Day4-5 詞匯積累 & 背景知識(shí)補(bǔ)充
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Ⅰ.詞語(yǔ)綜列（值得知曉了解的 專(zhuān)有名詞&個(gè)人分級(jí)詞匯）
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> 1、專(zhuān)有名詞
物：
1）.the leaning tower of Pisa 比薩斜塔
2）.the moons of Jupiter 木星的衛(wèi)星
——（ 拓展 ：水星(Mercury), 金星(Venus), 地球(Earth), 火星(Mars), 木星(Jupiter), 土星(Saturn), 天王星(Uranus),海王星 (Neptune) 及 冥王星(Pluto)。 要把這個(gè)行星序記下，我們可透過(guò)以下句子：“My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets”）
3）.waves： ultraviolet（紫外線(xiàn)）, X rays, and gamma rays —— 紅外線(xiàn)（Infrared）、radar（雷達(dá)）
4）.Alpha Centaur （半人馬座阿爾法星，人馬座中的聚星，其三個(gè)組成部分是星座中最亮的部分，距地球4.4光年）
5）the special theory of relativity 狹義相對(duì)論.......（If one neglects gravitational effects, as Einstein and Poincare did in 1905, one has what is called ）
6）the general theory of relativity 廣義...........
7）geodesiche（ nearest thing to a straight path in a curved space）——
術(shù)語(yǔ)等：
1）air resistance 空氣阻力
2）a light-second（a more convenient, new unit of length）
form an object called space-time（ a four-dimensional space）
3）coordinate： 坐標(biāo)
latitude and longitude 經(jīng)緯度
4）the twins paradox：雙胎謬論
a pair of twins
The first twin
5）a lead weight 鎮(zhèn)紙
>2、分級(jí)詞匯
全生：diagram 圖表（figure、chart、plot、graphic）、 galaxy 、deflection、velocity
半生：見(jiàn) Ⅱ.
熟詞新義/用 ?：
rest、value、paper、preferred、observers、figure、law（s）、Speed（s）、cancel、repect、moon（衛(wèi)星）、mass、revolution（-ize）
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Ⅱ.詞語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)（熟詞新用的拓展；近反義詞對(duì)比辨析；words family；注意用法正式與否；褒貶義傾向；圖像增強(qiáng)記憶）
1、value
His measurements of the variations in the distance of the earth from Jupiter were, however, not very accurate, and so his value for the speed of light was 140,000 miles per second, compared to the modern value of 186,000 miles per second.
>>Mathematics.
2、rest/still
Aristotle believed in a preferred state of rest,
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3、fixed adj.固定不變的
Maxwell’s theory predicted that radio or light waves should travel at a certain fixed speed.
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4、bounce
Ping-Pong ball on the trainbounces straight up and down
verb (used without object), bounced, bouncing.
1. to spring back from a surface in a lively manner:
2. to strike the ground or other surface, and rebound:
3.to move or walk in a lively, exuberant, or energetic manner:
4. to move along in a lively manner, repeatedly striking the surface below and rebounding:
5）、equivalence/ equation
>Because of the equivalence of energy and mass, the energy which an object has due to its motion will add to its mass.
>As we have seen, Maxwell’s equations predicted that the speed of light should be the same whatever the speed of the source, and this has been confirmed by accurate measurements.
辨：equivalence 等價(jià)（抽象意義上）
equation 方程式
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6）appraoach
As an object approaches the speed of light
verb (used with object)
1. to come near or nearer to:
2. to come near to in quality, character, time, or condition; to come within range for comparison:
3. to present, offer, or make a proposal or request to:
7）age
The first twin would age faster than the second. Thus, if they met again, one would be older than the other
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8）revolutionize? v.徹底改變
>An equally remarkable consequence of relativity is the way it has revolutionized our ideas of space and time.
>Einstein made the revolutionary suggestion that gravity is not a force like other forces, but is a consequence of the fact that space-time is not flat, as had been previously assumed: it is curved, or “warped,”
9）assign
observers who are moving relative to each other will assign different times and positions to the same event
observers who are moving relative to each other will assign different times and positions to the same event
1.to designate; name; specify:
2.to ascribe; attribute; bring forward:
10）block 擋住
However, it is possible to do so during an eclipse of the sun, when the sun’s light is blocked out by the moon.
11）agree on/ to
agree on how far the light traveled (since space is not absolute).
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12）sheer完全的
Their measurement had been sheer luck, or a case of knowing the result they wanted to get, not an uncommon occurrence in science.
13）stub (用腳)碰...
stubbed his toe on a large stone.
14）pulse/impulse
a pulse of light （脈沖波）or radio waves / impulse
15）specify/specific
An event, in this sense, is something that takes place at a single point in space, at a specified point in time.（specify、specified / specific）
16）identical
that identical clocks carried by different observers would not necessarily agree.
1. similar or alike in every way:
2. being the very same; selfsame:
3. agreeing exactly:
17）suggestion、hypothesis假說(shuō)
18）using a pair of very accurate clocks mounted at the top and bottom of a water tower.
using a pair of very accurate clocks mounted at the top and bottom of a water tower.
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19） paradox 悖論
This is known as the twins paradox, but it is a paradox only if one has the idea of absolute time at the back of one’s mind.
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20）sphere
After one millionth of a second the light will have spread out（用spread out 來(lái)說(shuō)light） to form a sphere with a radius of 300 meters
noun
1. Geometry.
>a solid geometric figure generated by the revolution of a semicircle about its diameter; a round body whose surface is at all points equidistant from the center. Equation: x 2+ y 2+ z 2= r 2.
>the surface of such a figure; a spherical surface.
21）ripple
The expanding circle of ripples will mark out a cone whose tip is at the place and time at which the stone hit the water。
noun
22）notion
The old idea of an essentially unchanging universe that could have existed, and could continue to exist, forever was replaced by the notion of a dynamic, expanding universe that seemed to have begun a finite time ago, and that might end at a finite time in the future.
1. a general understanding; vague or imperfect conception or idea of something:
2. an opinion, view, or belief:
>3. conception or idea:
4. a fanciful or foolish idea; whim:
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23）velocity
noun, plural velocities.
1.rapidity of motion or operation; swiftness; speed:
2.Mechanics. the time rate of change of position of a body in a specified direction.
3.the rate of speed with which something happens; rapidity of action or reaction.
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Day5
Ⅲ.短語(yǔ)積累（熟詞新用）| 寫(xiě)作參考
1).Aristotle believed in a preferred state of rest, which any body would take up if it were not driven by some force Or impulse / he thought that the earth was at rest
2) One could equally well say that body A was at rest and body B was moving at constant speed
3) with respect to body A
4)because it did not accord with his idea of an absolute God
?find a theory of gravity that was consistent with special relativity
The reason for that particular number is that it corresponds to the historical definition of the meter
—— 拓展整理 （和....一致
5）In effect, the meter is defined to be the distance traveled by light in 0.000000003335640952 second, as measured by a cesium clock.
6）When the famous Dr. Johnson was told of Berkeley’s opinion, he cried, “I refute it thus!”
7）there is no way to tell whether it is the train or the earth that is moving
8）one can say that a point in a room is seven feet from one wall, three feet from another, and five feet above the floor.
9）After one millionth of a second the light will have spread out（用spread out 來(lái)說(shuō)light） to form a sphere with a radius of 300 meters
10）Time was completely separate from and independent of space（區(qū)別？）
11）Einstein is usually given the credit for the new theory, but Poincare is remembered by having his name attached to an important part of it.
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12）In particular,.......
13）An event, in this sense, is something that takes place at a single point in space, at a specified point in time
14）In effect, the meter is defined to be the distance traveled by light in 0.000000003335640952 second, as measured by a cesium clock.
15）Equally, we can use a more convenient, new unit of length called a light-second.
16）It follo?ws that.....由此可見(jiàn)、由此得出
In the theory of relativity, we now define distance in terms of time and the speed of light, so it follows automatically that every observer will measure light to have the same speed
17）Again, the choice of coordinates is arbitrary; one can use any three well-defined spatial coordinates and any measure of time.
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Ⅳ.知識(shí)拓展
1、 斜塔實(shí)驗(yàn)多半是假
It is said that Galileo demonstrated that Aristotle’s belief was false by dropping weights from the leaning tower of Pisa. The story is almost certainly untrue, but Galileo did do something equivalent: he rolled balls of different weights down a smooth slope.
2、幾個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)
1）邁克爾遜-莫雷實(shí)驗(yàn)
1881年-1884年，阿爾伯特·邁克爾遜和愛(ài)德華·莫雷為測(cè)量地球和以太的相對(duì)速度，進(jìn)行了著名的。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示，不同方向上的光速?zèng)]有差異。這實(shí)際上證明了光速不變?cè)恚凑婵罩泄馑僭谌魏螀⒄障迪戮哂邢嗤臄?shù)值，與參照系的相對(duì)速度無(wú)關(guān)，以太其實(shí)并不存在。后來(lái)又有許多實(shí)驗(yàn)支持了上面的結(jié)論。 以太說(shuō)曾經(jīng)在一段歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)在人們腦中根深蒂固，深刻地左右著物理學(xué)家的思想。著名物理學(xué)家洛倫茲推導(dǎo)出了符合電磁學(xué)協(xié)變條件的洛倫茲變換公式，但無(wú)法拋棄以太的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。
2）以太假說(shuō)
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Day6
邏輯圖（借鑒參考+自己）
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