作于2020-03-01
https://www.chainnews.com/articles/697669368942.htm
Management education
管理教育
The next business revolution
下場商業(yè)變革
American business schools are reinventing the MBA. About time
美國商學(xué)院正在重塑 MBA 教育模式。是時(shí)候
On a visit to New York in October Marc Benioff, boss of Salesforce, compared Facebook to cigarettes and backed a corporate tax hike to deal with homelessness in San Francisco. If badmouthing a fellow technology giant and cheering the taxman were not heterodox enough for a billionaire entrepreneur, Mr Benioff laid into American management education. It “programmes” students to favour profit over the public good. This, he noted, is out of step with “the new capitalism”.
去年十月，Salesforce 的老板馬克?貝尼奧夫（Marc Benioff）訪問紐約時(shí)，把臉書（Facebook）比作香煙，并支持加征企業(yè)稅來應(yīng)對舊金山流浪漢的問題。對貝尼奧夫這樣億萬身家的企業(yè)家而言，如果詆毀同業(yè)科技巨頭為征稅搖旗吶喊還不夠“與眾不同”的話，更異乎尋常地是，他的炮火又攻向美國的管理教育。這一教育“指使”學(xué)生將個(gè)人利益置于公眾利益之上。他指出，這樣的教育與“新資本主義”格格不入。
last year october ,when Marc Benioff visit New york ,boss of aslesforce , he compared facebook to the cigerate,back entreprenure tax to deal with homelesspoeple in sanfrasico.
注：
Salesforce：客戶關(guān)系管理（CRM）軟件服務(wù)提供商，創(chuàng)建于 1999 年 3 月，總部設(shè)于舊金山。2004 年 6 月，公司在紐約證券交易所成功上市。2019 年 10 月 23 日，Salesforce 在最新公布的 2019《財(cái)富》未來 50 強(qiáng)榜單中排行第 9 位。
Many deans concur. “We need our students to be thoughtful about the role of business in society, particularly at a moment in time when capitalism is coming under attack,” says William Boulding of Duke’s Fuqua School of Business. Nitin Nohria of Harvard Business School (HBS) reports how younger alumni and incoming classes want “the place of work to reflect purpose and values”. Jonathan Levin of Stanford’s Graduate School of Business (GSB) talks of business schools’ responsibility to recognise the societal consequences of corporate actions. “Corporations, their leaders and owners need to act to restore trust,” he intones.
很多商學(xué)院院長認(rèn)同這一觀點(diǎn)。杜克大學(xué)福庫商學(xué)院（Duke’s Fuqua School of Business）的威廉·博爾?。╓illiam Boulding）表示：“我們需要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生思考商業(yè)在社會(huì)中的角色，現(xiàn)如今資本主義遭人詬病，我們更應(yīng)如此?！惫鹕虒W(xué)院（HBS）的尼廷?諾里亞（Nitin Nohria）稱年輕畢業(yè)生和入學(xué)新生渴望“工作場所能反映出企業(yè)宗旨和價(jià)值觀”。斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院（GSB）的喬納森·萊文（Jonathan Levin）提及，商學(xué)院有責(zé)任明確企業(yè)行為引發(fā)的社會(huì)后果。他娓娓道來：“企業(yè)、企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人及股東都需要采取行動(dòng)，恢復(fù)社會(huì)對自己的信任?！?/p>
America’s business schools still dominate our annual ranking of the world’s top MBAs (see table). But the industry is being shaken up. According to the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC), an industry association, American MBA programmes received 7% fewer applicants this year than last. Nearly three-quarters of full-time, two-year MBA programmes reported declines from coast to coast. Not even the most illustrious ones were spared: HBS (located in Boston) and Stanford’s GSB (in Palo Alto) both saw applications dip by 6% or so. Schools face growing competition from overseas and online programmes—and, as Mr Benioff’s critique implies, questions over hidebound curriculums. “We’re being disrupted left, right and centre,” confesses Susan Fournier, dean of Boston University’s Questrom School of Business.
美國商學(xué)院仍在全球頂尖 MBA 年度排行榜上占有優(yōu)勢（見表）。不過，這一產(chǎn)業(yè)正經(jīng)歷動(dòng)蕩。管理專業(yè)研究生入學(xué)考試委員會(huì)（GMAC）的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，今年美國 MBA 項(xiàng)目的申請者相比去年減少了 7%。全美近四分之三的兩年全日制 MBA 項(xiàng)目申請人數(shù)出現(xiàn)了下滑。即使是最著名的商學(xué)院也未能幸免：哈佛商學(xué)院（位于波士頓）和斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院 (GSB)（位于帕羅奧圖 Palo Alto）的申請人數(shù)都下降了 6% 左右。美國商學(xué)院面臨海外眾學(xué)院和線上項(xiàng)目日益激烈的競爭，不僅如此，正如貝尼奧夫先生批評(píng)的那樣 , 其自身課程設(shè)置同樣也很僵化。波士頓大學(xué)奎斯特羅姆商學(xué)院（Questrom School of Business）院長蘇珊·福涅爾（Susan Fournier）坦稱：“我們目前內(nèi)憂外患，四面楚歌”。
注：
Shake up : to subject to a drastic rearrangement or reorganization
- from coast to coast：
from one side of the country to the other. Typically refers to the United States, which is bordered by oceans in the East and West.
When management education boomed in the 1960s, American schools taught mostly American students. As the world economy globalised in the 1980s and 1990s, so too did American curriculums and student bodies. Sangeet Chowfla, who heads GMAC, now discerns a “third wave”: improved schools outside America are letting foreign students study closer to home (and future employers). Many offer cheaper one-year MBAs, popular in Europe but uncommon across the pond. Whereas three in four two-year MBA programmes in America saw declines in overseas applicants in the latest application cycle, numbers applying to Asian business schools rose by 9% from 2017 to 2018. A recent uptick in America’s anti-immigrant sentiment is accelerating the trend.
20 世紀(jì) 60 年代，管理教育十分火爆，美國學(xué)校主要教授本國學(xué)生。上世紀(jì)八九十年代，隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化，美國的課程和學(xué)生群體也全球化起來。管理專業(yè)研究生入學(xué)考試委員會(huì) (Graduate Management Admission Council) 首席執(zhí)行官桑吉特?喬弗拉 (Sangeet Chowfla) 察覺到如今出現(xiàn)了第三波浪潮。美國地區(qū)之外學(xué)校授課方式不斷完善，外國學(xué)生可以在離家（離未來雇主）更近的地方求學(xué)。許多學(xué)校提供一年制工商管理碩士，價(jià)格低廉，這種形式風(fēng)靡歐洲，但大西洋彼岸卻不太盛行。最新的申請周期數(shù)據(jù)顯示， 2017 到 2018 年間，美國四分之三的兩年制工商管理碩士項(xiàng)目海外學(xué)生申請數(shù)量下降，但同期亞洲各家商學(xué)院申請數(shù)量上升 9%。近期美國反移民情緒的高漲更加劇了這種趨勢。
Americans, too, are cooling on MBAs. More than half of American schools report fewer domestic applicants. Soaring tuition costs, which have far outpaced inflation, put them off as much as they do foreigners. A top-notch MBA will set you back more than 100,000 debts at graduation. The opportunity cost of forgoing two years’ worth of paycheques is higher when the economy is booming and labour markets are tight. Weak demand has caused the number of full-time MBA programmes in America to fall by nearly a tenth between 2014 and 2018, according to the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, another industry body.
美國本土工商管理碩士項(xiàng)目申請熱度也不斷降溫。逾半數(shù)美國學(xué)校報(bào)告本土申請數(shù)量在不斷減少。增長速度遠(yuǎn)超通貨膨脹的學(xué)費(fèi)，迫使國內(nèi)學(xué)生如同留學(xué)生般對該項(xiàng)目望而卻步。就讀頂尖工商管理碩士項(xiàng)目花費(fèi)將超二十萬美元（含生活費(fèi)）。即便政府提供了助學(xué)金，許多學(xué)生畢業(yè)時(shí)還是會(huì)背負(fù)多達(dá)十萬美元的債務(wù)。經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，就業(yè)市場供大于求之時(shí)，放棄兩年賺錢時(shí)間去讀書的機(jī)會(huì)成本更為高昂。美國全日制管理碩士項(xiàng)目需求下降，根據(jù)國際商管學(xué)院促進(jìn)協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)盟的數(shù)據(jù)，全日制工商管理碩士項(xiàng)目的數(shù)目在 2014 年到 2018 年間下降近百分之十。
Geoffrey Garrett, dean of the Wharton School, at the University of Pennsylvania, believes that a flight to quality is benefiting top institutions like his—and their graduates. Add non-wage compensation and alumni often recoup their investments in a few years. Not counting signing bonuses, the average base salary for graduates of the five American schools with the highest earning potential was $139,000.
賓夕法尼亞沃頓商學(xué)院院長杰夫里·加雷特 (Geoffrey Garrett) 表示，注重質(zhì)量對包括沃頓商學(xué)院在內(nèi)的頂尖商學(xué)院及其畢業(yè)生都有益處。算上非工資報(bào)酬，這些研究生的學(xué)費(fèi)投資幾年就能回本。不算簽約獎(jiǎng)金，美國收入潛力最高的五所商學(xué)院，其畢業(yè)生的平均起薪為十三萬九千美元。
Consultancies and investment banks, historically the keenest MBA recruiters, claim their appetite for holders of elite degrees has not diminished. A prestigious MBA “puts a floor on your career”, explains Kostya Simonenko, a 28-year-old consultant on leave from Oliver Wyman (which is paying for his course at Columbia Business School). Silicon Valley, which used to dismiss MBAsas overpaid know-nothings, has become less hostile. As startups grow into large corporations, they need managers to help run things, not just software engineers to run code. A survey of recruiters by GMAC this year found that 80% of technology companies planned to hire MBAs, on a par with consultancies (82%) and financial firms (77%).
咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)和投資銀行，歷來最熱衷聘用管理碩士，他們對擁有頂尖學(xué)位的人才的需求并未下降。奧緯咨詢公司顧問克斯特亞·西莫年科（Kostya Simonenko），今年二十八歲，請假攻讀 MBA （就讀哥倫比亞商學(xué)院的費(fèi)用由該公司買單）, 表示知名管理碩士學(xué)位是事業(yè)發(fā)展的墊腳石。硅谷企業(yè)曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為工商管理碩士薪資過高，沒有真才實(shí)學(xué)，而今這種敵意也消退了許多。初創(chuàng)公司不斷發(fā)展成為大型企業(yè)，不僅僅需要軟件工程師編寫代碼，更需要管理人員負(fù)責(zé)公司運(yùn)營。管理專業(yè)研究生入學(xué)考試委員會(huì)今年對雇主進(jìn)行的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，80% 的科技公司計(jì)劃雇傭管理碩士，與咨詢公司（82%）和金融公司（77%）數(shù)值接近。
Even the finest schools, though, are not sheltered from the forces buffeting business education. Global competition and new technology platforms enable a lower cost structure for the delivery of high-quality courses. This forces “a reckoning of the MBA value proposition”, says Ms Fournier.
面對各種勢力對商業(yè)教育的沖擊，即便頂尖商學(xué)院也無法全身而退。 全球化的競爭以及新技術(shù)平臺(tái)正以更加低廉的成本提供高質(zhì)量的課程。福涅爾女士表示，這種狀況促使“重新考量 MBA 的價(jià)值”。
As part of that reckoning, Questrom has teamed up with EDX, a big online-education firm, to offer a full MBA degree online for just $24,000, less than a third of the cost of its on-campus equivalent. Better to cannibalise yourself than let others do it, as Ms Fournier puts it. MIT’s Sloan School of Management provides similarly affordable bundles of online courses, dubbed MicroMasters, in areas like supply-chain management and finance. These grant certificates but the credits will be honoured if a student one day decides to pursue a full degree. 2U, an online-education platform, is introducing deferred-tuition schemes for some hybrid MBA degrees. It will share the upfront costs with its business-school partners; students will pay only when they get a job.
重新考量 MBA 價(jià)值的重要體現(xiàn)，奎斯特羅姆商學(xué)院與大型在線教育公 EDX 合作，以 24,000 美元的價(jià)格提供完整的在線 MBA 學(xué)位教育課程，該價(jià)格不及同等線下學(xué)校教育成本的 1/3。正如福涅爾女士所說，與其被人取代，不如取代自己。麻省理工學(xué)院的斯隆管理學(xué)院在供應(yīng)鏈管理和金融等領(lǐng)域，提供價(jià)格實(shí)惠的系列課程，稱為微碩士（Micro Masters）項(xiàng)目。該系列課程提供結(jié)業(yè)證書，如果學(xué)生決定進(jìn)一步攻讀學(xué)位，則可兌換為學(xué)分。在線教育平臺(tái) 2U，正在為某些混合制 MBA 學(xué)位引入學(xué)費(fèi)延期交納計(jì)劃。該平臺(tái)將與商學(xué)院合作伙伴共同分擔(dān)前期費(fèi)用；學(xué)生只需找到工作后再支付學(xué)費(fèi)即可。
注：Micro Masters 項(xiàng)目在中國
http://news.cnnb.com.cn/system/2017/05/11/008634005.shtml
It is not just how MBA courses are taught that is changing. So, too, is what they teach. Many budding woke capitalists agree with Mr Benioff—and demand to be taught business beyond the primacy of shareholder value. At Stanford Luisa Gerstner, a millennial MBA student from Germany, notes that sustainable capitalism plays a more central role in European schools. Julia Osterman, her American classmate, laments how, despite some social, environmental and ethical topics in its curriculum, core classes are still “too Finance 101”.
MBA 轉(zhuǎn)變的不僅僅是授課方式，授課內(nèi)容也在發(fā)生改變。許多展露頭角的資本家都贊成貝尼奧夫的觀點(diǎn)—MBA 傳授給學(xué)生的價(jià)值取向不應(yīng)該僅是“股東至上”。路易斯?格斯特納（Luisa Gerstne）這位在斯坦佛攻讀 MBA 的德國千禧一代，發(fā)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展資本主義在歐洲的大學(xué)更為核心。路易斯的美國同學(xué)朱莉亞?奧斯特瑪 (Julia Osterma) 則遺憾地表示，課程雖然包括了一些社會(huì)、環(huán)境和倫理內(nèi)容，然而整體上仍然過于側(cè)重基礎(chǔ)財(cái)經(jīng)知識(shí)。
注：
Finance 101 :
Some of their professors are not so sure. One greybeard at HBS estimates that a third of its faculty (and many older alumni) view the embrace of cuddly “stakeholder capitalism” as an unrigorous sop to political correctness. It certainly introduces lots of grey areas, Mr Boulding concedes. But, he says, schools can at least provide students with “frameworks for making choices”. A new course at Duke is entitled “Capitalism and Common Purpose in a World of Differences”. HBS has made “Leadership and Corporate Accountability” (which delves into “the responsibilities of business to the broader system in which it is embedded”) a required first-year course, with case studies weighing up things like the morality of looking beyond financial metrics at Japan’s Government Pension Investment Fund.
而一些教授則持不同看法。哈佛商學(xué)院的一位資深學(xué)者估計(jì)，該院三分之一的教員（以及許多早期校友）認(rèn)為，信奉討人喜愛的“利益相關(guān)者資本主義”是對政治正確的不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)迎合。博爾丁（Boulding）先生承認(rèn)，毫無疑問，“利益相關(guān)者權(quán)益理論”還有很多不明確之處。但他認(rèn)為，學(xué)院至少能為學(xué)生提供“做出選擇的框架”。杜克大學(xué)開設(shè)了一門新課程，名為“差異世界中的資本主義和共同目標(biāo)”。哈佛商學(xué)院已將“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力和公司責(zé)任”（深入研究“企業(yè)在其植根的更廣泛體系中的責(zé)任”）作為一年級(jí)的必修課程，運(yùn)用案例教學(xué)，諸如拋開財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)衡量日本政府養(yǎng)老金投資基金的道德性等。
Recoding academies
商學(xué)院內(nèi)課程大洗牌
Curriculums are being transformed in less lofty ways, too. Employers, who partly or wholly bankroll half of all executive education, which earns elite schools between 150m a year, want it to impart technical skills. In response, deans such as Costis Maglaras, the newish head of Columbia Business School (and an engineer by training), are bolting courses >tech-savvy MBAs are “very attractive”.
課程改革的理由并非皆是體面高尚（還有來自雇主的要求）。諸位雇主提供了半數(shù)工商管理教育所需的部分甚或全部資金，每年為知名學(xué)院帶來 1 億至 1.5 億美元收入。他們希望學(xué)院傳授一些專業(yè)技能。作為回報(bào)，院方聽取他們的建議。譬如哥倫比亞商學(xué)院，新任院長科斯蒂斯?邁格拉瑞斯 (Costis Maglaras)（一位訓(xùn)練有素的工程師），在院內(nèi)新設(shè)了數(shù)據(jù)、分析和編程等課程。這些課程越來越受歡迎，很可能會(huì)取代之前那些乏味空洞的課程。過去哥倫比亞商學(xué)院會(huì)開設(shè)多門有關(guān)債務(wù)市場的課程，但現(xiàn)在每學(xué)年可能只開設(shè)一門。與此同時(shí)，新開的編程課上座無虛席。邁格拉瑞斯先生表示，課程調(diào)整的目的不是讓學(xué)生成為專業(yè)技術(shù)人員，而是為他們之后如何與技術(shù)人員共事并且管理后者做好準(zhǔn)備。一家大型咨詢公司的招聘人員明確表示公司會(huì)更青睞通曉技術(shù)的 MBA 學(xué)生。
注：
1. What's engineer by training ？It means he was trained (in school/university) as an engineer, but emphasizes that he may not be currently working (or perhaps didn't subsequently work) as an engineer (but perhaps as a business executive)
2. tech-savvy ：knowing a lot about modern technology, especially computers
Richard Lyons, former dean of the Haas Business School at the University of California, Berkeley, sees the future in providing lifelong professional education as a service: “Give alumni know-how on demand, searchable online.” Scott DeRue, dean of the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, is giving alumni tuition-free access to executive education. “The new stuff will come from insurgents, not the big MBA schools,” thinks John Kao, a management guru who formerly taught at HBS. He wants training benchmarks and standardised transcripts to make skills portable and universally recognised.
加州大學(xué)伯克利分校哈斯商學(xué)院的前院長理查德?萊昂斯 (Richard Lyons) 認(rèn)為未來學(xué)院將會(huì)提供終身職業(yè)教育服務(wù)，“為校友提供量身定制的職業(yè)技能課程，可在線學(xué)習(xí)”。密歇根大學(xué)羅斯商學(xué)院的院長斯科特?德魯 (Scott DeRue) 提到學(xué)院為校友開設(shè)了免費(fèi)的工商管理課程。曾在哈佛商學(xué)院任教的管理學(xué)專家高約翰 (John Kao) 認(rèn)為這些變革將會(huì)自下而上發(fā)生（即應(yīng)學(xué)生的要求而生），而非知名學(xué)院自上而下主動(dòng)尋求改變。他希望能夠統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)基準(zhǔn)實(shí)現(xiàn)成績單的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，以便學(xué)生的技能可以充分施展并得到廣泛認(rèn)可。
At HBS, home to perhaps the most hallowed MBA, Mr Nohria accepts that the market for its traditional offering is shrinking. In a sign of the times, his school has frozen tuition fees. He sees a dramatic expansion for “unbundlers” of online education, who “separate knowing, doing and being”. In time, he says, they will converge with “bundlers” like HBS. Far from collapsing, he reckons, management education will the richer for it.
諾里亞 (Nohria) 先生承認(rèn)，即使是世界首屈一指的 MBA 圣地哈佛商學(xué)院，其傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)課程也在日漸沒落，不那么受歡迎了。作為一個(gè)時(shí)代的標(biāo)志，哈佛商學(xué)院學(xué)費(fèi)不再上漲。他發(fā)現(xiàn)線上教育因其“拆分”性而發(fā)展迅速，但也存在把“知學(xué)、知為和知之”這三者孤立開來的弊端。他認(rèn)為線上教育最終會(huì)和哈佛商學(xué)院這樣的傳統(tǒng)教育合流，而管理學(xué)這一專業(yè)非但不會(huì)沒落，反而會(huì)因此更加蓬勃發(fā)展。
