#字詞句篇#
*harness*
[釋義] to control something, usually in order to use its power 控制；利用。。。的動力
[例句] There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and waves as new sources of power. 人們對開發(fā)利用風和波浪這些新能源非常感興趣。
[造句] It is much useful to harness and make use of those waste. 利用這些廢棄物是有益的。
*baffle*
Few cities in the world can baffle a GPS system like London can.
[釋義] verb transitive: to cause someone to be completely unable to understand or explain something 使困惑，使迷惑
[例句] She was completely baffled by his strange behavior. 她完全被他怪異的舉動弄糊涂了。
[造句] His painting baffled us all.
健身相關詞匯：
bodybuilder 健美運動員；
lift weights 舉重
runner; 賽跑者?? weightlifter; 舉重者???
biceps, triceps, quadriceps, pecs, delts, lats, traps, abs, glutes, calves, and hamstrings
肱二頭肌、肱三頭肌、肱四頭肌、胸大肌、三角肌、背闊肌、斜方肌、腹肌、臀大肌、小腿肌肉、腘繩肌。
your muscles falter due to lactic acid buildup 直到肌肉由于乳酸的累積而顫抖為止。
a particular tough training session
短語學習：
1. track the results/ progress
2. increase your endurance
3. brain-imaging techniques = magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
4. a car with a navigational system 裝載導航系統(tǒng)的汽車
句子學習：
1. “Interestingly enough, however, some of the best studies to date of how the brain changes in response to extended training were carried out not with musicians or chess players or mathematicians—some of the more traditional subjects in studies of the effects of practice on performance—but instead with taxi drivers.”
這個句子的主干是studies were carried out with taxi drivers. 修飾studies的是 how the brain changes in response to extended training. 這個小句子里面注意 in response to 和 extended training （這個是作者在敘述事例時常用到的詞）
to date: up to the present moment
[例句] To date, we have received over 200 replies.
[造句] I have written 50 English notes to date. I was really proud of my persistence.?
2. 街道描述：
?"To start with, there is no grid of thoroughfares that can be used for orientation and routing as you will find in Manhattan or Paris or Tokyo. "
這個句子中要學習一個敘事的開頭用語“to start with”，可以用來替換to begin with, firstly, first of all。寫記敘文中的方向時，用到orientation and routing 方向和路線。grid則是map上的坐標方格，較為具體的解釋為 a pattern of squares with numbers or letters used to find places on a map；thoroughfare 的意思是大街，大道（a main road for public use or a passage through somewhere），所以grid of thoroughfare即如下圖：
“Instead the city’s major streets are set at odd angles to each other. They curve and they squiggle. One-way streets abound, there are traffic circles and dead ends all over, and through the middle of everything runs the Thames River, spanned by a dozen bridges in central London, at least one of which—and sometimes more—will likely have to be crossed during a trip of any length through the city. And the erratic numbering system doesn’t always tell you exactly where to find a particular address even when you’ve found the right street.”
中文譯本：
城市的主干道相互之間都形成奇怪的夾角。主干道則呈曲線狀地彎曲著。城市中到處都是單行道，環(huán)形交叉路和“斷頭路”也隨處可見，而且，泰晤士河在城市中央穿過，因此，倫敦的市中心被十幾座橋梁跨過，使得人們在這座城市中不論進行多長時間的旅行，可能都得至少跨過一座橋梁（有時候甚至更多）。此外，倫敦市采用古怪的編號系統(tǒng)，有時候會讓你搞不清楚，要到哪里才能找到某個特定的地址，即使你已經(jīng)找對了地址上標明的街道。
3. 倫敦出租車司機的職責：“All London” taxi driver?
“they are astonishingly good at getting you from point A to point B in the most efficient way possible, taking into account not only the lengths of the various possible paths, but the time of day, the expected traffic, temporary roadwork and road closings, and any other details that might be relevant to the trip.”
司機需要在短時間內想出最有效的出行線路：可行線路的長度，時間，預期的交通狀況，臨時路況以及道路關閉情況。
4. 倫敦司機如何考試？-- “Knowledge boys” or "Knowledge girls"
“Tests consist of a series of “runs” in which the examiner gives two points in London and the examinee must provide the precise location of each of the points and then describe the best route between them, turn by turn, naming each street in the sequence”
僅僅給出兩個點，就需要告知準確位置以及到達這個地方將要經(jīng)過的每一個地點。
“the tests get harder and harder, with the endpoints becoming more obscure and the routes longer, more complicated, and more convoluted.”
5. 倫敦司機同其他人的對比-- hippocampus was larger in the taxi drivers
prospective taxi drivers from the time they started training for their licenses until the point at which all of them had either passed the tests and become licensed cabbies or else had given up and gone on to do something else.
“the new taxi drivers who had learned enough about London’s streets to pass the series of tests, the trainees who had not learned enough to pass, and the group who had not ever trained at all.”
縱觀式的對比倫敦司機腦內的海馬體情況。
6. 人為什么局限了？
“This idea went hand in hand with the belief that individual differences in abilities were due mainly to genetically determined differences in the brain’s wiring and that learning was just a way of fulfilling one’s genetic potential.”
基因決定論。
#熟讀深思#
The human brain grows and changes in response to intense training.
人的局限，是說自己的精神層面的局限和身體極限。作者說明倫敦出租車司機的大腦情況以及運動項目中的運動員不斷打破記錄，這兩個極端的例子說明，“極限”是相對的，不是絕對的。而這一極限的打破不是單純重復和想象，是有一一條黃金準則的，在這一準則實現(xiàn)之前，是人自身的“適應性”使得突破成為可能。證明的前提是經(jīng)得起檢驗的說明和例子。
