Early Israel and The Surrounding Nations
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day 23:
相關背景：
Pericles（Periklēs）：伯里克利
（希臘文：Περικλ??，英文：Pericles，約公元前495—公元前429），古希臘奴隸主民主政治的杰出的代表者，古代世界著名的政治家之一。
Pericle swas a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age —specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.
Pericles promoted the arts and literature; it is principally through his efforts that Athens holds the reputation of being the educational and cultural center of the ancient Greek world. He started an ambitious project that generated most of the surviving structures on the Acropolis(雅典衛(wèi)城)(including the Parthenon帕特農(nóng)神廟). This project beautified and protected the city, exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people.Pericles also fostered Athenian democracy to such an extent that critics call him a populist.
Abraham?? 亞伯拉罕
Abraham, originally Abram, is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism（Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites.）. His story features in the holy texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity,and Islam.
Amraphel
In the Bible's Old Testament, Amraphel was a king of Shinar(Sumer) in Genesis 14,who invaded Canaan(迦南) along with other kings under the leadership of Chedorlaomer, king of Elam. Chedorlaomer's coalition defeated Sodomand the other Cities of the Plain in the Battle of the Vale of Siddim.
Beginning with E. Schrader in 1888 this king was usually associated with Hammurabi, who ruled Babylonia from 1792 BC until his death in 1750 BC. However, according to The Oxford Companion to the Bible (1993), this view has been largely abandoned in recent years. According to John Van Seters in Abraham in History and Tradition, the existence of Amraphel is unconfirmed by any sources outside the Bible.
詞匯、表達：
1. Assyriology? 亞述學
the science or study of the history, language, and antiquities of ancient Assyria and Babylonia
2.nevertheless
adv,conj(fml文) in spite of this; however; still 雖然如此; 然而; 依然:
Though very intelligent, she is nevertheless rather modest.她很聰明, 倒也很謙虛. *
3.defile? /?di?fa?l/
n.narrow pass through mountains 山中的狹道.
4.perch v
1[I, Ipr]~ (on sth)(of a bird) come to rest or stay (on a branch, etc) （指鳥）棲息, 停留（枝上等）:
The birds perched on the television aerial.鳥停在電視天線上.
2[I, Ipr]~ (on sth)(of a person) sit, esp on sth high or narrow （指人）坐著（尤指坐在高處或窄物上）
perch on high stools at the bar 坐在酒吧的高凳上 *
perch dangerously on a narrow ledge 坐在狹窄的邊緣上, 十分危險 *
perch on the edge of one's seat 坐在座位的邊上.
3[Tn, Tn.pr] place (sth), esp in a high or dangerous position 將（某物）置於尤指高處或危險處
a hut perched at the edge of the cliff懸崖邊上的小舍 *
perch a beret on the side of one's head歪戴貝雷帽 *
a castle perched above the river臨河而建的城堡.*
5.crag /kr?g; kr?ɡ/
n high, steep or rugged mass of rock 懸崖; 峭壁; 絕壁; 巉巖.
6.sustenance/?s?st?n?ns/
n[U] (nourishing quality of) food and drink; nourishment 食物; 營養(yǎng); 養(yǎng)料:
There's not much sustenance in a glass of orange squash.一杯橙汁飲料沒有什麼營養(yǎng). *
weak from lack of sustenance 因缺乏營養(yǎng)而虛弱.
7.rival
v(-ll-;US also-l-) [Tn, Tn.pr]~ sb/sth (for/in sth)
seem or be as good as sb/sth; be comparable to sb/sth
堪與某人[某事物]競爭; 比得上某人[某事物]:
a view rivalling anything the Alps can offer 可以與阿爾卑斯山的任何景物相媲美的景色 *
Cricket cannot rival football for/in excitement.板球不如足球有刺激性.
8.scanty
not much and less than is needed:
We have only received scanty information so far.
9.spoils
n [U]
1(a) stolen goods 偷來的東西; 贓物:The thieves divided up the spoils.竊賊把贓物分了.
(b) things taken by a victorious army; plunder 戰(zhàn)利品; 掠取之物.
2 profits, benefits, etc gained from political power 憑政治權力獲取的利益等
the spoils of office利用官職撈取的私利.
10.contend
[Ipr]~ with/against sb/sth; ~ for sth
struggle in order to overcome a rival, competitor or difficulty （與對手）競爭; （與他人）爭奪; （與困難）拚搏:
Several teams are contending for (ie trying to win)the prize.有幾個隊在爭奪錦標. *
She's had a lot of problems to contend with.她有許多問題要解決. *
the captains of the contending (ie rival)teams參與爭奪的各個隊的隊長.
11.unopposed
a, not usually before noun
not opposed or stopped by anyone:
The party leader was re-elected unopposed.
◆ Troops crossed the border unopposed.
12.fortunes
[C usupl通常作復數(shù)] event or change in the life of a person or in the progress of a country, business, etc （在人生中或在國家業(yè)務等的發(fā)展中的）事情或轉(zhuǎn)變:
The party's fortunes were at their lowest level after the election defeat.該黨在競選失敗後每況愈下.
13.people
v.[esp passive 尤用於被動語態(tài): Tn, Tn.pr]
fill (a place, an area, etc) with people; populate 使（某地）住滿人; 居住於:
He believes the world is peopled with idiots.他認為世上多白癡.
14.storm v.
1.[Ipr, Ip, Tn.pr, Tn.p]~ (one's way) across, in, through, etc
attack violently and force a way across, etc (a place) 猛攻而強行穿越﹑ 經(jīng)過...（某處）:
Three soldiers stormed into the house.有三名士兵沖進了那所房子. *
They stormed (their way) in.他們闖了進去
2 [Tn] capture (sth) by a sudden and violent attack 攻占, 襲?。呈挛铮?
storm a castle, fort, building, etc攻占一城堡﹑ 要塞﹑ 建筑物等.
15.captive n
captive person or animal 被捉住的人或動物:
Three of the captives tried to escape.捉住的有三個企圖逃走.
16.surmount /s??maunt/v
[Tn] deal with (a difficulty, etc); overcome 克服（困難等）; 戰(zhàn)勝:
We had many problems to surmount before we could start the project.我們得克服許多困難才能著手做這項工作.
17.genealogy /?d?i?n??l?d??; ?d?in?ˋ?l?d??/n [U]
study of family history, showing who the ancestors of particular people were and how they were related to each other 家譜學; 宗譜學.
[C] (diagram showing a) particular person's ancestry 家譜; 宗譜.
18.alike
adv.in the same way 同樣地:
treat everybody exactly alike一視同仁 *
The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike.這里的氣候總是那麼熱, 夏季和冬季都一樣.
19.lot
[C] (a) piece of land 地皮; 土地.
a vacant `lot, ie a building site 一塊空地皮（建筑場地）
20.exodus /?eks?d?s; ˋ?ks?d?s/n
[sing]~ (from...) (to...)(fml or joc文或謔) departure of many people at one time （大批人同時之）離去
the mass exodus of people to the sea and mountains for the summer holidays
為度暑假游山玩水大批人外出 *
The play was so awful that there was a general exodus from the theatre at the interval.
那劇十分糟糕, 在幕間休息時觀眾紛紛離去.
the Exodus the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, in about 1300 BC 出埃及事（約公元前1300年以色列人離開埃及一事）.
Exodus title of the 2nd book of the Bible, which tells the story of this departure 《出埃及記》（《圣經(jīng) 舊約》中的第2卷）.
21.unintelligible /??n?n?tel?d??bl/adj
impossible to understand 不可能理解的; 難懂的:
unintelligible handwriting, jargon看不懂的筆跡﹑ 莫名其妙的行話 *
speak in an almost unintelligible whisper用幾乎聽不清的低聲說話.
22.from without ? 來自外部的
23.glean v
~ sth (from sb/sth) (fig比喻)
obtain (news, facts, information, etc) usu from various sources, in small quantities and with effort 搜集（消息﹑ 資料﹑ 情報等）（通常指來源廣﹑ 零碎而費力）:
glean a few bits of information from overhearing various conversations
從旁邊聽到的談話中搜集點滴信息 *
From what people said, I managed to glean that he wasn't coming.
我從別人說話中總算弄清楚他不來了.
24.yield (to)
reveal sth; disclose sth 泄露﹑ 揭露﹑ 透露﹑ 暴露或露出某事物:
The universe is slowly yielding up its secrets to scientists.宇宙慢慢地向科學家展現(xiàn)了自己的秘密.
25.magnitude
n,(degree of) importance 重要; 重要性; 重要程度:
You don't appreciate the magnitude of her achievement.你沒有認識到她這一成就的重大意義. *
a discovery of the first magnitude, ie a most important discovery 一項極重要的發(fā)現(xiàn).
26.disinter v.
(fml文) dig up (sth buried) 挖出（被埋的某物）
The court granted him permission to disinter the body.法院批準他掘出尸體. *
(fig比喻) disinter an old scandal將從前的一樁丑事兒抖出來.
27.papyrus?[C]
(plpapyri/p??pa??ri?; p?ˋpa?ra?/)
manuscript written on this paper （紙莎草紙上的）文獻, 手稿.
day 24:
28.autograph /???t?grɑ?f/
n.person's signature or handwriting, esp when kept as a souvenir
親筆簽名, 手跡（尤指為留作紀念者）:
I've got lots of famous footballers' autographs.我有許多著名足球運動員的親筆簽名. *
[attrib 作定語]an autograph book/album 簽名簿[冊].
29.try
(a)[Tn esp passive 尤用於被動語態(tài)] examine and decide (a case) in a lawcourt 審訊, 審判（案件）:
The case was tried before a jury.此案是有陪審團參加審理的.
(b) [Tn, Tn.pr]~ sb (for sth) hold a trial of (sb) 審問, 審判（某人）
He was tried for murder.他以謀殺罪名受審.
30.net
a,[attrib 作定語] (of an effect, etc) final, after all the major factors have been considered
（指結(jié)果等）最後的, 最終的:
The net result of the long police investigation is that the identity of the killer is still a complete mystery.警方經(jīng)長時間調(diào)查, 結(jié)果兇手的身分仍全然不知.
31.at all events: in any case
32.decrepit /d??krep?t; d?ˋkr?p?t/ adj.
made weak by age or hard use 衰老的; 老朽的; 破舊的
a decrepit person, horse, bicycle蒼老的人﹑ 衰老的馬﹑ 破舊的自行車.
> decrepitude n[U] state of being decrepit 衰老; 老朽; 破舊.
33.antiquity
[U] great age 久遠的年代:
Athens is a city of great antiquity.雅典是一座古城.
remote antiquity? 遠古
34.dogmatical?(derog貶)
that claims or suggests that sth is true without taking account of evidence or other opinions
武斷的; 自以為是的
a dogmatic attitude, approach, view, etc武斷的態(tài)度﹑ 方法﹑ 看法等 *
You can't be dogmatic in matters of taste.對於個人愛好的事, 何必這樣自以為是.
> dogmatically? adv:state sth dogmatically武斷地主張某事物.
35.make havoc of sth; play/wreak havoc with sth
damage or upset sth 破壞或擾亂某事物:
The bad weather played havoc with our plans.天氣惡劣把我們的計畫打亂了
36.dwarf
v [Tn]?make (sb/sth) seem small by contrast or distance 使（某人[某物]）相比之下顯得小:
Our little dinghy was dwarfed by the big yacht. 我們的小船跟大游艇一比顯得很小.
37.canon /?k?n?n/
n.general rule, standard or principle by which sth is judged? 總的規(guī)則﹑ 標準或原則:
This film offends against all the canons of good taste.這部影片違反了審美的一切準則.
38. peremptory? /p??rempt?r?/adj(fml文)
(a) (esp derog尤作貶義) (of a person, his manner, etc) insisting on immediate obedience or submission; domineering
（指人﹑ 舉止等）專橫的, 霸道的:
His peremptory tone of voice irritated everybody.他那專橫的口氣激怒了大家.
(b)(of commands) not to be disobeyed or questioned （指命令）不容抗拒的, 不容分說的, 強制的
a peremptory dismissal, rebuke, shout 不容分說的解雇﹑ 指責﹑ 喊叫.
39.rude
[attrib 作定語] violent; startling; abrupt 狂暴的; 驚人的; 突然的:
a rude awakening to the realities of life 突然覺醒而回到現(xiàn)實生活中來 *
a rude reminder of the danger they were in 使他們突然覺察到所處的危險之事.
40.relegate /?rel?ge?/
v [esp passive 尤用於被動語態(tài): Tn, Tn.pr]
~ sb/sth (to sth)
dismiss sb/sth to a lower or less important rank, task or state 使某人[某事物]降級﹑ 降職或降低地位
I have been relegated to the role of a mere assistant. 已經(jīng)把我降到只任助手的工作了. *
relegate old files to the storeroom 把舊文件存入儲藏室.
41.contemporaneous /k?n?temp??re?n??s/
adj~ (with sb/sth)(fml文)
existing or happening at the same time 同時存在或發(fā)生的; 同時期的; 同時代的:
contemporaneous events, developments, etc 同時期的事件﹑ 發(fā)展等. >contemporaneouslyadv.
42.account
n,report; description 報告; 敘述:
She gave the police a full account of the incident.她把事件向警方作了詳細敘述. *
Don't believe the newspaper account (of what happened).不要相信報紙上（對所發(fā)生的事情）的報道. *
Keep an account of your daily activities.把你每天的活動都記下來.
43.unhesitating a,quick and confident, without waiting or stopping
44.scrupulous /?skru?pjul?s/
adj. extremely careful and thorough; paying great attention to details 極仔細徹底的; 一絲不茍的:
a scrupulous examiner 認真仔細的檢查員 *
a scrupulous inspection of the firm's accounts對公司的帳目徹底審核.
45.nay adv. (dated or rhet 舊或修辭)
and more than that; and indeed 不止於此; 而且的確
I suspect, nay, I am certain, that he is wrong.我懷疑, 何止懷疑, 我肯定他錯了.
46.Genesis (Bible圣經(jīng)) the first book of the Old Testament, describing the creation of the world 《創(chuàng)世記》（《舊約》首卷）.
47.allude v [Ipr]~ to sb/sth
(fml文) mention sb/sth briefly or indirectly 提及﹑ 暗指或暗示某人[某事物]:
You alluded to certain developments in your speech what exactly did you mean?你在講話中提到某些發(fā)展--確切的意思是什麼呢?
48.cuneiform /?kju?n?f??m/
ad. jwedge-shaped 楔形的:
cuneiform characters, ie as used in old Persian or Assyrian writing 楔形文字（如古代波斯文或亞述文所用的）.
49.reinstate /?ri??n?ste?t; ?ri?nˋstet/
v. ~ sb (in/as sth)
restore sb to a previous (esp important) position 使某人恢復原先的（尤指重要的）職位或地位:
reinstate sb in the post of manager/as manager 恢復某人的經(jīng)理職位 *
(fig比喻) Sue is now reinstated in his affections, eg after a quarrel. 休現(xiàn)在又重新得到了他的愛（如在爭吵之後）.
50. principality /?pr?ns??p?l?ti/
n.country ruled by a prince 由王公貴族統(tǒng)治的小國; 公國; 侯國
the principality of Monaco 摩納哥公國.
51.strew
~ A (on/over B);~ B with A
scatter sth (over a surface); cover (a surface) with scattered things; sprinkle
撒某物（於某一表面）; 以所撒之物覆蓋（某一表面）; 散播
strew papers over the floor/strew the floor with papers 把文件扔得滿地都是.
52.worth sb's?while
profitable or interesting to sb 對某人有利益或有好處:
It would be (well) worth your while/You would find it (well) worth your while to come to the meeting.你要是參加了這個會議就會覺得很有好處. *
They promised to make it worth her while(ie pay or reward her)if she would take part.他們許諾說她要是參加就一定給她報酬.
53.hieroglyph /?ha??r?gl?f/
n.picture or symbol of an object, representing a word, syllable or sound, as used in ancient Egyptian and other writing 象形字（如古埃及等所用的）.
54.lathe /le?e/n,車床
55.dissension /d??sen?n/
n. [U, C] angry disagreement 爭執(zhí):
deal with dissension in the party 處理黨內(nèi)斗爭 *
Father's will caused much dissension among his children.父親的遺囑引起了子女之間的紛爭.
56.adherent /?d?h??r?nt; ?dˋh?r?nt/
n.supporter of a party or doctrine （一政黨或主義的）支持者, 擁護者:
The movement is gaining more and more adherents.支持這個運動的人越來越多了.
57.prodigious /pr??d?d??s/
adj. very great in size, amount or degree, so as to cause amazement or admiration; enormous （在體積﹑ 數(shù)量或程度上）大得令人驚嘆; 巨大的:
a prodigious achievement 巨大的成就 *
It cost a prodigious amount (of money). 這用了一筆巨款.*
> prodigiously adv:
The costs are mounting prodigiously.價格扶搖直上, 令人吃驚. *
She is a prodigiously talented pianist. 她是才華橫溢的鋼琴家.*
58.lapse
n, passing of a period of time （時間的）流逝, 過去:
after a lapse of six months 相隔六個月之後.
59.scribe /skra?b; skra?b/n
person who made copies of writings before printing was invented （印刷術發(fā)明之前的）抄寫員.
(in Biblical times) professional religious scholar （圣經(jīng)時代的）文士, 經(jīng)師.
60.henceforward /henceforth： from this point on
61.of necessity
in such a way that it cannot be otherwisealso: as a necessary consequence
further changes will occur of necessity
62.banishment
noun[U]
the punishment of being sent away from a place, especially from a country:
a life of banishment in an alien country ?充軍，流放
63.subvert /s?b?v??t; s?bˋv?t/
v [Tn]?destroy the authority of (a political system, religious faith, etc) 顛覆, 破壞（政治制度﹑ 宗教信仰等）:
subvert the monarchy 推翻君主政體 *
writings that subvert Christianity 攻擊基督教教義的文字.
64.despoil /d??sp??l; d?ˋsp??l/
v [Tn, Tn.pr]~sth (of sth)
(fml文) rob (a place) of sth valuable; plunder sth 從（某處）搶劫有價值之物; 掠奪某物
Museums have despoiled India of many priceless treasures.博物館里有許多從印度掠奪來的無價之寶.
65. granary/?gr?n?r?/
n.building where grain is stored 谷倉; 糧倉:
(fig比喻)The Mid-West is America's granary, ie region producing much wheat, corn, etc.
美國的中西部地區(qū)是個糧倉.
66.asunder /??s?nd?(r)/
adv.(dated or fml舊或文) into pieces; apart? 碎; 散:
families torn asunder by the revolution 被革命拆散的家庭 *
The house was ripped asunder by the explosion.房子被炸得粉碎.*
67.multitudinous
adj. (formal) extremely large in number
68.fallible /?f?l?bl/
adj.liable to make mistakes 易犯錯誤的:
We are fallible beings.我們都難免犯錯誤.
> fallibility/?f?l??b?l?t/n[U].
69.quietude /?kwa??tju?d/
n. (fml文) stillness; calm 平靜; 寧靜; 寂靜.
day 25:
自制地圖
day 26：
任務二:
the existence of Amraphel
privious: only mentioned in Bible
We now know that long before the days of Abraham not only did Babylonian armies march to the shores of the Mediterranean, but that Canaan was a Babylonian province, and that Amraphel, the ally of Chedor-laomer, actually entitles himself king of it in one of his inscriptions.
now:The Babylonia of the age of Amraphel, the contemporary of Abraham, has, thanks to the recent finds, become as well known to us as the Athens of Periklês; the daily life of the people can be traced in all its outlines, and we even possess the autograph letters written by Amraphel himself.
The contracts for the lease and sale of houses or other estate, the documents relating to the property of women, the reports of the law cases that were tried before the official judges, all set before us a state of society which changed but little down to the Persian era.
antiquity before Greek
privious: Apart from the earlier records of the Old Testament, there was no literature which claimed a greater antiquity than the Homeric Poems of ancient Greece; no history of older date than that of Hellas
now:The discoveries of Oriental archaeology.
The civilisations of Babylonia and Egypt were already decrepid when the ancestors of Periklês were still barbarians.
narratives of the Old Testament
source： Bible; the tablets of Babylonia1. Troy of Priam which had been relegated to cloudland, and have proved that the traditions of Myken?an glory, of Agamemnon and Menelaos, and even of voyages to the coast of Egypt, were not fables but veritable facts.
2. the campaign of Chedor-laomer and his allies in Canaan
Babylonia was for a time under the domination of the Elamites, and while Amraphel or Khammurabi was allowed to rule at Babylon as a vassal-prince, an Elamite of the name of Eri-Aku or Arioch governed Larsa in the south.
3.
in the Books of the Chronicles: Manasseh of Judah rebelled against his Assyrian master and was in consequence carried in chains to Babylon, where he was pardoned and restored to his ancestral throne.
the cuneiform inscriptions: Esar-haddon mentions Manasseh among the subject princes of the West, and it was just Esar-haddon who rebuilt Babylon after its destruction by his father, and made it his residence during a part of the year. Moreover, other instances are known in which a revolted prince was reinstated in his former power. Thus Assur-bani-pal forgave the Egyptian prince of Sais when, like Manasseh, he had been sent in chains to Assyria after an unsuccessful rebellion, and restored him to his old principality.
the existence of Menes
Some scientists used to declare him to be "fabulous" and "mythical."
now: some of his bones are in the museum of Cairo, and the objects disinterred in his tomb show that he belonged to an age of culture and intercourse with distant lands.
the existence of Sargon of Akkad
at Niffer and Telloh monuments both of himself and of his son were brought to light
拙劣版
中文版：1.古巴比倫王國
古巴比倫王國是美索不達米亞南部奴隸制城邦,以巴比倫城為中心。
公元前十九世紀中,阿摩利人滅掉蘇美爾人的烏爾第三王朝,建立了以巴比倫城為首都的巴比倫王國. 古巴比倫王國1792BC,第六代國王漢謨拉比（Hammurabi）（約公元前1792~前1750年）即位,征服了蘇美爾人和阿卡德人,統(tǒng)一了美索不達米亞平原,建立一個強大的中央集權制國家,成為西亞古代奴隸制國家的典型.史稱古巴比倫王國（約公元前1894~前1595年）。
公元前729年被亞述帝國吞并。
公元前626 年，迦勒底人領袖那波帕拉沙爾率軍駐守巴比倫,他到巴比倫后,卻發(fā)動反對亞述統(tǒng)治的起義,建立新巴比倫王國。
公元前612年,亞述帝國滅亡,被新巴比倫王國及米底王國瓜分。新巴比倫王國分取了亞述帝國的西半壁河山,即兩河流域南部、敘利亞、巴勒斯坦及腓尼基,重建新巴比倫王國（公元前626~前538年）,也叫迦勒底王國。
公元前六世紀后半期，國勢達到鼎峰。
公元前539年,波斯人崛起,居魯士二世率軍入侵新巴比倫王國時,祭司竟打開大門放波斯軍隊入城,伯沙撒被殺,那波尼達被俘,新巴比倫王國不戰(zhàn)而亡.
day27:
summary:
At first sight, this article looks so difficult that I was a little scared. As a science student in high school, history has always been my headache. I am always confused with the times when things happened and all those similar names. This article, to me, is no less different.
At least after three times of reading, I began to hold the merit of this article. But it is a little too long that I still get a little lazy in the third day. I admit it and I hope it won’t happen again.
As for the content, it really gives me some new understanding of the religion and development of the East. Though I am Asian, it seems that Greece and Rome are the very birthplace of human civilization. It is probably my ignorance of history that leads to this misunderstanding. But now Babylonia, Palestine and Assyria are all familiar to me. Though they are just some vague concepts to me, at least I know that the history and civilization of them are so fabulous that we should never overlook. Also, this article tells an dilemma in history study. That is we may never make a totally true judgment until we get all the information. But we may never get it and whether our judgment is true or not may remain unknown.
