前言
圓形可視化廣泛應(yīng)用于基因組及其相關(guān)的組學(xué)領(lǐng)域中,能夠有效地展示高維基因組學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)。
在基因組數(shù)據(jù)中,通常是根據(jù)染色體進(jìn)行分類,x 軸對(duì)應(yīng)于基因組上的位置,也可以是其他類型的基因組數(shù)據(jù)
circlize 提供了一些專門的基因組繪圖函數(shù),讓基因組分析更加簡單方便,如:
-
circos.genomicTrack(): 添加軌跡和圖形 -
circos.genomicPoints(): 添加點(diǎn) -
circos.genomicLines(): 添加線條或線段 -
circos.genomicRect(): 添加矩形 -
circos.genomicText(): 添加文本 -
circos.genomicLink(): 添加連接
這樣函數(shù)與基礎(chǔ)的繪制函數(shù)是類似的,只是接受的輸入數(shù)據(jù)格式不同,都是基于基礎(chǔ)的 circlize 繪圖函數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)的(如 circos.track(), circos.points() 等)。
輸入數(shù)據(jù)
基因組數(shù)據(jù)通常使用的是 BED 格式的文件,即前三列標(biāo)識(shí)某一基因組區(qū)域:染色體、起始位置、終止位置。
circlize 提供了一個(gè)簡單函數(shù) generateRandomBed() 來創(chuàng)建隨機(jī)的基因組數(shù)據(jù)。從人類基因組中均勻的生成基因組區(qū)域,區(qū)域的數(shù)量與染色體的大小成正比。
nr 和 nc 參數(shù)用于控制需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建的行列的數(shù)量,可能最后生成的行數(shù)不一定與 nr 相同,fun 參數(shù)用于接受自定義的值生成函數(shù)。
> bed <- generateRandomBed()
> head(bed)
chr start end value1
1 chr1 261327 520533 0.07617057
2 chr1 596180 606938 0.81289852
3 chr1 769058 1176608 0.61876561
4 chr1 1179719 1671784 0.21739949
5 chr1 1860787 2066114 -0.01665364
6 chr1 2183578 2277911 0.01477448
> # 設(shè)置行列數(shù)量
> bed <- generateRandomBed(nr = 200, nc = 4)
> nrow(bed)
[1] 205
> # 自定義值生成函數(shù)
> bed <- generateRandomBed(
+ nc = 2, fun = function(k) sample(letters, k, replace = TRUE)
+ )
> head(bed)
chr start end value1 value2
1 chr1 154420 432520 o q
2 chr1 621080 658294 w g
3 chr1 923320 962390 b t
4 chr1 964699 1202322 y v
5 chr1 1336707 1405512 r g
6 chr1 1455202 1534223 i a
初始化
1. 染色體條帶初始化
cytoband 類型的數(shù)據(jù)是理想的輸入格式,其包含染色體的長度以及染色體條帶信息,能夠有效標(biāo)識(shí)染色體的位置
1.1 基本使用
如果是繪制人類基因組數(shù)據(jù),可以直接使用 circos.initializeWithIdeogram() 函數(shù),例如
circos.initializeWithIdeogram()
text(0, 0, "default", cex = 1)
circos.clear()

染色體名稱顯示的是純數(shù)字,但是其內(nèi)部的索引名稱還是帶有 chr 的字符串
> circos.info()
All your sectors:
[1] "chr1" "chr2" "chr3" "chr4" "chr5" "chr6" "chr7" "chr8" "chr9" "chr10" "chr11" "chr12" "chr13" "chr14"
[15] "chr15" "chr16" "chr17" "chr18" "chr19" "chr20" "chr21" "chr22" "chrX" "chrY"
All your tracks:
[1] 1 2
Your current sector.index is chrY
Your current track.index is 2
circos.initializeWithIdeogram() 默認(rèn)使用的是 hg19 版的 cytoband 數(shù)據(jù),可以使用 species 參數(shù)來指定為 hg18 或其他物種
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(species = "hg18")
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(species = "mm10")
會(huì)自動(dòng)從網(wǎng)上下載對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù),如果提供的物種不存在,還是會(huì)從 UCSC 數(shù)據(jù)庫中下載染色體信息 chromInfo 文件,有染色體長度,但是不包含條帶信息
如果網(wǎng)絡(luò)受限或者 UCSC 中沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù),則可以自己手動(dòng)創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)框,或傳入存儲(chǔ)在本地的文件
cytoband.file <- system.file(
package = "circlize", "extdata", "cytoBand.txt"
)
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(cytoband.file)
cytoband.df <- read.table(
cytoband.file, colClasses = c(
"character", "numeric", "numeric", "character", "character"),
sep = "\t"
)
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(cytoband.df)
注意,如果是從文件中讀取,需要指定每列的數(shù)據(jù)類型,并指定位置列為 numeric 類型,因?yàn)?read.table 會(huì)將數(shù)字作為 integer 類型,而基因組長度是較大的數(shù),會(huì)導(dǎo)致整數(shù)溢出
circos.intializeWithIdeogram() 默認(rèn)會(huì)讀取 cytoband 數(shù)據(jù)中的所有信息,使用 chromosome.index 參數(shù)可以選擇要顯示的染色體
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(
chromosome.index = paste0("chr", c(3,5,2,8))
)
text(0, 0, "subset of chromosomes", cex = 1)
circos.clear()

如果沒有相應(yīng)的物種,且使用了 chromInfo 文件時(shí),會(huì)包含很多的短的 contigs,使用 chromosome.index 可以刪除一些不需要的 contigs
1.2 預(yù)定義軌跡
使用 circos.initializeWithIdeogram() 初始化圓形圖,會(huì)創(chuàng)建兩個(gè)軌跡,一個(gè)用于包含軸和染色體名稱,另一個(gè)軌跡用于繪制 ideogram,使用 plotType 可以控制需要繪制的軌跡
par(mfcol = c(1, 2))
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(plotType = c("axis", "labels"))
text(0, 0, "plotType = c('axis', 'labels')", cex = 1)
circos.clear()
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(plotType = NULL)
text(0, 0, "plotType = NULL", cex = 1)
circos.clear()

1.3 其他設(shè)置
與常規(guī)的圓形圖類似,可以使用 circos.par() 函數(shù)來控制圓形布局
par(mfcol = c(1, 2))
circos.par("start.degree" = 90)
circos.initializeWithIdeogram()
circos.clear()
text(0, 0, "'start.degree' = 90", cex = 1)
circos.par("gap.degree" = rep(c(2, 4), 12))
circos.initializeWithIdeogram()
circos.clear()
text(0, 0, "'gap.degree' = rep(c(2, 4), 12)", cex = 1)

2. 自定義染色體軌跡
circos.initializeWithIdeogram() 函數(shù)默認(rèn)會(huì)初始化圓形布局,并添加兩個(gè)軌跡,通過設(shè)置 plotType = NULL,只創(chuàng)建布局而不添加軌跡,我們就可以添加自定義圖形樣式
例如,我們?yōu)槿旧w設(shè)置不同的顏色,并將染色體名稱放置在單元格內(nèi)部
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(plotType = NULL)
circos.track(
ylim = c(0, 1),
panel.fun = function(x, y) {
chr = CELL_META$sector.index
xlim = CELL_META$xlim
ylim = CELL_META$ylim
circos.rect(xlim[1], 0, xlim[2], 1, col = rand_color(1))
circos.text(
mean(xlim), mean(ylim), chr, cex = 0.7,
col = "white", facing = "inside",
niceFacing = TRUE
)
},
track.height = 0.15, bg.border = NA
)
circos.clear()

3. 常規(guī)基因組類別初始化
染色體只是一種特殊的基因組分類,使用 circos.genomicInitialize() 可以初始化任意基因組分類的圓形布局,circos.initializeWithIdeogram() 函數(shù)也是基于 circos.genomicInitialize() 實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
circos.genomicInitialize() 函數(shù)也是接受數(shù)據(jù)框型的輸入數(shù)據(jù),數(shù)據(jù)必須至少包含三列,第一列代表基因組分類,后兩列為每種分類在基因組中的順序
例如,基因的位置信息
df <- data.frame(
name = c("TP53", "TP63", "TP73"),
start = c(7565097, 189349205, 3569084),
end = c(7590856, 189615068, 3652765))
circos.genomicInitialize(df)
并不是說一個(gè)基因只能記錄為一行,也可以是多行,比如基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄本信息。我們讀取包中自帶的示例數(shù)據(jù),包含 TP53、TP63、TP73 三個(gè)基因的信息
> tp_family <- readRDS(system.file(
+ package = "circlize", "extdata", "tp_family_df.rds")
+ )
> head(tp_family)
gene start end transcript exon
1 TP53 7565097 7565332 ENST00000413465.2 7
2 TP53 7577499 7577608 ENST00000413465.2 6
3 TP53 7578177 7578289 ENST00000413465.2 5
4 TP53 7578371 7578554 ENST00000413465.2 4
5 TP53 7579312 7579590 ENST00000413465.2 3
6 TP53 7579700 7579721 ENST00000413465.2 2
繪制填充色來標(biāo)識(shí)三個(gè)基因
circos.genomicInitialize(tp_family)
circos.track(
ylim = c(0, 1),
bg.col = c("#1f78b480", "#33a02c80", "#e31a1c80"),
bg.border = NA, track.height = 0.05
)

繪制基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄本
n <- max(tapply(
tp_family$transcript, tp_family$gene,
function(x) length(unique(x)))
)
circos.genomicTrack(
tp_family, ylim = c(0.5, n + 0.5),
panel.fun = function(region, value, ...) {
all_tx = unique(value$transcript)
for(i in seq_along(all_tx)) {
l = value$transcript == all_tx[i]
# 對(duì)于每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄本
current_tx_start = min(region[l, 1])
current_tx_end = max(region[l, 2])
circos.lines(
c(current_tx_start, current_tx_end),
c(n - i + 1, n - i + 1), col = "#CCCCCC"
)
circos.genomicRect(
region[l, , drop = FALSE],
ytop = n - i + 1 + 0.4,
ybottom = n - i + 1 - 0.4,
col = "orange",
border = NA
)
}
},
bg.border = NA, track.height = 0.4
)
circos.clear()

4. 放大基因組
基因組區(qū)域的放大方式類似于前面介紹的,也是將需要放大的區(qū)域的數(shù)據(jù)提取出來,并設(shè)置不同的分類,然后添加到輸入數(shù)據(jù)中
extend_chromosomes <- function(bed, chromosome, prefix = "zoom_") {
zoom_bed = bed[bed[[1]] %in% chromosome, , drop = FALSE]
zoom_bed[[1]] = paste0(prefix, zoom_bed[[1]])
rbind(bed, zoom_bed)
}
我們使用 read.cytoband() 函數(shù)從 UCSC 中下載并讀取 cytoband 數(shù)據(jù)
cytoband <- read.cytoband()
cytoband_df <- cytoband$df
chromosome <- cytoband$chromosome
xrange <- c(cytoband$chr.len, cytoband$chr.len[c("chr1", "chr2")])
normal_chr_index <- 1:24
zoomed_chr_index <- 25:26
# 設(shè)置寬度
sector.width <- c(
xrange[normal_chr_index] / sum(xrange[normal_chr_index]),
xrange[zoomed_chr_index] / sum(xrange[zoomed_chr_index])
)
繪制圖形
circos.par(start.degree = 90)
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(
extend_chromosomes(cytoband_df, c("chr1", "chr2")),
sector.width = sector.width)

添加一個(gè)新的軌跡
bed <- generateRandomBed(500)
circos.genomicTrack(
extend_chromosomes(bed, c("chr1", "chr2")),
panel.fun = function(region, value, ...) {
circos.genomicPoints(
region, value, pch = 16,
cex = 0.3, col = 'blue')
}
)

添加連接
circos.link(
"chr1", get.cell.meta.data("cell.xlim", sector.index = "chr1"),
"zoom_chr1", get.cell.meta.data("cell.xlim", sector.index = "zoom_chr1"),
col = "#33a02c20", border = NA)
circos.clear()

5. 合并兩個(gè)基因組
在某些情況下,可能想要將多個(gè)基因組繪制在同一個(gè)圓形圖中,例如,我們可以將人類與小鼠的基因組組合起來
首先,獲取兩個(gè)基因組的 cytoband 數(shù)據(jù)
human_cytoband <- read.cytoband(species = "hg19")$df
mouse_cytoband <- read.cytoband(species = "mm10")$df
注意,要區(qū)分兩個(gè)基因組的染色體名稱,給它們加上一個(gè)前綴
human_cytoband[ ,1] <- paste0("human_", human_cytoband[, 1])
mouse_cytoband[ ,1] <- paste0("mouse_", mouse_cytoband[, 1])
然后,合并兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)
cytoband <- rbind(human_cytoband, mouse_cytoband)
> head(cytoband)
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
1 human_chr1 0 2300000 p36.33 gneg
2 human_chr1 2300000 5400000 p36.32 gpos25
3 human_chr1 5400000 7200000 p36.31 gneg
4 human_chr1 7200000 9200000 p36.23 gpos25
5 human_chr1 9200000 12700000 p36.22 gneg
6 human_chr1 12700000 16200000 p36.21 gpos50
通過設(shè)置 chromosome.index 參數(shù)的值,讓兩個(gè)基因組的 1 號(hào)染色體放置在相鄰的位置
chromosome.index <- c(
paste0("human_chr", c(1:22, "X", "Y")),
rev(paste0("mouse_chr", c(1:19, "X", "Y")))
)
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(
cytoband, chromosome.index = chromosome.index
)
circos.clear()

染色體數(shù)據(jù)太多了,使得圖像比較臃腫,為了讓圖形更加美觀,我們關(guān)閉染色體名稱和軸刻度的顯示,只簡單的顯示染色體號(hào),并添加染色體分組顏色和間距
# 兩組之間 5 度間距
circos.par(
gap.after = c(rep(1, 23), 5, rep(1, 20), 5)
)
circos.initializeWithIdeogram(
cytoband, plotType = NULL,
# 染色體順序
chromosome.index = chromosome.index
)
# 添加染色體號(hào)
circos.track(
ylim = c(0, 1), track.height = mm_h(1),
panel.fun = function(x, y) {
circos.text(
CELL_META$xcenter,
CELL_META$ylim[2] + mm_y(2),
gsub(".*chr", "", CELL_META$sector.index),
cex = 0.6,
niceFacing = TRUE
)
},
cell.padding = c(0, 0, 0, 0), bg.border = NA
)
highlight.chromosome(
paste0("human_chr", c(1:22, "X", "Y")),
col = "#66c2a5", track.index = 1
)
highlight.chromosome(
paste0("mouse_chr", c(1:19, "X", "Y")),
col = "#fc8d62", track.index = 1
)
# 繪制 ideogram
circos.genomicIdeogram(cytoband)
circos.clear()

同樣地,對(duì)于不包含條帶信息,只有染色體范圍的輸入數(shù)據(jù),我們也可以進(jìn)行組合。
首先,使用 read.chromInfo() 來獲取染色體范圍信息,然后合并兩份數(shù)據(jù)
human_chromInfo <- read.chromInfo(species = "hg19")$df
mouse_chromInfo <- read.chromInfo(species = "mm10")$df
human_chromInfo[ ,1] <- paste0("human_", human_chromInfo[, 1])
mouse_chromInfo[ ,1] <- paste0("mouse_", mouse_chromInfo[, 1])
chromInfo <- rbind(human_chromInfo, mouse_chromInfo)
# 控制染色體的順序
chromInfo[, 1] <- factor(chromInfo[ ,1], levels = chromosome.index)
> head(chromInfo)
chr start end
1 human_chr1 0 249250621
2 human_chr2 0 243199373
3 human_chr3 0 198022430
4 human_chr4 0 191154276
5 human_chr5 0 180915260
6 human_chr6 0 171115067
使用 genomicInitialize() 來初始化布局,并添加圖形
circos.par(gap.after = c(rep(1, 23), 5, rep(1, 20), 5))
circos.genomicInitialize(chromInfo, plotType = NULL)
circos.track(
ylim = c(0, 1),
panel.fun = function(x, y) {
circos.text(
CELL_META$xcenter,
CELL_META$ylim[2] + mm_y(2),
gsub(".*chr", "", CELL_META$sector.index),
cex = 0.6,
niceFacing = TRUE
)
},
track.height = mm_h(1),
cell.padding = c(0, 0, 0, 0),
bg.border = NA
)
highlight.chromosome(
paste0("human_chr", c(1:22, "X", "Y")),
col = "#66c2a5", track.index = 1
)
highlight.chromosome(
paste0("mouse_chr", c(1:19, "X", "Y")),
col = "#fc8d62", track.index = 1
)
# 添加空白軌跡
circos.track(ylim = c(0, 1))
circos.clear()

我們可以為圖形添加更多的軌跡以及連接,讓圖形看起來更加的充實(shí)
# 設(shè)置間距
circos.par(gap.after = c(rep(1, 23), 5, rep(1, 20), 5))
# 初始化布局,不添加圖形
circos.genomicInitialize(chromInfo, plotType = NULL)
# 添加數(shù)字染色體號(hào)
circos.track(
ylim = c(0, 1),
panel.fun = function(x, y) {
circos.text(
CELL_META$xcenter,
CELL_META$ylim[2] + mm_y(2),
gsub(".*chr", "", CELL_META$sector.index),
cex = 0.6,
niceFacing = TRUE
)
},
track.height = mm_h(1),
cell.padding = c(0, 0, 0, 0),
bg.border = NA
)
# 添加分組顏色軌跡
highlight.chromosome(
paste0("human_chr", c(1:22, "X", "Y")),
col = "#66c2a5", track.index = 1
)
highlight.chromosome(
paste0("mouse_chr", c(1:19, "X", "Y")),
col = "#fc8d62", track.index = 1
)
# 添加 ideogram
circos.genomicIdeogram(cytoband)
# 創(chuàng)建隨機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)
human_df <- generateRandomBed(200, species = "hg19")
mouse_df <- generateRandomBed(200, species = "mm10")
human_df[, 1] <- paste0("human_", human_df[, 1])
mouse_df[, 1] <- paste0("mouse_", mouse_df[, 1])
df <- rbind(human_df, mouse_df)
# 添加點(diǎn)圖
circos.genomicTrack(
df,
panel.fun = function(region, value, ...) {
circos.genomicPoints(region, value, col = rand_color(1), cex = 0.5, ...)
}
)
# 添加人類與小鼠基因組之間的連接
human_mid <- data.frame(
chr = paste0("human_chr", 1:19),
mid = round((human_chromInfo[1:19, 2] + human_chromInfo[1:19, 3]) / 2)
)
mouse_mid <- data.frame(
chr = paste0("mouse_chr", 1:19),
mid = round((mouse_chromInfo[1:19, 2] + mouse_chromInfo[1:19, 3]) / 2)
)
circos.genomicLink(human_mid, mouse_mid, col = rand_color(19))
circos.clear()
# 添加注釋
text(-0.9,-0.8, "Human\ngenome")
text(0.9, 0.8, "Mouse\ngenome")

完整代碼:https://github.com/dxsbiocc/learn/blob/main/R/plot/genomic_human_mouse.R