Day4-5

1. The natural state of a body was to beat restand that it moved only if driven by a force or impulse . 亞里士多德的觀點(diǎn)， 自然狀態(tài)下的物體是靜止的，只有在外力或推動力的驅(qū)使下才會運(yùn)動。

At rest: adj. ?in a state of repose or especially sleep 靜止的 Synonyms : asleep

2. The situation is similar to that of heavy bodies fallingvertically.

vertically :adv. in a vertical direction 以垂直的方向 Antonyms: ?horizontally

3. ?Galileo's measurements were used by Newtonas the basis of his laws of motion.

as the basis of ....以..為基礎(chǔ)

laws of motion : 運(yùn)動定律（指下文要提及的牛頓第一和第二定律）

4.This idea was first statedexplicitlyin Newton's "Principia Mathematica", published in 1687.

explicitly:adv. in an explicit manner .? When you explain somethingexplicitly, you do it in great detail, leaving no room for misunderstanding. Synonyms :implicitly,without ever expressing so clearly

5. ....at a rate that isproportionalto the force

proportional: adj. properly related in size or degree or other measurable characteristics; usually followed by `to'? , which describes something that has a relative size or amount to something else. Synonyms ： relative .? E.g. That being, a statement of probability that isproportionalto the amount of available evidence and subject to an informal system of peer review.

6.In addition tohis laws of motion, Newton discovered a law to describe the force ofgravity.

In addtion to: compare to "besides ";? E.g. In?addition?to health and longevity, she said education is a factor.

gravity:In physics,gravityis the natural force that causes things to fall toward the earth. The noungravitycan also mean seriousness or solemnity(莊嚴(yán)).

7. The orbits of the planets would not beelliptical,they would eitherspiralin to the sun or escape from the sun.

elliptical: adj. rounded like an egg? E.g. Many comets have anellipticalorbit around the Sun that brings them closer at some times and farther away at others.

spiral:n. a structure consisting of something wound in a continuous series of loops 螺旋形. 在這里做V，使成螺旋形

8. He was severelycriticizedfor thisirrationalbelief by many people.

criticized: v. find fault with; express criticism of; point out real or perceived flaws 被批判

Irrational: adj. not consistent with or using reason 不合理的 Usually you useirrationalto describe ideas and thoughts that are not based on reason, although emotions and behavior can be irrational too if they don't seem reasonable.

9....they believed that one couldunambiguouslymeasure the interval of time between two events......

unambiguous: adj. having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning 明確的，不含糊的。此為副詞。

interval of time: 時間間距 interval means the distance between things

10. A proper theory of thepropagationof light didn't come until 1865.

propagation:n. the movement of a wave through a medium 傳播。 同時它還有繁殖的意思

11.Maxwell'sequationspredicted that there could be wavelike disturbances in the combinedelectromagetic field.

equations:a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal方程式 In anequation, the quantities on both sides of the equal sign are equal. That's the mathematical meaning ofequation

disturbances：n. activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption 干擾Synonyms : perturbation. ??E.g.there was adisturbanceof neural function

electromagetic:adj. pertaining to or exhibiting magnetism produced by electric charge in motion. E.g.electromagneticenergy 電磁能

12. ..and that these would travel as a fixed speed, likeripples on a pond. ?池塘里的漣漪

13....ahithertounknown clerk in the Swiss patent office, Albert Einstein....

hitherto:adv. used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time 前無古人，橫空出世，好一個愛因斯坦 Use the adverbhithertowhen you're describing a state or circumstance that existed up until now.? E.g. A rush of electric-car launches over the next three years is likely to hasten theirhithertoslow adoption by consumers.

14: the fundamentalpostulateof the theory of relativity.相對論

postulate: .n. (logic) a proposition that is accepted as true in order to provide a basis for logical reasoning. 基本條件

E.g.Kant’s keypostulatewas “the creation of an international community based on commerce and free trade.”

15. only light, or other waves that have nointrinsic mass, can move at the speed of light.

intrinsic: adj. belonging to a thing by its very nature 本質(zhì)的，固有的。e.g. Clearly, the stock was way ahead of itself and likely to eventually fall closer to itsintrinsicvalue.

Synonyms : intrinsical? ? ? Antonyms: extrinsic.

16.cesium clock: an atomic clock based on the energy difference between two states of the caesium nucleus in a magnetic field 原子鐘

17.the choice ofcoordinatesisarbitrary坐標(biāo)

arbitrary:adj. based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse or caprice ;? Something that'sarbitraryseems like it's chosen at random instead of following a consistent rule. 任意的，隨機(jī)的。E.g.Critics say that ending voter registration 20 days before Election Day isarbitrary.

18.this cone is called the future light cone of the event. In the same way we can draw another cone, called ?the past light cone.

cone : n.a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point 圓錐體

By wikipedia, which wrote like this : alight coneis the path that a flash of light, emanating from a singleevent(localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take throughspacetime. ?To get what's future light cone and past light cone via below picture :

19. the light cones will be?identical?and will all point in the same direction.

identical: adj. being the exact same one; not any other . Synonyms : very, same . E.g. All of them sharedidenticalmitochondrial genomes, which are inherited from the mother.

20. and has a rather?elongated?orbit .

elongated:adj.? drawn out or made longer spatially .? Something that'selongatedis stretched out, or extended so that it's longer than usual.? Synonyms: extended, prolonged. E.g. “People are asked a question, and they preface their answer with an?elongated?‘ so.

21....at which the moonds of Jupiter appeared to pass behind Jupiter were not evenly spaced.?

spaced: v, be divied into space. 這里理解為均勻分布的

22.....in terms of objects contracting and clocks slowing down when they moved through the ether.

contracting: ?膨脹的

23.provided he knows the other observer's relative velocity

velocity: distance travelled per unit time . synonyms: speed

24.in terms of = with regard to , conserning 就..而言

25. gravitational effects: 重力效應(yīng)，萬有引力

26. the special theory of relativity 狹義相對論

? the general theory of relativity 廣義相對論

minding map

這12頁的文章老師給了4天，但我這找時間見縫插針的讀，直到第四天才真正讀完，理清了文章的邏輯，相比之前混沌的狀態(tài)。我覺得自己是渾水摸魚型的了。時間，時間總覺得不夠用，而自己在單詞關(guān)和速度上也是如蝸牛似的在爬，更不用說對理論的理解和深度挖掘了。?

如果說牛頓的運(yùn)動定律是我們都比較熟悉的物理常識，那愛因斯坦的相對論具體講的什么完全是新知識來吸收。在這里面，最吸引我的也是對運(yùn)動定律的解釋，和后面對光錐的闡述。?

廣義相對論和狹義相對論的區(qū)別在于對重力的影響分析。狹義相對論是在沒考慮重力的影響下進(jìn)行的。光錐的圖表分析了不同時空的信息接收在時間上的差異。

作為對理科重度恐慌癥和英文長篇文章的初次閱讀，我覺得這幾天的經(jīng)歷完全處在折磨中，對完不成用作業(yè)的恐慌，對沒有完整時間來深度理解文章邏輯的前因后果的恐慌，以致于夢中都會驚醒。好想回到學(xué)生時代，來認(rèn)真地系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)，無論對英語，還是對這些科學(xué)理論。