Android 消息機制——Handler、Looper和MessageQueue

一、概述

Android的消息機制,其實就是指Handler運行機制,而與之相關(guān)的就是MessageQueue和Looper;

Handler常見的用法:
用于更新UI,比如在子線程中通過UIHandler來更新UI;
在工作線程中處理耗時操作,如文件讀寫和網(wǎng)絡(luò)訪問操作;
Handler核心作用就是消息的分發(fā)和處理,以及多線程間的線程切換,Handler可以輕松的將任務(wù)切換到Handler所在的線程中執(zhí)行:Handler將消息發(fā)送給MessageQueue,接收Looper返回的消息然后處理;

MessageQueue是消息隊列,它內(nèi)部的存儲結(jié)構(gòu)是單鏈表的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),它只負責(zé)消息的存儲;

而Looper為消息循環(huán),它負責(zé)管理MessageQueue,它工作的方式是無限循環(huán)的檢查消息隊列中是否有新消息,有的話就將消息交給Handler處理,否則就一直等待;

一個線程中只能包含一個Looper對象。

二、創(chuàng)建Handler的方法示例

1、UIHandler(主線程中的Handler)

方法一(推薦的方式):
Handler uiHandler=new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());

方法二:
在主線程中,直接使用Handler的無參構(gòu)造函數(shù):
Handler uiHandler=new Handler();

2.workHandler的創(chuàng)建

方法一、利用HandlerThread來創(chuàng)建workHandler
HandlerThread handlerThread=new HandlerThread();
handlerThread.start();
Handler workHandler=new Handler(handlerThread.getLooper());

方法二、在子線程中直接創(chuàng)建workHandler,注意默認(rèn)的開啟一個新的線程的時候,這個新線程是不包含Looper的,所以需要為新線程添加一個Looper
new Thread(){
    @override
    public void run(){
          Looper.prepare();//創(chuàng)建Looper實例,并賦值給當(dāng)前Thread,細節(jié)代碼下文會有解釋;
          Looper.loop();
          Handler workHandler=new Handler();
    }
}.start();

三、Thread

Thread是一個并行執(zhí)行單元,每個應(yīng)用程序至少有一個Thread即主線程;Thread有自己的Call Stack,用于存放方法調(diào)用相關(guān)的信息;

當(dāng)新建一個線程的時候,默認(rèn)的是沒有Message Looper的,想要創(chuàng)建一個Looper需要在Thread的run()方法中去創(chuàng)建一個:
調(diào)用Looper.prepare(),創(chuàng)建一個Looper實例,將創(chuàng)建的實例存入當(dāng)前線程的LocalValues中,然后調(diào)用Looper.loop()方法,開始處理消息;

四、Looper

1.prepare()方法

我們來看下Looper.prepare()方法:

    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

內(nèi)部調(diào)用下面的方法

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

調(diào)用sThreadLocal.get(),從當(dāng)前線程中去獲取Looper對象,如果獲取到的looper不為null,那么會拋出異常:
這里表明一個線程只能有一個Looper對象,如果線程中已經(jīng)有了looper,再調(diào)用Looper.prepare()就會拋異常;
但是看到這里,會有一個疑惑,sThreadLocal是個是什么東西?
sThreadLocal.get()和sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed))兩個方法是什么意思?

首先,看下sThreadLocal這個變量是什么含義:

static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();

sThreadLocal是Looper的靜態(tài)成員變量;

2.ThreadLocal

ThreadLocal<T>,官方文檔:
Thread自己的存儲類,每個Thread都有自己的值;
所有的threads共享一個ThreadLocal對象,但是每個thread獲取的值是不一樣;
然后還說每一個thread所做的改變不會影響其他thread值的獲取。
前面的話好理解,后邊的兩句話是什么意思?

ThreadLocal是Google大神們很巧妙的設(shè)計,至于大神們是怎么想到這樣的設(shè)計,我們無從得知;
理解ThreadLocal<T>的工作原理,只需要弄懂put()和get()兩個方法;

2.1.ThreadLocal的set()

首先來看下ThreadLocal<T>的set()方法:

public void set(T value) {
        //獲取調(diào)用set()方法的線程
        Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
        //從當(dāng)前線程中獲取Values,如果為空,則創(chuàng)建
        Values values = values(currentThread);
        if (values == null) {
            values = initializeValues(currentThread);
        }
        //將方法參數(shù)直接存入當(dāng)前線程的values中
        values.put(this, value);
    }

我們會看到set()會獲取當(dāng)前所在的線程(set()方法所在的線程,也就是Looper.prepare()所在的線程),然后會調(diào)用values(currentThread):

    Values values(Thread current) {
        return current.localValues;
    }

獲取到當(dāng)前線程的localValues;也就是當(dāng)前線程自己的Values對象,如果此時線程的localValues沒有初始化,會對其初始化:new Values()對象;
接著調(diào)用vaules中的put()方法:

    void put(ThreadLocal<?> key, Object value) {
            cleanUp();

            // Keep track of first tombstone. That's where we want to go back
            // and add an entry if necessary.
            int firstTombstone = -1;

            for (int index = key.hash & mask;; index = next(index)) {
                Object k = table[index];

                if (k == key.reference) {
                    // Replace existing entry.
                    table[index + 1] = value;
                    return;
                }

                if (k == null) {
                    if (firstTombstone == -1) {
                        // Fill in null slot.
                        table[index] = key.reference;
                        table[index + 1] = value;
                        size++;
                        return;
                    }

                    // Go back and replace first tombstone.
                    table[firstTombstone] = key.reference;
                    table[firstTombstone + 1] = value;
                    tombstones--;
                    size++;
                    return;
                }

                // Remember first tombstone.
                if (firstTombstone == -1 && k == TOMBSTONE) {
                    firstTombstone = index;
                }
            }
        }

put()方法的第一個參數(shù)是sThreadLocal對象,第二個參數(shù)是要保存的值即looper對象;
mask的值則是在新建values對象的時候賦的值:

    private void initializeTable(int capacity) {
            this.table = new Object[capacity * 2];
            this.mask = table.length - 1;
            this.clean = 0;
            this.maximumLoad = capacity * 2 / 3; // 2/3
    }

從上邊的代碼可以看出mask的值為table.length-1;
上邊方法中的for循環(huán),index的初始化值為index= key.hash & mask,直接結(jié)果就是將index的值不會超出table數(shù)組下標(biāo)的范圍;
第一次執(zhí)行的時候,獲取到的k值為null,所以直接走:

                if (k == null) {
                    if (firstTombstone == -1) {
                        // Fill in null slot.
                        table[index] = key.reference;
                        table[index + 1] = value;
                        size++;
                        return;
                    }

                    // Go back and replace first tombstone.
                    table[firstTombstone] = key.reference;
                    table[firstTombstone + 1] = value;
                    tombstones--;
                    size++;
                    return;
                }

那么table[index]和table[index+1]分別被賦值為sThreadLocal對象的reference值(這個reference是一個WeakReference對象)和looper對象;
上面可以看出,將相關(guān)的一組數(shù)據(jù)保存到相鄰的數(shù)組值中;

2.2.ThreadLocal的get()

再來看下,get()方法:

    public T get() {
        // 獲取調(diào)用get()方法的線程
        Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
        //獲取當(dāng)前線程的字段values;
        Values values = values(currentThread);
        if (values != null) {
             //獲取當(dāng)前線程的values中的table數(shù)組;
            Object[] table = values.table;
            int index = hash & values.mask;
            if (this.reference == table[index]) {
                return (T) table[index + 1];
            }
        } else {
            values = initializeValues(currentThread);
        }
        return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this);
    }

首先還是獲取當(dāng)前線程,接著獲取當(dāng)前線程的localValues;
如果localValues不為null,獲取localValues中的table數(shù)組,根據(jù)sThreadLocal的hash和localValues的mask值來計算index值,判斷sThreadLocal的reference值是否與table[index]相等,相等的直接返回table[index+1];
我們在調(diào)用set(value)的時候,將reference和value存放到線程的values的table數(shù)組,且兩者位置相鄰,而我們在調(diào)用get()方法時在根據(jù)reference確定要去的值在線程的Values的table中的index,然后直接獲取到相應(yīng)的值table[index+1];

這里可以看到ThreadLocal的set()和get()協(xié)同工作,完美配合;

讀到此時,仔細的讀者可能還會有個疑問:
所有的threads共享一個Looper的靜態(tài)變量ThreadLocal對象,不同的thread根據(jù)sThreadLocal.get()獲取的值卻不同,為什么?
這個問題進一步具體的闡述就是這樣一個疑問:
不同的線程來調(diào)用Looper.prepare()來獲取looper對象:
比如A線程的run()方法中調(diào)用了Looper.prepare(),然后就會調(diào)用sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed))方法;
B線程的run()方法中調(diào)用Looper.prepare(),也會調(diào)用sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed))方法;
A和B線程中通過index=hash & values.mask的算法計算出的index值其實是一樣的,并且A和B線程調(diào)用是同一個sThreadLocal對象的set()方法和get()方法,存入的值不會混淆嗎?

相信仔細的讀者可能會有這樣一個疑問,這個疑問的答案在上面對ThreadLocal的set(value)和get()方法的分析中已經(jīng)給出了答案:

    public void set(T value) {
        Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
        Values values = values(currentThread);
        if (values == null) {
            values = initializeValues(currentThread);
        }
        values.put(this, value);
    }

這里邊根據(jù)當(dāng)前線程來獲取線程自己的values值,然后線程自己的 values.table中根據(jù)index的值來存入和獲取相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù);
同樣的,看下get()方法:

public T get() {
        Thread currentThread = Thread.currentThread();
        Values values = values(currentThread);
        if (values != null) {
            Object[] table = values.table;
            int index = hash & values.mask;
            if (this.reference == table[index]) {
                return (T) table[index + 1];
            }
        } else {
            values = initializeValues(currentThread);
        }
        return (T) values.getAfterMiss(this);
    }

也是先拿到當(dāng)前線程的localValues值,然后再獲取這個localValues中的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù);
也就是說不同的線程有自己的values對象,某一個線程是不能修改或者獲取其他線程的values對象的;這樣就保證了線程之間不會相互干擾。

接著分析thread關(guān)聯(lián)looper的流程,在Looper.prepare()方法中,會新建一個Looper實例:

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

我們看到新建一個Looper實例時,會初始化mQueue參數(shù),將新建一個MessageQueue對象,然后會將當(dāng)前線程賦值給Looper的成員變量mThread,也就是說Looper中的mThread引用了該Looper所在的線程;

3.loop()方法:

    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

內(nèi)部調(diào)用myLooper():

    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

獲取當(dāng)前線程的looper,接著獲取當(dāng)前線程looper的mQueue消息隊列;
進入到for循環(huán),無限循環(huán)中,調(diào)用MessageQueue的next()方法,獲取消息message,注意這里

    Message msg = queue.next(); // might block

注釋,此方法可能會被阻塞,looper沒有stop的情況下,MessageQueue中沒有消息,則會被阻塞,不會返回null;
如果message不為null:
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
會調(diào)用message對象中的handle對象的dispatchMessage(msg);

五、Handler

5.1

我們在新建一個Handler對象的時候,通常會使用Handler的構(gòu)造方法:

    new Handler(looper);

這個方法內(nèi)部調(diào)用的是Handler的構(gòu)造函數(shù):

    public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

可以看到在構(gòu)造方法中,會將looper賦值給Handler對象的成員變量mLooper,并且將looper中的looper.mQueue賦值給mQueue;
從上面的Looper.prepare()分析知道thread跟looper是一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系,而looper跟MessageQueue也是一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系

5.2

當(dāng)直接調(diào)用new Handler()的時候,Handler中的成員變量mLooper給定一個默認(rèn)的值,當(dāng)前線程的looper對象:

    public Handler() {
        this(null, false);
    }

內(nèi)部調(diào)用的方法:

    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        ......
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

可以看到mLooper = Looper.myLooper();即如果在創(chuàng)建Handler的時候不指定Looper對象,那么默認(rèn)使用當(dāng)前線程的Looper對象,如果當(dāng)前線程的Looper為空的話,就會拋出異常;

5.3.post()

handler的post(runable)方法:

    public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

內(nèi)部調(diào)用:

    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }

這里就可以看出,Handler消息分發(fā)最終都會走sendMessage()方法;
內(nèi)部調(diào)用:

    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

內(nèi)部調(diào)用:

    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

這里就會調(diào)用構(gòu)造Handler對象時賦值給mQueue的MessageQueue對象的enqueueMessage()方法,將消息傳入到mQueue中存儲,后續(xù)Looper對象會調(diào)用loop()方法來提取存儲的消息;

注意這一行代碼:

msg.target = this;

這行代碼表明,消息隊列中的message會持有相關(guān)Handler對象,以便在后續(xù)的 message loop過程中將消息分發(fā)給對應(yīng)的Handler對象來處理;
那么在界面中如果有匿名的Handler對象,就會造成內(nèi)存泄漏(匿名類會隱性地持有外部類,然后message有持有Handler對象,導(dǎo)致外部類持有的資源不能釋放,如果外部類是個Activity界面,就會導(dǎo)致Activity占用的資源得不到釋放);

5.4.dispatchMessage()

dispatchMessage(msg):
    /**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

判斷message對象是否有callback,有的話進入 handleCallback(msg):

    private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

該方法中會執(zhí)行message.callback中的run()方法;
message對象中沒有callback的話,判斷當(dāng)前handler中的成員變量mCallback是否為null:
不為null,執(zhí)行mCallback 的handleMessage(msg);
為null,執(zhí)行Handler中的 方法handleMessage(msg):

            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {}

也就是說,Handler中的handleMessage()的優(yōu)先級最低;

六、MessageQueue

6.1.MessageQueue中的enqueueMessage

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

在enqueueMessage中首先判斷,如果當(dāng)前的消息隊列為空,或者新添加的消息的執(zhí)行時間when是0,或者新添加的消息的執(zhí)行時間比消息隊列頭的消息的執(zhí)行時間還早,就把消息添加到消息隊列頭(消息隊列按時間排序),否則就要找到合適的位置將當(dāng)前消息添加到消息隊列。

6.2.next()方法:

    Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

獲取消息隊列中的消息,如果沒有消息,則阻塞;
有的話取出消息并返回message;

七、總結(jié)

梳理下上面的邏輯:

  • 假設(shè)我們新建了一個線程A,并且調(diào)用了Looper.prepare(),這個方法將looper對象賦值給了Thread A中的localValues;
  • 新建一個Handler(looper),構(gòu)造函數(shù)中傳入線程A的looper對象,那么調(diào)用該Handler對象的post方法,會把消息傳入到線程A的looper對象中的MessageQueue對象中;
  • 接著調(diào)用Looper.loop()方法,Looper.loop()方法是內(nèi)部有一個無限循環(huán),所以它會檢查消息隊列的消息是否更新,如果有新消息,那么就會提取;獲取之后會調(diào)用message中存儲的Handler對象的dispatchMessage(msg)來進行處理;
  • 沒有新消息,該方法會被阻塞;只到有新消息,會繼續(xù)提取和分發(fā)消息;
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