Listening---The Murder of Caesar
In this course, we have tried to prepare you to understand and discuss important topics that are often in the news.
Sometimes the news is good news, but all too often we learn of problems and crises.
PS:?有時候，這個消息是好消息，但我們常常了解到問題和危機。
all too often時常，經(jīng)常是，再三再四
learn of聽說…
problems棘手的問題;?難題;?困難;?邏輯題;?數(shù)學(xué)題;?problem的復(fù)數(shù)
crises危機;?危急關(guān)頭;?危難時刻;?病危期;?crisis的復(fù)數(shù)
Once in a while, an event is extraordinary and will change the world.
PS:偶爾，一件事是非同尋常的，會改變世界。
extraordinary意想不到的;?令人驚奇的;?奇怪的;?不平常的;?不一般的;?非凡的;?
In this lesson, we focus on an event that changed history forever.
This historic event was the assassination of the Roman leader, Julius Caesar.
PS:?這一歷史性事件是羅馬領(lǐng)袖朱利葉斯·凱撒遇刺。
assassination英 [??s?s?'ne??(?)n]? 美 [??s?s?'ne??(?)n] n.暗殺；刺殺，行刺
We will never know how history might have been different had this event not taken place.
But we can speculate what caused it and how it might have been prevented.
PS:?但我們可以推測是什么引起的以及如何預(yù)防的。
speculate英 [?spekjule?t]? 美 [?spekjule?t] v.推測;猜測;推斷;投機;做投機買賣
Exercises:
1. Why does this course focus on such topic as historic event?
? This kind of language is often used in news reports.
2. We will never know how history might have been different?had this event not taken place.
One of the most famous assassinations in history was the assassination of Julius Caesar.
At the time of his death in 44 B.C., he was the leader of the Roman Empire.
His title was "Dictator for Life" which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived.
PS:?他的頭銜是“終身獨裁者”，這意味著他一生都擁有絕對的權(quán)威。
title名稱，標(biāo)題，題目;?一種，一本;?稱號，頭銜，職稱，稱謂;?加標(biāo)題，定題目
for Life拼命地;?盡最大努力地;?終生
meant原本打算的;本應(yīng)的;?為…而做的;為…而準(zhǔn)備的;?表示…的意思;?意思是;?本意是;?打算;?意欲;?有…的目的;?mean的過去分詞和過去式
absolute完全的;?全部的;?絕對的;?道地的，確實的，十足的;?肯定的;?無疑的;?明確的;?絕對真理
authority for……的權(quán)力
dictator英 [d?k?te?t?(r)]? 美 [?d?kte?t?r] n.獨裁者;發(fā)號施令者;專橫的人
He had gained this power through his successes as a military commander.
PS:?他通過軍事指揮官的成功獲得了這種權(quán)力。
In fact, some historians consider him to be one of the greatest military commanders in history.
PS:?事實上，一些歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為他是歷史上最偉大的軍事指揮官之一。
Put the sentences below in order:
At the time of his death in 44 B.C., he was the leader of the Roman Empire.
His title was "Dictator for Life" which meant he had absolute authority for as long as he lived.
He had gained this power through his successes as a military commander.
In fact, some historians consider him to be one of the greatest military commanders in history.
Repeat Sentences:
1. He had gained this power through his successes as a military commander.
2. Sometimes the news is good news, but all too often we learn of problems and crises.
3. Once in a while, an event is extraordinary and will change the world.
Once gaining power, he fought against corruption and began to restructure the government.
PS:?他一上臺就反腐，開始改組政府。
Once僅一次;?一次;?曾;?曾經(jīng);?(用于否定句、疑問句和if后)曾，根本;?一…就;?一旦;?當(dāng)…時候
gaining獲得;?贏得;?博得;?取得;?受益，獲益;?得到;?增加;?增添;?增進;?增長;?gain的現(xiàn)在分詞
fought打仗;?戰(zhàn)斗;?作戰(zhàn);?搏斗;?打斗;?打架;?參加;?競爭;?fight的過去分詞和過去式
corruption腐敗;?貪污;?賄賂;?受賄;?使人墮落的行為;?腐蝕;?變體
began開始;?啟動;?起始;?開始存在;?起初是;?本來是;?begin的過去式
restructure調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu);?改組;?重建
government政府;?內(nèi)閣;?政體;?國家體制;?統(tǒng)治，治理，統(tǒng)治方式，管理方法
For example, he increased the number of senators and changed how they were chosen.
PS:?例如，他增加了參議員的人數(shù)，改變了他們的選舉方式。
senators英 [?s?n?t?z]? 美 [?s?n?t?rz] n.參議員senator的復(fù)數(shù)
Instead of being elected, they could be appointed, even if they were not from Rome.
PS:?他們可以被任命，而不是被選舉，即使他們不是來自羅馬。
elected選舉;?推選;?選擇，決定;?elect的過去分詞和過去式
appointed指定的，約定的;?任命;?委任;?安排，確定;?appoint的過去分詞和過去式
These actions reduced the power of individual senators and shifted the power to Caesar himself.
PS:?這些行動削弱了個別參議員的權(quán)力，并將權(quán)力移交給了凱撒本人。
actions行動;?行為過程;?所做之事;?行為;?訴訟;?起訴;?務(wù)必做，確保處理;?action的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
reduced減少，縮小;?蒸發(fā);?減輕體重;?節(jié)食;?reduce的過去分詞和過去式
power控制力;?影響力;?操縱力;?統(tǒng)治;?政權(quán);?能力;?機會;?驅(qū)動，推動;?迅猛移動，快速前進
individual單獨的;?個別的;?一個人的;?供一人用的;?獨特的;?與眾不同的;?個人;?與眾不同的人;?有個性的人;?某種類型的人;?古怪的人
senators參議員;?senator的復(fù)數(shù)
shifted轉(zhuǎn)移;?挪動;?趕快;?快速移動;?變換;?更替;?變動;?shift的過去分詞和過去式
In doing so, he created many enemies, especially among the aristocracy.
PS:?他這樣做，制造了許多敵人，尤其是在貴族中。
aristocracy英 [??r??st?kr?si]? 美 [??r??stɑ?kr?si] n.(某些國家的)貴族
However, he also had many admirers who supported his efforts to end corruption.
PS:?然而，他也有許多仰慕者支持他結(jié)束腐敗的努力。
admirers欽佩者;?贊賞者;?追求者，愛慕者;?admirer的復(fù)數(shù)
Exercises:
1.?The aristocracy is the ruling class of the country.
2. What's an example of how he restructure the government?
He changed how senators were chosen.
3. If he hadn't fought against the aristocracy,?he wouldn't have created many enemies.
Caesar was stabbed to death by a group of Roman senators on March 15, 44 B.C.
PS:?凱撒在公元前44年3月15日被一群羅馬參議員刺死。
stabbed英 [st?bd]? 美 [st?bd] v.(用刀等銳器)刺，戳，捅;(用手指或尖物)戳，刺stab的過去分詞和過去式
He was scheduled to leave Rome 3 days later to fight in another war.
He had appointed members of his army to rule the Empire while he was away.
This action angered many in Roman senate who didn’t want to take orders from Caesar's subordinates.
PS:?這一舉動激怒了羅馬參議院中許多不想接受凱撒下屬命令的人。
angered使發(fā)怒;?激怒;?anger的過去分詞和過去式
Roman古羅馬的;?古羅馬帝國的;?羅馬的;?羅馬城的;?天主教的;?古羅馬人;?羅馬人，羅馬市民;?羅馬體;?西文白正體
senate參議院(美國、澳大利亞、加拿大、法國等國家的兩個立法機構(gòu)之一;?美國許多州議會也設(shè)有參議院);?大學(xué)理事會，大學(xué)評議會;?元老院
orders順序;?次序;?條理;?治安;?秩序;?規(guī)矩;?命令;?指揮;?要求;?訂購;?訂貨;?要求提供服務(wù);?點;?order的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
Caesar凱撒;?computerized automation by electronic system with automated reservations 通過電子系統(tǒng)和自動預(yù)定實現(xiàn)的計算機化自動操作
subordinates英 [s??b??d?ne?ts]? 美 [s??b??rd?ne?ts] n.下級;部屬v.把…置于次要地位;使從屬subordinate的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
He should have been aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed his security force not long before the assassination.
PS:?他應(yīng)該意識到許多參議員都恨他，但他在暗殺前不久就解散了他的安全部隊。
aware知道;?意識到;?明白;?察覺到;?發(fā)覺;?發(fā)現(xiàn);?對…有興趣的;?有…意識的
dismissed不予考慮;?摒棄;?對…不屑一提;?去除，消除，摒除;?解雇;?免職;?開除;?dismiss的過去分詞和過去式
security保護措施;?安全工作;?保衛(wèi)部門;?保安部門;?擔(dān)保;?保證
force武力;?暴力;?力;?力量;?強大效力;?巨大影響;?強迫，迫使;?用力，強行;?使發(fā)生
long before很久以前
assassination暗殺；刺殺，行刺
If he hadn’t dismissed it, the assassination attempt might not have succeeded.
Exercises:
1. What should he have been aware of?
?Many of the senators hated him.
2. If he?hadn’t?dismissed it, the assassination?attempt?might not have?succeeded.
3.Who is caser appointed to rule the Empire while he was away?
a group of army subordinates.
4.what shouldn't he have done?
he dismissed his security force
Repeat Sentences:
1. He appointed members of his army to rule while he was away from Rome.
2. He shouldn't have dismissed his security force.
3. Once gaining power, he fought against corruption and began to restructure the government.
4.He should have been aware that many of the senators hated him.
On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning note as he entered the senate.
PS:據(jù)報道，在凱撒遇刺當(dāng)天，他可能在進入?yún)⒆h院時收到一份警告信
handed交;?遞;?給;?hand的過去分詞和過去式
warning警告，警示;?先兆;?警告，警戒;?提醒注意;?使警惕;?勸告;?警告;?告誡;?warn的現(xiàn)在分詞;?警告的;?告誡的;?引以為戒的
note筆記;?記錄;?短箋;?便條;?注釋;?按語;?批注;?注意;?留意;?指出;?特別提到
entered進來;?進去;?進入;?成為…的一員;?加入;?開始從事;?開始參加;?開始進入;?著手進行;?enter的過去分詞和過去式
senate參議院(美國、澳大利亞、加拿大、法國等國家的兩個立法機構(gòu)之一;?
If he did receive such a note, he didn’t read it.
It seems as if he was in a state of denial and refused to recognize the danger that was facing him.
PS:?他似乎處于否認(rèn)的狀態(tài)，拒絕承認(rèn)他所面臨的危險。
denial英 [d??na??l]? 美 [d??na??l] n.否認(rèn);否定;拒絕給予，剝奪(應(yīng)有的權(quán)利);否認(rèn)(令人不快、痛苦的事
Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers, or knives.
PS:?他一進入?yún)⒆h院，就被手持匕首或刀子的參議員包圍。
daggers英 [?d?g?z]? 美 [?d?g?rz] n.匕首;短劍dagger的復(fù)數(shù)
senate參議院(美國、澳大利亞、加拿大、法國等國家的兩個立法機構(gòu)之一;?美國許多州議會也設(shè)有參議院);?大學(xué)理事會，大學(xué)評議會;?元老院
surrounded圍繞;?環(huán)繞;?包圍，圍住;?與…緊密相關(guān);?surround的過去分詞和過去式
senators參議員;?senator的復(fù)數(shù)
holding股份;?私有財產(chǎn);?館藏;?租種的土地;?拿著;?抓住;?抱住;?托住;?捂住，按住;?使保持;?hold的現(xiàn)在分詞
daggers匕首;?短劍;?dagger的復(fù)數(shù)
The first blow hit Caesar in his neck and drew blood.
PS:第一拳打在凱撒的脖子上，他抽血了。
hit擊，打;?碰撞;?撞擊;?使碰上;?打;?擊;?命中;?擊中;?很受歡迎的人
blow英 [bl??]? 美 [blo?] v.吹;刮;(被)刮動，吹動n.(用手、武器等的)猛擊;打擊;挫折;吹int.表示厭煩
Caesar凱撒;?computerized automation by electronic system with automated reservations 通過電子系統(tǒng)和自動預(yù)定實現(xiàn)的計算機化自動操作
neck頸;?脖子;?衣領(lǐng);?領(lǐng)子;?領(lǐng)圈;?有…衣領(lǐng)的;?有…脖子的;?摟著脖子親吻;?相擁互吻
drew畫，描繪，描畫;?拖;?拉;?牽引;?拉，拖;?吸引，使感興趣;?draw的過去式
blood血;?有…類型的血的;?血統(tǒng);?家世;?讓
Then the other senators joined in and stabbed him repeatedly until he fell to the floor and died.
PS:?然后其他參議員也加入進來，不斷地刺傷他，直到他倒地身亡。
In total, he suffered 23 knife wounds.
Question:
1.How did Caesar contribute his own death?
He refused to realize how his actions had angered so many powerful men.
Fill in the blanks:
The first blow?hit?Caesar in his neck and drew?blood. Then the other senators?joined?in and?stabbed?him?repeatedly?until he?fell?to the floor and died.
With his death, power shifted to his adopted son, Octavian, who vowed revenge against the assassins.
PS:?隨著他的死，權(quán)力轉(zhuǎn)移到他的養(yǎng)子屋大維，誰發(fā)誓要報復(fù)刺客。
power控制力;?影響力;?操縱力;?統(tǒng)治;?政權(quán);?能力;?機會;?驅(qū)動，推動;?迅猛移動，快速前進
shifted轉(zhuǎn)移;?挪動;?趕快;?快速移動;?變換;?更替;?變動;?shift的過去分詞和過去式
vowed起誓;?立誓;?發(fā)誓;?vow的過去分詞和過去式
revenge報復(fù);?報仇;?雪恥，打敗對手;?替…報仇;?雪恥
against反對;?與…相反;?逆;?違反;?對…不利;?緊靠;?倚;?碰;?撞
assassins暗殺者，行刺者;?assassin的復(fù)數(shù)
adopted son英 [??d?pt?d s?n]? 美 [??dɑ?pt?d s?n] 養(yǎng)子;義子安東尼;嗣子;領(lǐng)養(yǎng)來的兒子;義子
Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or committed suicide.
PS:?最終，幾名主要刺客要么被殺，要么自殺。
Eventually最后;?終于
several幾個;?數(shù)個;?一些;?各自的;?分別的
leading最重要的;?一流的;?領(lǐng)先的，最前的;?行距;?帶路;?領(lǐng)路;?引領(lǐng);?相連，相通;?通向;?通往;?lead的現(xiàn)在分詞
assassins暗殺者，行刺者;?assassin的復(fù)數(shù)
After a power struggle, Octavian strengthened his position as leader and ruled the Empire for many years.
PS: 經(jīng)過一場權(quán)力斗爭，屋大維鞏固了自己的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位，統(tǒng)治了帝國多年。
struggle奮斗;?努力;?爭取;?艱難地行進;?吃力地進行;?斗爭;?抗?fàn)??搏斗;?扭打;?搶奪，掙扎脫身;?難事
strengthened加強;?增強;?鞏固;?strengthen的過去分詞和過去式
position位置;?地方;?恰當(dāng)位置;?正確位置;?姿態(tài)，姿勢;?放置方式;?安裝;?安置;?使處于
leader領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者;?領(lǐng)袖;?首領(lǐng);?最佳的人;?處于領(lǐng)先地位的人;?首席小提琴手
ruled有橫格的，有平行線的;?控制;?統(tǒng)治;?支配;?操縱;?決定;?裁定;?判決;?rule的過去分詞和過去式
Empire帝國;?大企業(yè);?企業(yè)集團
In the end, Caesar's attempts to end corruption failed.
Fill in the blanks:
With his death, power shifted to his adopted son, Octavian, who vowed revenge against the assassins. Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or?committed?suicide.
Repeat & Read Sentences:
1. Eventually, several of the leading assassins were either killed or committed suicide.
2. He may have been overconfident and unaware of the magnitude of the danger facing him.
3. If he did receive such a note, he didn’t read it.
4. On the day of his assassination, it is reported that Caesar may have been handed a warning note as he entered the senate.
5. Caesar should have been aware that many of the senators hated him, but he dismissed his security force not long before the assassination.
6.Once he had entered the senate, he was surrounded by senators holding daggers, or knives.
7.The first blow hit Caesar in his neck and drew blood.
8.After a power struggle, Octavian strengthened his position as leader and ruled the Empire for many years.
