復(fù)習(xí)英語語法-關(guān)系從句

在英文中,兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子合成一句叫復(fù)合句,如:

句子A:He went into a room.
句子B:He turned on the TV.

合成:He went into a room and turned on the TV.(他走進(jìn)房間,打開了電視)

這是復(fù)合句中的并列句,其中and是連詞,將兩者連起來。

只要是用連詞連進(jìn)來的句子就是并列復(fù)合句,也稱并列句。

怎么辨別連詞?在詞典里標(biāo)識(shí)為conj的單詞,如and, so等。

再看一個(gè)例子。

句子C:He went into a room.

句子D:The room was nearly empty of furniture.

合成一句:He went into a room that was nearly empty of furniture.(他走進(jìn)一間有幾乎沒有家具的房間)

這句復(fù)合句不再是簡單的拼接,他們是有關(guān)系的,都有room,后面一句修飾前一句的room,

這種有結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合句叫從屬復(fù)合句,或叫復(fù)雜句。

一、什么是關(guān)系從句?

從屬復(fù)合句中,有一個(gè)句子是主要句,另一個(gè)句子起修飾補(bǔ)充(稱從句),且修飾補(bǔ)充的句子由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo),這種句子叫關(guān)系從句。

關(guān)系詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who,whom,whose和關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why。

前面舉的例子He went into a room that was nearly empty of furniture是關(guān)系從句。

再看一個(gè)關(guān)系從句示例:

句子E:He is a professor.

句子F:He gives lectures in several universities this semester

E、F二合一:He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.(他是一名教授,這學(xué)期在幾所大學(xué)兼課。)

1.關(guān)系代詞在從句做主語

在關(guān)系從句,有些關(guān)系代詞在從句做主語,有些在從句中作賓語,我們先來看在從句做主語的情況。

John is the teacher who speaks three foreign languages.

這一句的兩個(gè)獨(dú)立句分別是:

John is the teacher.(主句)

he speaks three foreign languages.(從句)

可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在從屬復(fù)合句中,使用who代替了he,在從句中是speaks的主語,speaks是從句的謂語,在從句做主語時(shí),關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

補(bǔ)充:謂語是句法中用到的概念,一個(gè)簡單句有且只有一個(gè)謂語;而動(dòng)詞是詞法中使用的概念,二者說的維度不一樣,謂語一定是動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞不一在句中做謂語,比如可以是To + 非限定動(dòng)詞。

2.關(guān)系代詞在從句做賓語

從句中作賓語的情況,如:

John is the teacher who I met yesterday.

這一句可以拆分成這兩個(gè)簡單句:

John is the teacher

I met he yesterday.

其中who在從句中做met的賓語。

只要是在<從句中>做賓語,則關(guān)系代詞可以省略,省略后如:

John is the teacher I met yesterday.

再看個(gè)例子加深印象:

Who was the woman you were talking to? (woman后省略了who)

Is this the CD you wanted? (CD后省略了that)

二、如何區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞從句和關(guān)系副詞從句?

關(guān)系副詞從句是使用關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why引導(dǎo)的從句,如:

We met on the day when I passed my final exam. 從句I passed my final exam是完整句子,副詞when修飾從句謂語passed.

那如何區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞從句和關(guān)系副詞從句?

來看下這幾道題:

1.Venice was the town _____ I met my wife. (A.which B.where C.what)

2.Venice was the town _____ I had visited. (A.which B.where C.why)

3.Venice was the town _____ my wife lived. (A.that B.where C who)

4.Venice was the town _____ had many old buildings. (A.which B.where C who)

第1題從句I met my wife是完整句子,因此使用where關(guān)系副詞;

第2題從句I had visited需要賓語,因此用關(guān)系代詞which來代替the town,做visited的賓語。

第3題從句my wife lived中l(wèi)ive是不及物動(dòng)詞,是完整句子(主+謂),因此使用關(guān)系副詞where;

第4題從句had many old buildings可以發(fā)現(xiàn)缺主語,需要代詞,而who只以代替人,所以用which;

答案:
1.where(B)
2.which(A)
3.where(B)
4.which(A)

上面第3題如果改成
Venice was the town _____ my wife lived. (A.where B.who C.in which)

加了in which選項(xiàng),那where和in which都可選;使用in which則從句意思是:my wife lived in the town.

這是因?yàn)殛P(guān)系副詞=介詞+關(guān)系代詞
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)

相關(guān)的還有:
why=for which
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介詞同先行詞搭配)
whose=of which/ whom

使用which進(jìn)行評(píng)論

我們來看這一句。

Lots of people laughed at the children which made me very angry.

這一句中的which修飾什么,是修飾the children嗎?

不是,因?yàn)榕c句意不符,其實(shí)這里的which是指laughed at the children這個(gè)行為讓我很生氣,等同于這一句:Laughing at the children made me very angry

參考:百度百科-關(guān)系從句

百度百科-限定性定語從句

英語語法APP

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