selector = html.fromstring(html_data)
div_list = selector.xpath('//div[@class="bd"]/div[@id="showing-soon"]/div')
print('您好,共有{}部即將上映的電影'.format(len(div_list)))
# 遍歷ul_list
for div in div_list:
# 電影名稱
title = div.xpath('./div/h3/a/text()')[0]
print(title)
# 上映日期
shangying_date = div.xpath('./div/ul/li/text()')[0]
print(shangying_date)
# 電影類型
movie_type = div.xpath('./div/ul/li/text()')[1].strip()
# price = float(price.replace('¥', ''))
print(movie_type)
# 上映國家
shangying_country = div.xpath('./div/ul/li/text()')[2]
print(shangying_country)
# 想看人數(shù)
wanted_people = div.xpath('./div/ul/li/span/text()')[0]
wanted_people = int(wanted_people.replace('人想看', ''))
print(wanted_people)
# 添加每一部電影的信息
movie_list.append({
'title': title,
'shangying_date': shangying_date,
'movie_type': movie_type,
'shangying_country': shangying_country,
'wanted_people': wanted_people
})
# # 按照想看人數(shù)進(jìn)行排序
movie_list.sort(key=lambda x: x['wanted_people'], reverse=True)
# 遍歷movie_list
# for movie in movie_list:
# print(movie)
total = [x['shangying_country'] for x in movie_list]
text = ''.join(total)
print(text)
# 2.分詞
counts = {} # counts = {'姓名':出現(xiàn)頻率}
excludes = {"大陸"}
words_list = jieba.lcut(text)
print(words_list)
for word in words_list:
if len(word) <= 1:
continue
else:
# 更新字典中的值
# counts[word] = 取出字典中原來鍵對應(yīng)的值 + 1
# counts[word] = counts[word] + 1
# 字典.get(k) 如果字典中沒有這個鍵 ,(返回NONE)添加一個默認(rèn)值:0
counts[word] = counts.get(word, 0) + 1
print(counts)
# 3.詞語過濾,刪除無關(guān)詞,重復(fù)詞
for word in excludes:
del counts[word]
# 4.排序[(), ()]
items = list(counts.items())
print(items)
# def sort_by_count(x):
# return x[1]
# items.sort(key=sort_by_count, reverse=True)
# 用列表解析排序
items.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
print(items)
counts = [] # 人物名
labels = [] # 次數(shù)
for i in range(len(items)):
# 序列解包
country, count = items[i]
print(country, count)
# 得出結(jié)論
# 繪制中文詞云,在WordCloud()里面設(shè)置參數(shù)
# text = ' '.join(li)
counts.append(count)
if country == "中國":
country = "中國大陸"
labels.append(country)
print(counts)
print(labels)
# 距離圓心點(diǎn)距離
color = ['red', 'purple', 'blue', 'yellow']
plt.pie(counts, shadow=True, labels=labels, autopct='%1.1f%%')
plt.axis('equal')
plt.legend(loc=2)
plt.show()
# 繪制top5最想看的電影 柱狀圖
# 電影的名稱
top5_movie = [movie_list[i] for i in range(5)]
x = [x['title'] for x in top5_movie]
print(x)
# 想看的人數(shù)
y = [x['wanted_people'] for x in top5_movie]
print(y)
# plt.bar(x, y)
plt.barh(x, y)
plt.show()
print(type(movie_list))
spider_douban()
結(jié)果:
想看柱狀圖

國家所占比餅狀圖
