Abraham Lincoln 1865 by Alexander Gardner - 1865年亞伯拉罕·林肯肖像，出自亞歷山大·加德納

VOA Learning English presents America’s Presidents.
美國之音慢速英語介紹美國總統(tǒng)欄目。

Today we are continuing our story about Abraham Lincoln.
今天，我們來繼續(xù)談?wù)搧啿薄ち挚系墓适隆?/p>

He led the United States during the Civil War, which lasted from 1861-1865. In that conflict, the Southern Confederacy battled the Union – the states that supported the federal government.
他在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美國，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)從1861年持續(xù)到1865年。這場戰(zhàn)爭中，南部聯(lián)盟與支持聯(lián)邦政府的各州作戰(zhàn)。

Southern states wanted to make their own laws, including those that protected slavery. They were afraid that President Lincoln would use the power of the federal government to ban slavery in their states, as well as in other areas.
南部諸州想要制定自己的法律，包括保護奴隸制的法律。他們害怕林肯總統(tǒng)會使用聯(lián)邦政府的權(quán)利來取締他們各自州的奴隸制，也包括其他一些地區(qū)。

So 11 Southern states withdrew from the rest of the country. They stopped recognizing the power of the central government.
所以，11個南方州宣布脫離聯(lián)邦，他們不再承認(rèn)中央政府的權(quán)利。

President Lincoln did not think states had the right to withdraw. He said he was fighting to reunite the country.
林肯總統(tǒng)認(rèn)為各州是沒有權(quán)利脫離聯(lián)邦的，他會為重新統(tǒng)一聯(lián)邦而斗爭。

But in time, he accepted that the Civil War would also be a fight to end slavery.
但隨著時間的推移，他承認(rèn)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)也是廢除奴隸制的斗爭。

Commander-in-chief 總司令

Lincoln is known for several qualities as a wartime president. One was how he led the military campaign.
林肯作為戰(zhàn)時總統(tǒng)展現(xiàn)了諸多品質(zhì)，其中之一就是如何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)軍事活動。

As president, Lincoln worked with top military officials to create a plan. They realized that the Union had more resources^[1] and more men who could fight than the Confederate forces. So, they planned to surround the Southern states, cut off their supplies, and prevent foreign powers from helping the Confederacy.
作為總統(tǒng)，林肯與高級軍事長官制定計劃。他們意識到，聯(lián)邦比聯(lián)盟軍事力量擁有更多的資源和可投入戰(zhàn)斗的人力。所以，他們計劃包圍南部各州，切斷他們的供給，阻斷國外勢力對聯(lián)盟的幫助。

Lincoln hoped the Union’s generals could execute the plan quickly and end the war as soon as possible.
林肯希望聯(lián)邦將領(lǐng)能夠迅速執(zhí)行這份計劃，盡快結(jié)束這場戰(zhàn)爭。

But the generals were guarded. They did not want to harm their soldiers if they did not have to. They also knew the Confederacy had a skilled commander in General Robert E. Lee.
但這些將領(lǐng)都很謹(jǐn)慎，在不必要的情況下，他們并不想傷害他們的戰(zhàn)士。他們也知道聯(lián)盟的指揮官是富有經(jīng)驗的羅伯特·愛德華·李將軍。

Troops under another Confederate general, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, also defeated the Union army in several early battles.
聯(lián)盟的另一位將領(lǐng)，綽號“石墻”的托馬斯·杰克遜將軍率領(lǐng)的部隊在早期的幾場戰(zhàn)役中也擊敗了聯(lián)邦軍隊。

Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee, on his horse Traveler is surrounded by his officers. The tall man wearing cap on horseback is Stonewall Jackson. - 聯(lián)盟指揮官羅伯特·愛德華·李騎在他的戰(zhàn)馬旅行者上，被他的軍官們環(huán)繞。戴著帽子的高個子就是石墻杰克遜。

Lincoln was frustrated^[2] with the war effort. He wanted generals who would not only win battles, but chase after the opposing forces and destroy them so they could not fight again.
林肯對于戰(zhàn)爭付出的努力很沮喪。他希望將領(lǐng)們不僅僅贏得戰(zhàn)役，而且要一網(wǎng)打盡聯(lián)盟的軍事力量，讓他們不能再戰(zhàn)。

In one famous telegram, he wrote to his top general, George McClellan. Lincoln said, “If General McClellan does not want to use the Army, I would like to borrow it for a time…”
林肯在一則著名的電報中給他的最高指揮官喬治·麥克萊倫將軍寫道，“如果麥克萊倫將軍不想使用軍隊，我會借用一段時間...”

Lincoln and General McClellan on the Battlefield of Antietam - 林肯和麥克萊倫將軍在安提塔姆戰(zhàn)場

Finally, Lincoln replaced McClellan. Then he replaced McClellan’s replacements.
最終，林肯撤換了麥克萊倫。然后他接替了麥克萊倫的工作。

Executive power 行政權(quán)

Lincoln changed the presidency by being actively involved as a commander-in-chief of the military. He also greatly expanded the powers of the chief executive.
林肯通過積極參與軍隊總司令的工作而改變了總統(tǒng)職位，他還大幅擴大了總統(tǒng)的權(quán)利。

Lincoln believed that, during war, the president had powers that were greater than those of Congress and the Supreme Court. As a result, he took many actions that critics – and even some supporters – considered illegal under the U.S. Constitution.
林肯認(rèn)為，戰(zhàn)爭時期，總統(tǒng)權(quán)利應(yīng)該大于國會和最高法院。結(jié)果，他的行為招致了批評家甚至是一些支持者的反對，認(rèn)為他違反了美國憲法。

For example, Lincoln spent millions of dollars in federal money without getting permission from Congress. He also limited freedom of the press, restricted mail service, and declared martial law^[3] in some places, even when the situation did not require military action.
例如，林肯沒有經(jīng)過國會批準(zhǔn)就挪用了聯(lián)邦的數(shù)百萬美元。他也限制了新聞媒體的自由，約束郵件服務(wù)，以及在一些地方宣布進行軍事管制，甚至是在不需要采取軍事行動的情況下。

Most notably, Lincoln temporarily suspended the writ of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is an important right in the American legal tradition. It means that people who are under arrest have the right to appear personally in court.
最著名的是，林肯暫時中止了人身保護令。人身保護權(quán)是美國法律傳統(tǒng)的一項重要權(quán)利，它意味著被逮捕的人有親自出庭的權(quán)利。

But, at some periods, Lincoln ignored that right.
但是，在一段時期，林肯暫停了這項權(quán)利。

He said the Confederacy’s “rebellion” justified his actions. And, he said, extreme measures were necessary to re-unite the country.
他說，聯(lián)盟的“叛亂”使他的舉措合法化，并且，極端措施對于重新統(tǒng)一聯(lián)邦是必須的。

Emancipation Proclamation 解放奴隸宣言

One of Lincoln’s most important legacies^[4] relates to slavery. The issue was at the heart of the American Civil War.
林肯最重要的關(guān)于奴隸制的遺產(chǎn)之一，它是美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的核心問題。

For most of his career, Lincoln spoke against slavery. But he did not try to bar^[5] the custom in states where it already existed. He agreed to leave slavery in the South alone.
林肯職業(yè)生涯的大部分時期都是在抨擊奴隸制。但是他沒有試圖去禁止那些已經(jīng)存在奴隸制的州。他同意奴隸制存在于南方各州。

Lincoln also did not really believe in racial equality. And he worried that if slavery ended in the United States, blacks and whites would not be able to live peacefully together.
林肯也沒有真正相信種族平等，他擔(dān)心如果美國廢除奴隸制，黑人和白人不能夠和平相處。

But as the war continued, Lincoln changed his mind about how to deal with the issue.
但隨著戰(zhàn)爭的推移，林肯改變了如何處理這個問題的想法。

For one thing, anti-slavery activists were urging Lincoln to end slavery for moral reasons.
一方面，廢奴積極分子因道德原因催促林肯廢除奴隸制。

Frederick Douglass and other abolitionists urged Lincoln to treat African-Americans fairly. - 弗雷德里克·道格拉斯以及其他廢奴主義者強烈要求林肯平等看待非裔美國人。

Lincoln also considered tactical reasons -- those related to the war.
林肯還需要考慮與戰(zhàn)爭相關(guān)的戰(zhàn)術(shù)原因。

He saw that enslaved people in the South were escaping to join Union armies in the North. Their actions helped the Union effort.
他看到南方奴隸都逃離來參加北方聯(lián)邦軍隊，他們的行為幫助了聯(lián)邦的努力。

Lincoln also wanted to prevent England or France from helping the South. The Southern states were important trading partners for Europe. But the English and French people had rejected slavery. Lincoln hoped that if the Union also rejected slavery, European countries would support the North – or at least not support the South.
林肯也要想辦法阻止英國和法國對南方的援助。南方各州是歐洲很重要的貿(mào)易伙伴，但是英國人和法國人也反對奴隸制。林肯希望如果聯(lián)邦也反對奴隸制，歐洲國家就能夠支持北方，至少不要支持南方。

So Lincoln waited until the Union won a major battle in Antietam, Maryland. Then he announced that he was using his power as a wartime president to order the end of slavery in the Confederate states.
所以，林肯一直在等待著聯(lián)邦的一場重要勝利，直到馬里蘭州的安提塔姆戰(zhàn)役的勝利。然后，他宣布作為戰(zhàn)時總統(tǒng)，他將使用他的權(quán)利來廢除聯(lián)盟各州的奴隸制。

He produced a document called the Emancipation Proclamation. It said that enslaved people in the rebelling states were “forever free.”
他起草了一份解放奴隸宣言的文件，宣言稱叛亂州的奴隸將永遠獲得自由。

First reading of the Emancipation Proclamation before the cabinet. - 解放奴隸宣言在內(nèi)閣面前的首讀。

Historians note that the act was important and revolutionary. But it was mostly symbolic^[6]. The federal government was not able to enforce the order at the time. And it did not deal with enslaved people in other areas.
歷史學(xué)家認(rèn)為解放奴隸宣言是重要的以及革命性的，但主要也是象征意義。當(dāng)時，聯(lián)邦政府并不能執(zhí)行這項命令。而且，宣言也沒有涉及到其他區(qū)域的奴隸。

But the Emancipation Proclamation was the beginning of the end of legal slavery in the country. During the rest of his presidency, Lincoln worked in support of an anti-slavery amendment to the Constitution. That amendment – the Thirteenth – was approved in 1865. It officially outlawed^[7] slavery across the country.
但是，解放奴隸宣言正式宣告了從法律上廢除奴隸制的開始。在林肯總統(tǒng)的剩余任期內(nèi)，他一直都致力于將廢奴修正案寫進憲法。憲法第十三條修正案于1865年通過，它在官方上徹底廢除了整個國家的奴隸制。

Next week we will finish the story of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War.
下周，我們將結(jié)束亞伯拉罕·林肯以及內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的故事。

原文鏈接

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/americas-presidents-abraham-lincoln-part-2/3893816.html

1. resources - n. a supply of something (such as money) that someone has and can use when it is needed - 資源 ?

2. frustrated - adj. very angry, discouraged, or upset because of being unable to do or complete something - 沮喪 ?

3. martial law - adj. control of an area by military forces rather than by the police - 戒嚴(yán)令；戒嚴(yán)法；軍事管制 ?

4. legacies - n. things that come from someone in the past - 遺產(chǎn) ?

5. bar - 禁止，阻攔 ?

6. symbolic - adj. expressing or representing an idea or quality - 象征性的；符號的 ?

7. outlawed - n. 歹徒；罪犯；亡命之徒；被剝奪法律保護者; vt. 宣布…為不合法；將…放逐；剝奪…的法律保護 ?