第一單元從中國(guó)制造到中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)
從中國(guó)制造到中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)
中國(guó)公司想創(chuàng)造世界品牌，外國(guó)公司想增加在中國(guó)的銷量，這些都正改變著中國(guó)的設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)。中國(guó)制造商意識(shí)到，若他們想在本國(guó)市場(chǎng)脫穎而出，在外國(guó)市場(chǎng)嶄露頭角，就必須設(shè)計(jì)更好的產(chǎn)品。索尼這樣的外國(guó)公司也開始明白，從前海外公司常把隨便什么地方設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品拿到中國(guó)來賣，而現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)消費(fèi)者變得更加挑剔，他們不再那樣容易滿足了。
The Chinese world of design is being transformed by the twin desires of Chinese companies seeking to establish brands globally and foreign companies trying to increase their sales within China. Domestic companies have come to realize that they must improve product design to stand out at home, and also to make a name in the international market. Likewise, globally companies like Sony now realize they can no longer sell slapdash, designed-elsewhere products in China, because Chinese consumers nowadays are far more demanding and difficult to please.
盡管全球大量的電子產(chǎn)品和鞋等都是中國(guó)制造，但這些產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)都是在歐美或日本完成的。中國(guó)公司制造自己品牌的產(chǎn)品時(shí)，通常是模仿國(guó)外。但如今不同了，他們都想開創(chuàng)自己的品牌。隨著中國(guó)公司在設(shè)計(jì)上的改進(jìn)，跨國(guó)公司意識(shí)到，他們的產(chǎn)品需要專門針對(duì)中國(guó)消費(fèi)者的品味進(jìn)行“量身定做”了。這些使中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)業(yè)開始繁榮起來。中國(guó)公司開始建立設(shè)計(jì)中心或雇人幫他們打造自己的品牌。成百上千的設(shè)計(jì)顧問公司在上海、北京和廣州涌現(xiàn)。國(guó)外年輕設(shè)計(jì)師也開始擁入中國(guó)，想在這個(gè)全球最有活力的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)上一試身手。
Many electronic goods and shoes sold all over the world are manufactured in China, yet most of them are designed in Europe, the United States and Japan. In the past, when Chinese companies created their own brands, they usually imitated foreign designs. However the situation is changing. As Chinese designs improve, multinationals now understand that their products must be“tailored” to Chinese consumer tastes. All this has resulted in a burgeoning of industrial design in the country. Chinese enterprises are setting up their own design centers or employing outside professionals for brand-building. Many design consulting agencies have appeared in Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou, and young designers are flocking from overseas to try their luck in this most vibrant consumer market in the world.
現(xiàn)在，中國(guó)約有400所學(xué)院提供設(shè)計(jì)課程，每年有1萬名畢業(yè)生。一些中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)師獲得國(guó)際大獎(jiǎng)，許多人開始到米蘭、東京、紐約等地工作。設(shè)計(jì)成為中國(guó)最熱門的專業(yè)之一，甚至已滲入到社會(huì)生活中。
Over 400 colleges and universities currently offer courses in industrial design, and ten thousand graduate every year. A number of Chinese designers have won major international prizes, and many now work in Milan, Tokyo and New York. Design has become one of the most popular fields of study and is affecting every aspect of daily life.
第二單元搭建網(wǎng)上絲綢之路（講話）
搭建網(wǎng)上絲綢之路
Building a Silk Road online
北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)郝平
Hao Ping, President of Beijing Foreign Studies University
尊敬的柯靈坎培爾爵士，阿吉博士，熊玉梅副局長(zhǎng)，企業(yè)界、新聞界的朋友們，各位來賓，女士們，先生們：
Honourable Sir Colin Campbell,
Honourable Doctor Mukesh Aghi,
Honourable Deputy Director General Xiong Yuemei,
Distinguished friends from the business community and the media,
Distinguished guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
今天是個(gè)不平凡的日子。她不平凡，首先是她讓我想起了中外文化交流史上一些不平凡的往事。公元前138至119年間，漢武大帝使者張騫兩赴西域，歷時(shí)數(shù)十年之久，開辟了戈壁上的絲綢之路。
This is a special day for us all, for we are doing something that brings to mind many of the extraordinary events in the long history of east-west cultural exchange. In 138 and 119 BCE, during the region of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was twice dispatched as an imperial envoy to he Western Regions on expeditions lasting many years. Thanks to him the routes through the Gobi Desert expanded into what later came to be known as the Silk Road.
公元1271年，意大利商人Marco Polo繼其父之衣缽，不遠(yuǎn)萬里來到中國(guó)，在中國(guó)界居17年后返回故鄉(xiāng)。他不僅是中西文化傳承的使者，而且讓古老的絲綢之路從中亞延伸至歐洲大陸。
In 1271，the Italian trader Marco Polo set out on the long journey from Italy to China with his father, remaining here for 17 years before returning to his homeland. He was not only an ambassador between Western and Eastern cultures, but also a pioneer on the Silk Road from Europe through Central Asia.
也是在1271年，意大利商人D’Ancona來到中國(guó)的被他稱之為“光之城”的海上絲綢之路，就是今天中國(guó)福建的泉州市。這故事發(fā)生在中國(guó)的北-南兩宋期間。到了明代，還有更為人知的海上絲綢之路的大事。今天在座的有來自新加坡國(guó)立大學(xué)的嘉賓。新加坡及周邊國(guó)家和地區(qū)在我國(guó)歷史上被稱之為“南洋”，開始一度還以為是“西洋"，這有點(diǎn)像哥倫布把南美洲當(dāng)成了印度。公元1405至1430二十五年間，鄭和受明朝廷派遣先后七次下南洋，開辟了有劃時(shí)代意義的海上另一條絲綢之路。
Also in 1271, the Italian merchant Jacob D’Ancona traveled by way of the maritime Silk Road to the city of Quanzhou, in today’s Fujian Province. He called Quanzhou “the city of light.” The period was the Song Dynasty. Later, in the Ming Dynasty, even more important events occurred along the maritime Silk Road when, between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He sailed seven times on the orders of the Ming emperors to the countries of “Xi Yang” or the Western Ocean. Some of our guests here today are from the National University of Singapore. Historically, It was believed that Singapore and the surrounding nations were part of the Western Ocean, a bit like Columbus thought America was India. Thus over a period of 28 years was a new set of major ocean trade routes explored and extended.
我們有了跨越歐亞大陸的陸地絲綢之路，還有跨越亞非大陸的海上絲綢之路。今天歷史給我們一個(gè)新的任務(wù)，就是搭建網(wǎng)上的絲綢之路。U21Global可以說是搭建網(wǎng)上絲綢之路的一頭拓荒的駱駝。張騫花了近20 年，Marco Polo用了 17年，鄭和耗時(shí)25年，開辟了陸地、海上絲綢之路。我想U(xiǎn)21Global這只拓荒駱駝大概不需要花費(fèi)如此長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間就可以走出一 條網(wǎng)絡(luò)絲綢之路。這是因?yàn)槲覀冇星百t留下的腳印，有可以跨越時(shí)空間的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)，還有我們已經(jīng)交付了一些學(xué)費(fèi)。比如我們北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)就已經(jīng)交了六年的學(xué)費(fèi)，試辦北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育學(xué)院。我們已經(jīng)有注冊(cè)學(xué)生一萬五千多人，畢業(yè)生近3000人，全日制員工140人。
The overland Silk Road crosses the Eurasian continent, the maritime one links Asia and Africa, and today our new task is to build a Silk Road online. U21Global can be likened to a pioneering camel braving the unknown. While it took Zhang Qian 20 Years, Marco polo17 and Zheng He 28 to explore and the two ancient Silk roads, I believe our U21Global will take far less time to build. This is because we have a rich legacy from the past, we have internet technology that can transcend time and space, and we have already started to lay a firm foundation. For example, six years ago, Beijing Foreign Studies University set up its institute of Online Education. Today, with 140 full-time staff, it provides distance learning to over 15,000 enroll students and has nearly 3,000 graduates.
經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們，我們一不小心，很容易把網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)（e-learning)等同于網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育（e-education)。網(wǎng)上學(xué)習(xí)是一種行為，而網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)工程。我們北外網(wǎng)院從一開始就提出了12字方針，即資源、服務(wù)、過程、監(jiān)控、質(zhì)量、效益。網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育是基于資源的教育，然而有資源沒有服務(wù)是不行的，而離開過程談服務(wù)是架空的；對(duì)過程中的服務(wù)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控是質(zhì)量的源泉。有了質(zhì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益就不請(qǐng)自來。網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育成敗的核心不是電腦問題，而是人腦問題。我們?cè)趯W(xué)生中推行“十項(xiàng)全人”教育，在教師中推行了新技術(shù)、新理念、新角色的“三新”教育，在平臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì)上從基于課堂轉(zhuǎn)向基于課程，最終達(dá)到基于資源的空中超市。我們北外網(wǎng)院已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)品牌。教育部的贊楊、社會(huì)的認(rèn)同，成功的國(guó)際合作，以及無需做廣告，是我們的回報(bào)。
From experience, we know it is very easy to confuse e-learning with e-education. E-learning is a specific way of learning, while e-education is a systematic approach to education. From the very beginning, our institute of online Education has focused on building up resources, providing services, monitoring processes, and controlling quality, to produce better results. Resources are the basis of services, which are then delivered through appropriate processes. Process monitoring guarantees quality and with quality come benefits for both the university and society. The success of e-education depends on people, not computers. We are promoting a“Whole Person Education” amount our students, and what we call he “Three News” amongst our faculty,i.e. new technology, new ideas an new roles. In the design of our platform, we have shifted from online classrooms to online courses, with the aim of providing educational offerings like a virtual supermarket. Our efforts have given us a recognizable name so we do not have to advertise, and our reward has been praise from the Ministry of Education, recognition from the public, and successful cooperation with international partners.
中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化里有這樣一個(gè)智慧，就是辦事成功的秘訣有三：天時(shí)、地利、人和。我認(rèn)為我們?nèi)降暮献魇侨E俱全。北外與20所大學(xué)想到一起，走到一起，捆綁到一起，是人和。即將到來的北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)，以及倫敦將相繼承辦的奧運(yùn)會(huì)正是天時(shí)和地利。奧運(yùn)會(huì)不僅給我們提供了為之服務(wù)的機(jī)遇，同時(shí)也成了展示我們競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的舞臺(tái)。奧運(yùn)精神是重在參與。我們不妨既重參與又重競(jìng)技。
According to the old Chinese saying, success depends on the right time, the right place, and the right people. I believe the cooperation between our three sides fulfills all these conditions. BSFU is thinking and acting in concert with 20 other universities; we are working closely together, so we are the“right people.” The upcoming Beijing Olympics and the future London Games will provide us with “the right place and the right time ”. We will have opportunities to provide service and demonstrate our competitiveness. Participation is at the heart of the Olympic Spirit, so we too must participate and compete.
作為結(jié)語，我以為，最終笑得最美的關(guān)鍵，在于我們對(duì)未來有我們自己所憧愫的藍(lán)圖，以及我們有讓藍(lán)圖變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)的決心和勇氣。我想，在座的各位嘉賓和代表會(huì)同意我這樣的定位：今天我們邁出的是一小步，然而卻是網(wǎng)絡(luò)絲綢之路上的一大步！
謝謝大家！
In conclusion, I would point out that our success depends on a far-sighted blueprint for the future, as well as on our determination and courage to make it a reality. I am sure you all agree with me when I say that the step we are taking here may seem small but it is a huge stride along the Online Silk Road.
(說明：2007年7月6日上午，北京外國(guó)語大學(xué)與英國(guó)諾丁漢大學(xué)、U21高教在線在北京香格里拉飯店聯(lián)合舉辦奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)服務(wù)戰(zhàn)略合作發(fā)布會(huì)，此為校長(zhǎng)致辭。）
第三單元推薦信
尊敬的先生：
To Whom It May Concern:
我叫XXX,是XXX師范大學(xué)人口~資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和城市地理學(xué)研究方向的一名教授。我教授（城市地理學(xué)）這門課程時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)了Victoria Li,她是一個(gè)讓我印象深刻的學(xué)生。
My name is ABC, and I am a professor of regional economics and urban geography in the School of Population, Resources and Environment of XYZ Teachers University. I first came to know Victoria Li when she took my course on“Urban Geography” and she impressed me right from the start.
對(duì)于Victoria的初次印象十分巧合，我初次上深時(shí)提問了一個(gè)還未講 到的問題，本來沒有抱太大的期望有學(xué)生可以回答出來，就隨機(jī)點(diǎn)了 Victoria,沒想到她的回答令人滿意，可見她已經(jīng)做了認(rèn)真充分的預(yù)習(xí)。
In my first class, I asked a question that I did not expect anyone would be able to answer as yet, and randomly picked on Victoria. To my surprise, she gave a satisfactory reply, which clearly showed that she had prepared for the lesson.
在后來的課堂討論上，Victoria每一次都主動(dòng)和極，充滿熱情的展示她 自己的觀點(diǎn)，并把這些觀點(diǎn)能夠清晰、有邏輯的表達(dá)出來。當(dāng)同學(xué)提出不 同的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，她也能有理有據(jù)的進(jìn)行辯論，可見她不僅僅是停留在知識(shí)的 表面，而是已經(jīng)有了比較深入的探究。她是課后為數(shù)不多的經(jīng)常和導(dǎo)師交 流，向老師們?cè)儐枌?duì)她的課業(yè)改進(jìn)意見的學(xué)生，她的好學(xué)、創(chuàng)新和研究潛 質(zhì)都給我留下了深刻的印象。
In subsequent class discussions, Victoria always participated enthusiastically, stating her ideas clearly and logically. When challenged, she was able to lay out and back up her arguments, showing that she not only had the knowledge but had also given considerable thought to the issues. She was one of the few students who frequently communicated with her professors, asking them for comments and advice on her studies. I was very impressed by her diligence, creative and interest in research.
Victoria做事很認(rèn)真，有鉆研精神。在一項(xiàng)研究課題中，我分派給 Victoria的任務(wù)是調(diào)査XXX省XXX市的城市用地現(xiàn)狀。在所有學(xué)生提交的 結(jié)果中，她的是最為準(zhǔn)確和詳盡的一個(gè)。后來了解到她沒有同其他同學(xué)一 樣，僅僅簡(jiǎn)單的利用查閱的現(xiàn)有資料做出了結(jié)果。她在七八月的酷暑中， 騎自行車到XXX市親自調(diào)查，跑了許多地方，以確保數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確無誤，并 大量査閱課本和資料以對(duì)調(diào)研項(xiàng)目有著深入的分析和獨(dú)特的觀點(diǎn)。
Victoria is very conscientious and possesses a spirit of inquiry. For one of our assignments, I asked her to look into land use in the town of D, in XYZ province. Her results were the most accurate and detailed of all the students in the class. Subsequently I learned that, unlike her classmates, she had not just consulted the data at hand, but had ridden her bicycle in the torrid summer heat to the city of D where she had visited several places to check on the accuracy of the data. She had also read up extensively on the subject and was thus able to present an in-depth analysis and offer some original ideas.
雖然Victoria非常認(rèn)真以至在學(xué)業(yè)問題的討論中有時(shí)比較固執(zhí)，會(huì)深究一些小節(jié)或瑣碎之處，但是一旦加以改進(jìn)就會(huì)取得更好效果。
Victoria can be carried away by details and minor issues, and can be quite stubborn; however in the right situations, this could be seen as a strength.
我認(rèn)為Victoria同學(xué)有著在City and Regional Planning方向培養(yǎng)的潛質(zhì) 和前途，特推薦Victoria入讀貴校。如果您有問題需進(jìn)一步了解，請(qǐng)直接 與我聯(lián)系。
Overall, I believe she has great potential in the field of urban and regional planning, and I strongly recommend her to your program.Please feel free to contact me directly if you have any further question.
推薦人XXX
Sincerely,
(Signature)
ABC
第四單元形象設(shè)計(jì)中服飾語言的運(yùn)用（論文）
形象設(shè)計(jì)中服飾語言的運(yùn)用
The Language of Dress: Clothing and Decoration in Image Design
形象設(shè)計(jì)是研究人的外觀與造型的視覺藝術(shù)，是造型、質(zhì)地、色彩以及風(fēng)格等綜合因素的表現(xiàn)。它不僅包含服裝、服飾、發(fā)型、化妝、體態(tài)等具體內(nèi)容，還涵蓋了精神、文化等因素，是人、衣、形、神的和諧統(tǒng)一，同時(shí)還是一個(gè)整體的、全面的構(gòu)思與計(jì)劃，并把這種構(gòu)思與計(jì)劃通過一定手段完成的過程。
Personal image design is a visual art that uses lines, textures, colours and styles to create a certain external appearance and shape for a person. It comprises such physical elements as clothing, decoration, hairstyle, make-up and posture, as well as the less tangible elements of culture and a person’s state of being.
服飾語言符號(hào)在形象設(shè)計(jì)中承栽了許多信息，比如一個(gè)人的受教育程度、社會(huì)地位、個(gè)人興趣、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況等，是人的品位、感情、心態(tài)、個(gè)性表達(dá)的物化形式。服飾語言的運(yùn)用，包括服裝造型的表達(dá)，色彩的運(yùn)用，材料質(zhì)感的選擇以及服裝飾品的搭配。
Designing an image is the process by which these elements are holistically conceived, planned and put together in an aesthetically pleasing way. How a person dresses conveys many messages, such as their education, social standing, personal taste, and economic status; their choice of clothing is also a physical expression of their personality, preferences, emotions and moods. The language of clothes includes shapes, colours, textures, and decorations.
1.服裝造型的表達(dá)Shape
服裝造型是服飾語言體系中重要的符號(hào)之一，服裝造型注重服裝廓形和服裝比例關(guān)系的設(shè)計(jì)。服裝廓形是按照幾何形不斷組合變化而構(gòu)成各種款式造型，形成常見的A字形造型、H形造型、Y形造型等。服裝廓形尤其是外廓形，直觀的傳達(dá)出服裝的基本特征，塑造出服裝款式風(fēng)格，同時(shí)是表達(dá)人體體態(tài)的主要手段，它可以強(qiáng)調(diào)和夸張人體的某一部分，從而獲得人體形態(tài)的新概念。
Shapes are an important sign in the language of dress, as they define the outline and proportions of the whole design. The overall contour is created by the use and juxtaposition of different geometrical shape, as seen in the common A-line, H-line and Y-line. The lines, especially the silhouettes, visually express the basic features of the design and create a certain style. They can also highlight or exaggerate parts of the human figures, thus creating a new appearance.
服裝比例關(guān)系的設(shè)計(jì)，主要通過某種形式的安排使服裝中的各個(gè)部位之間、部分和整體之間互有關(guān)系，通過比例的設(shè)置和調(diào)節(jié)，利用視錯(cuò)覺原理，使服裝以及通過服裝修飾的人體形成美的視覺效果。如寬大的A字形外套，與之相配的是合體褲或緊身裙，會(huì)使簡(jiǎn)練的形體產(chǎn)生有節(jié)奏的、流暢的美感。如X型款式的服裝造型，上下兩個(gè)三角形產(chǎn)生對(duì)立形態(tài)的設(shè)計(jì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)面積大小的對(duì)比，強(qiáng)調(diào)幾何形在服裝款式中的表現(xiàn)形式。由此可見，服裝造型語言的運(yùn)用是為了完美體現(xiàn)人的形體體態(tài)和個(gè)性特質(zhì)。
Proportion is the way the parts in a design relate to each other and to the design as a whole. The different elements of a garment may be arranged in such a way as to create the illusion of a perfect body. For example, a loose A-line outfit worn with fitting slacks or skirt creates a pleasing simple, rhythmic, flowing shape. In an X-line design, the upper and lower triangles produce a sense of opposition and contrasting size, so highlighting the use of geometric forms. Shapes and lines can be used artfully to flatter the figure and display individuality.
2.服裝色彩語言Colour
色彩總是最先進(jìn)入人們的視覺感受系統(tǒng)，不同程度地影響著人們的情感和情緒。比如顏色的深淺、冷暖，深色顯得安定、沉著，淺色顯得文雅、大方；冷色顯得沉靜、莊重，暖色顯得熱烈、奔放，就如同人的性格特質(zhì)一樣有其自身的色彩語匯，影響著人的情緒和行為。色彩感受不僅因人的自身感受不同而不同，而且因?yàn)閲?guó)家、地域、習(xí)俗、宗教等社會(huì)因素的不同產(chǎn)生很大的差異。比如婚宴上東方的紅與西方的白傳遞出不同國(guó)度、不同地域的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗和宗教信仰。再如黃色是中國(guó)皇帝的專有色彩、皇權(quán)的象征，在埃及則是逝者的喪服，可見同樣的色彩語言蘊(yùn)含著不同的色彩語義。
Colour is one of the first things that strike the eye, and it can have a certain effect on our emotions and mood. Dark colours are calming and soothing; lighter ones elegant and bright; cool colours are subdued and serious; warm ones vibrant and playful. The vocabulary of colour is as rich as personalities. Other factors too come into play: national taste, regional preferences, custom and religion. The use of red at an Asian wedding and white at a western one demonstrate all these different aspects. In China, yellow is reserved for the emperor and symbolizes imperial power; whereas in Egypt it is the color of burial clothes for the dead. Clearly, the same colour can mean very different things.
色彩運(yùn)用還要考慮整體形象的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一。如服裝色彩與鞋帽、圍巾、首飾、包、化妝、膚色之間的互有關(guān)系，可以用同類色搭配、同一色彩搭配、色彩互聯(lián)搭配、色彩間隔變化、主色調(diào)搭配等方法進(jìn)行服飾色彩設(shè)計(jì),同時(shí)要關(guān)注色彩的色相、純度、飽和度及色彩面積大小等因素的對(duì)比，形成既統(tǒng)一又富有變化的服飾色彩關(guān)系。對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)者來說，色彩語言的運(yùn)用代表著設(shè)計(jì)者鮮明的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格。對(duì)于著裝者而言，偏愛某種顏色以及色彩搭配，體現(xiàn)出著裝者的個(gè)人氣質(zhì)、興趣愛好。
The use of hues in an outfit must form a harmonious whole. Thus the clothes must“go” with hat, scarf, jewelry, handbag, make-up and skin tone, either by using similar, contrasting, or dominant and subordinate colours. The hues, light, saturation and size of coloured areas must all come together to produce a rich yet harmonious color scheme. The image consultant uses the language of colour to create a distinctive style. A wearer chooses and coordinates colours to express personal preferences and taste.
3.材料質(zhì)感語言Texture
材料是服飾的物質(zhì)載體，是體現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)思想的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)和服飾制作的客觀對(duì)象。服飾材料的質(zhì)感、觸感、量感、表面肌理、表面紋飾決定了服飾造型效果，材料的薄厚、粗細(xì)及光滑程度的選擇與使用可以半富服飾的設(shè)計(jì)語匯，擴(kuò)大設(shè)計(jì)表現(xiàn)力，強(qiáng)化服飾美感，同時(shí)也表現(xiàn)出人衣交織的奇妙感。
The materials used to make clothing are the physical representation of a design concept. Texture, mass and surface pattern determine the overall effect; whereas fabric thickness, coarseness and smoothness are additional means of expression to enrich the vocabulary of design.
現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)觀念較早年有顛覆性的改變，從單一的面料延伸至多元化的綜合材料，人們善用表面質(zhì)感迥異的材料，表達(dá)服飾設(shè)計(jì)的理念。如薄紗、絲綢、羊毛衫、棉衣會(huì)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在秋冬季服裝的著裝列表中，并且交錯(cuò)使用質(zhì)感反差較大的材料以豐富服飾設(shè)計(jì)語匯。
Modern fashion has undergone a dramatic shift from earlier years. Use of a single kind of material is now replaced by a combination of many. Designers use fabrics of entirely different texture to express new concepts. An autumn or winter collection will include costumes made from muslin, silk, wool and cotton, often used together to enrich design possibilities.
4.服飾品的運(yùn)用Decoration
服飾語言訴說了服裝的風(fēng)格特征，而服裝風(fēng)格是人物形象完整概念的綜合體現(xiàn)，服飾品的加入也要為這一主旨服務(wù)。具體表現(xiàn)在它與服裝搭配的整體性上，飾品與服裝的搭配組合，要從色彩、造型、材質(zhì)等整體效果考慮和把握。通常以服裝為主體，圍繞服裝的特點(diǎn)選擇配飾的成格，使著裝者形成統(tǒng)一完美的風(fēng)格形式，所以如何協(xié)調(diào)他們的關(guān)系是不可忽視的因素之一。飾品有其獨(dú)特完整的風(fēng)貌，或優(yōu)雅成熟、或俏皮年輕、或民族風(fēng)情的性格特點(diǎn)，不同的服飾品在不同的服裝風(fēng)格中扮演著重要角色，向人們傳達(dá)著構(gòu)思與聯(lián)想的信息，引導(dǎo)人們更加合理的運(yùn)用它們，有選擇的與服裝搭配。
As part of the language of dress, decorations should contribute to a style that reflects a person’s complete image. They should be selected on the basis of the overall design so they fit with the garment in colour, shape, and material. Coordination is therefore a key consideration.
Decorations also have a value of their own. They can be subtle and mature, or playful and young, or contain ethic features and accents. Their use varies according to different clothing styles, where they can be both expressive and evocative.
此外，服飾中多變的裝飾手法、裝飾用料是豐富的服飾語言中不可缺少的一部分。不同的裝飾手法與裝飾用料能展現(xiàn)出服飾千變?nèi)f化的成貌。繁復(fù)的鑲嵌、滾邊、精工的刺繡和印染或珠寶、亮片這些裝飾手法及材料搭配相應(yīng)的服飾造型、服飾色彩，就能形成一套完整的塑造服飾形象的服飾語言，來表現(xiàn)所要設(shè)定的形象的特定風(fēng)格和神韻。
Materials and techniques used for decoration are another indispensable part of design enrichment. Applique, trimming, embroidery, prints, sequins and seed pearls, when matched tastefully with clothing lines and colours, can create a distinctive image and style.
5.結(jié)語Conclusion
服飾語言是指通過人的衣著打扮，揭示人的思想性格，傳遞一定的信息，增強(qiáng)交際效果的一種間接表達(dá)手段。服飾語言運(yùn)用的準(zhǔn)確性在于服飾風(fēng)格與人的風(fēng)格特征的一致性，是服飾造型、色彩搭配、材料選擇與人之間構(gòu)成的諧調(diào)關(guān)系，并與大多數(shù)人的欣賞習(xí)慣相符合。所以服飾語言運(yùn)用的秘籍與服裝設(shè)計(jì)原理有異曲同工之妙，都要遵循美學(xué)法則，協(xié)調(diào)局部與整體的關(guān)系，使每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)都與主體相吻合，恰當(dāng)?shù)乇憩F(xiàn)人的精神氣質(zhì)，使服飾語言更好地服務(wù)于形象設(shè)計(jì)。
The language of dress reveals an individual’s personality and conveys information which indirectly enhances interpersonal communication. The secret lies in consistency between the garment’s style and the individual’s. The combination of lines, colours, and materials should create a look that not only fits the wearer’s individual taste, but also conforms to the general aesthetic conventions of the day. Just like a dress designer, an image consultant follows the aesthetic principles of adjusting the parts to the whole, making each detail fit the overall look, and expressing the spirit of the wearer.
第五單元研究收入分配問題要分清兩個(gè)層次（摘要）
研究收入分配問題要分清兩個(gè)層次
[摘要]
馬克思經(jīng)典作家認(rèn)為分配是生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，分配關(guān)系決定于生產(chǎn)關(guān)系。一定社會(huì)占統(tǒng)治地位的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系決定的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度包括兩個(gè)方面，即基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度和經(jīng)濟(jì)體制；由此決定了收入分配也包括兩個(gè)層次，一是由基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度決定的分配方式，二是分配方式在不同經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下的具體實(shí)現(xiàn)形式和具體操作性做法。學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)收入分配問題認(rèn)識(shí)上存在的許多錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)就是因?yàn)榛煜诉@兩個(gè)層次造成的。
Two Levels of Income Distribution
Abstract
Classic Marxist writers argue that distribution is one of the stages of production, and that the relations of distribution are determined by the relations of production. A society’s economic system, determined by the dominant set of production relations, comprises two parts: “the basic economic system” (socialist or capitalist) and the “form of economy” (a planned or a market economy). This in turn means that distribution of income also consists of two levels. One is the mode of distribution as determined by “the basic economic system”; the other is the specific ways and approaches adopted to achieve such a mode of distribution under a certain “form of economy”. There are many misconceptions in academia about income distribution as a result of confusion over these two levels.
第六單元士官文化在士官思想政治教育中的作用（摘要）
士官文化在士官思想政治教育中的作用
Role of NCO Culture in Ethical and Political Education
隨著2009年士官制度改革的深入推進(jìn)，士官的地位和作用進(jìn)一步提升。同時(shí)，士官作為與指揮人才、參謀人才、科研人才、教育人才并稱的五支人才隊(duì)伍之一，其任職崗位對(duì)其全面素質(zhì)的要求也與日俱增。 尤其面對(duì)現(xiàn)代戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)認(rèn)知域的激烈抗衡，以理想信念為核心的政治素質(zhì)的重要性日益彰顯，士官思想政治教育的效果越來越成為一個(gè)重要的課題。
Continued reform in 2009 of the non-commissioned officer (NCO) system has given an added boost to the status and role of the NCOs in the Chinese military. As one of the“five military talents”(the other four are commanders, staff officers, scientists/researchers, and educators), NCOs are now expected to be of a higher caliber than ever before. As battles in the cognitive domain rage in the modern warfare, it has become obvious that military personnel must have a core of ideals and political beliefs, and hence the effective ethical and political education of NCOs has become a matter of great interest.
本研究緊緊圍繞士官文化在士官思想政治教育中的作用這個(gè)核心問題，從士官文化入手，總結(jié)梳理士官文化的涵義、功能和特點(diǎn)，并嘗試在文化精神、文化環(huán)境和文化資源三個(gè)維度進(jìn)行士官文化體系建構(gòu)。同時(shí)，在深入分析士官思想政治教育對(duì)象的特點(diǎn)、士官思想政治教育對(duì)士官文化的需求的基礎(chǔ)上，得出結(jié)論：士官文化對(duì)提高士官思想政治教育的效果有積極作用，但是，仍存在本身建構(gòu)不力和消極成分尚未消解等問題。針對(duì)這些問題，本文以某士官學(xué)校的實(shí)踐為例，充分借鑒我國(guó)軍事文化對(duì)思想政治教育積極作用的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提出積極培育符合士官特點(diǎn)具有時(shí)代特色的士官文化精神、充分營(yíng)造有利于士官心理積極發(fā)展的士官文化環(huán)境和大力開發(fā)內(nèi)容豐富的士官文化資源三個(gè)方面具體策略。
This research focuses on the central role played by NCO culture in this education. It looks into the culture content, its features and functions, and proposes building a system based on three constructs of spirit, environment and resources. An examination of the characteristics of NCOs themselves, and what their ethical and political education requires from this culture shows that the latter does indeed exert a positive effect, though there are weaknesses and insufficiencies that need to be addressed. A certain NCO training academy is used as a case study to look into how China’s military culture has positively affected ethical and political education; and on this basis, I propose a new concept for NCO training, one that actively fosters a special NCO spirit in line with the time, that builds an environment for personal psychological growth, and that draws upon varied resources to enrich the culture itself.
第七單元偏執(zhí)與規(guī)范：中國(guó)古代小說脾氣描寫的文化解讀（摘要）
偏執(zhí)與規(guī)范：中國(guó)古代小說脾氣描寫的文化解讀
Deviation and conformity -- a Cultural Interpretation of Temperament in Classic Chinese Novels
摘要：在傳統(tǒng)文化背景下，中國(guó)古代小說致力于寫出人物脾氣的偏執(zhí)性。從“五性”視角看，我們可以將《三國(guó)志演義》、《西游記》等小說所描寫的人物脾氣歸納為相生相克的五類：柔媚水性，厚重土性，驕縱金性，憨直木性，暴躁火性。從情緒產(chǎn)生的速度來看，中國(guó)古代小說常常按照“緩急”、“快慢”等屬性來框定人物的脾氣，并進(jìn)而通過人物的行為方式和言語態(tài)度來坐實(shí)。從情緒變化的幅度看，中國(guó)古代小說又常常有意無意地將人物脾氣納入到“狂狷”框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行描寫，通過人物的言語態(tài)度將人物脾氣的狂放或矜持反映出來?？傊袊?guó)古代小說關(guān)于人物脾氣的描寫大致符合傳統(tǒng)文化脾性范疇，我們可以借此鏡照現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)人生。
Abstract
Classic Chinese novels tend to contain characters whose temperaments deviate from norms required of an average person. Based on the“five natures”(wu xing) theory, the temperaments of characters in such works as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West can be divided into “interactive” categories: soft and gentle as water, generous and steady as earth, arrogant and willful as metal, honest and straightforward as wood, and impatient and hot-tempered as fire. Based on the “volatility” criterion, temperaments are divided into “cool” or “hot”, “slow” or “quick”, and these traits are then gradually confirmed by the characters’ speech and behavior. Based on the degree of mood change, temperaments are described deliberately or unintentionally in terms of “unconstraint” (kuang) or “restraint” (juan), and likewise are reveled by speech and attitude.
All in all, character descriptions in ancient Chinese novels generally conform to traditional categories of temperament that can still be used to describe people today.
第八單元石油和化工產(chǎn)業(yè)振興支撐技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見（規(guī)定）
石油和化工產(chǎn)業(yè)振興支撐技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見（節(jié)選）
Guidelines on Underpinning Technologies to Revitalize the Petrochemical Industry
為全面推進(jìn)（石化產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整和振興規(guī)劃）的實(shí)施，認(rèn)真落實(shí)國(guó)務(wù)院《關(guān)于發(fā)揮科技支撐作用，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展的意見》（國(guó)發(fā)[2009] 9號(hào)），充分發(fā)揮科學(xué)技術(shù)在產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整中的引領(lǐng)和支撐作用，特制訂《石油和化工產(chǎn)業(yè)振興支撐技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》。
Guidelines on Underpinning Technologies to Revitalize the Petrochemical Industry have been drawn up to further the Plan to Restructure and Invigorate the Petrochemical Industry, and to carry out the State Council’s Opinion on Science and Technology to Underpin Stable and Fast Economic Growth (Guofa No. [2009 ] 9). These are to ensure that science and technology both guide and support industrial restructuring.
充分發(fā)揮科學(xué)技術(shù)對(duì)石化產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整振興的重要支撐作用
1. The Importance of Science and Technology to Revitalize the Petrochemical Industry
石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)是技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，其發(fā)展是以科技為先導(dǎo)的。我國(guó)是石油和化學(xué)品生產(chǎn)、消費(fèi)大國(guó)。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，石化產(chǎn)業(yè)快速增長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，綜合實(shí)力顯著提高，目前已有20多種大宗產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量位居世界前列，主要石油和化工產(chǎn)品的增量和消費(fèi)量保持世界領(lǐng)先地位。我國(guó)石油和化學(xué)工業(yè)所以能夠創(chuàng)造持續(xù)高速發(fā)展的奇跡，關(guān)鍵在于我們堅(jiān)定不移地實(shí)施“科教興國(guó)”、“科技興化”戰(zhàn)略，充分發(fā)揮科學(xué)技術(shù)在行北發(fā)展中的強(qiáng)大支撐作用。
The petrochemical industry is technology-intensive, so its growth depends on progress in science and technology. China is both a major producer and consumer of petrochemicals. Since the start of the 21*' century, the industry has grown rapidly in both size and overall strength. At present, outputs of over 20 bulk products rank among the foremost in the world; increases in production and consumption of major products are also amongst the highest. This sustained and rapid growth can be attributed to our consistently applying the strategies of technology to advance petrochemicals”.
目前，石化產(chǎn)業(yè)在快速發(fā)展中長(zhǎng)期積累的矛盾日益凸現(xiàn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式比較粗放，結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾比較突出，行止經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模大而不強(qiáng)，資源環(huán)境約束加大；去年下半年以來，受國(guó)際金融危機(jī)影響，石化產(chǎn)業(yè)受到嚴(yán)重沖擊。迫切需要通過結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)，提高行業(yè)整體素質(zhì)和市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力；迫切需要認(rèn)真貫徹“自主創(chuàng)新、重點(diǎn)跨越、支撐發(fā)展、引領(lǐng)未來”的方針，按照行業(yè)發(fā)展必須依靠科學(xué)技術(shù)、科學(xué)技術(shù)必須面向行業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的要求，加快科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化，為石油和化學(xué)工北的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)振興提供強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)支撐。
At this point, a number of problems have surfaced as a result of many years of fast expansion. These include overly extensive growth, structural imbalances, lack of competitiveness in spite of large scale, and increasing constraints in natural resources and the environment. Since the second half of and upgrading to raise the industry’s overall quality and competitiveness.
Another urgent need is to encourage“ indigenous innovation in key areas to support current and future development”. As innovations are commercialized faster, growth will drive technology and technology will serve development.
This will all lay a sound basis for restructuring and invigorating the whole industry.
(―)依靠科技進(jìn)步優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、提高產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。
1) Science and technology to optimize product mix and increase competitiveness
我國(guó)石化產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾突出。集中表現(xiàn)在石化產(chǎn)品、有機(jī)化工產(chǎn)品和高檔新產(chǎn)品的比重過低，高消耗、粗加工、低附加值產(chǎn)品比重偏高。只有通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，大力發(fā)展新產(chǎn)品制備技術(shù)和深加工技術(shù)，延伸產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，拓寬產(chǎn)品幅度，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品的高性能化、專用化、綠色化和高附加值化，才能優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)，提高產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的配套能力。
There is a serious imbalance in China’s petrochemical product mix: on the one hand, too few petrochemicals, organic chemicals, high-end and new products; on the other, too many resource-intensive, low tech and low value- added ones. Only innovation will create new manufacturing and processing support other industries in the national economy.
There is a serious imbalance in China’s petrochemical product mix: on the one hand, too few petrochemicals, organic chemicals, high-end and new products; on the other, too many resource-intensive, low tech and low value- added ones. Only innovation will create new manufacturing and processing support other industries in the national economy.
第九單元?北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（報(bào)道〉
北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)
The COMPASS Satellite Navigation System
2000年10月和12月，中國(guó)分別發(fā)射了兩顆“北斗一號(hào)”衛(wèi)星，組建了導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)。2010年1月成功發(fā)射了第三顆北斗導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星，為靜止軌道衛(wèi)星，它與前兩顆“北斗一號(hào)”工作星組成了完整的衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)，確保全天候、全天時(shí)提供衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航信息，是中國(guó)成為繼美國(guó)、俄羅斯之后世界上第三個(gè)擁有自主衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的國(guó)家。
In October and December 2000, China launched two Beidou-1 satellites, thus creating its own navigation and positioning system. On January 1, 2010, a third satellite was sent up. This was a geostationary satellite, which together with the other two, has formed a constellation that provides all-weather, round-the-clock, real-time navigation information. China has now become the third country after the US and Russia to have its own satellite navigation system.
北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)是中國(guó)自行研制的衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)，具有導(dǎo)航、定位和授時(shí)的功能。這一系統(tǒng)已成功應(yīng)用于測(cè)繪、電信、水利、漁業(yè)、交通運(yùn)輸、森林防火、減災(zāi)救災(zāi)和國(guó)家安全等諸多領(lǐng)域，產(chǎn)生了顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。特別是在2008年南方雨雪冰凍災(zāi)害、汶川大地震抗震救災(zāi)和北京奧運(yùn)會(huì)中發(fā)揮了非常重要的作用。
The Beidou system, also known as COMPASS, is independently developed and built by China. It provides navigation, positioning and timing services, and has already been successfully used in mapping, telecommunications, water management, fishing, transportation, forest fire prevention, disaster reduction and relief, and for public security. The result has been substantial economic and social benefits. In 2008, it played a particularly important role during the Beijing Olympic Games, and in relief and rescue work after the Wenchuan earthquake and the snow-storms in South China.
中國(guó)正在實(shí)施北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)（COMPASS,中文音譯名稱為BeiDou)建設(shè)工作，規(guī)劃相繼發(fā)射5顆靜止軌道衛(wèi)星和30顆非靜止軌道衛(wèi)星，建成覆蓋全球的北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。2012年左右，北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)將首先提供覆蓋亞太地區(qū)的導(dǎo)航、授時(shí)和短報(bào)文通信服務(wù)能力。2020年左右，建成覆蓋全球的北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。
China is continuing to expand its satellite navigation system, and plans to launch 5 more geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites to provide complete global coverage. Around 2012, the system will start to provide navigation, timing and short message services for the Asia-Pacific region. By 2020 complete global coverage will be available.
利用若干顆導(dǎo)航定位衛(wèi)星組成衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，綜合了傳統(tǒng)天文導(dǎo)航定位和地面無線電導(dǎo)航定位的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)設(shè)置在太空的無線電導(dǎo)航臺(tái)，可在任何時(shí)間、任何地點(diǎn)為用戶確定其所在的地理經(jīng)緯度和海拔高度。目前，世界上只有少數(shù)幾個(gè)國(guó)家能夠自主研制生產(chǎn)衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)。中國(guó)自行研制生產(chǎn)的北斗衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航定位系統(tǒng)，不僅具備了上述能力，而且在定位性能上有所創(chuàng)新。
Using a group of navigation and positioning satellites, a satellite navigation system combines the advantages of traditional celestial and ground-based radio navigation systems, so that users can fix their latitude, longitude, and altitude at any time and from any place. At present, only a small number of countries are able to develop and build satellite navigation systems. China’s Beidou is not only able to perform functions described above, but also contains innovations in positioning.
第十單元內(nèi)部控制鑒證報(bào)告
內(nèi)部控制鑒證報(bào)告
Assurance Report on Internal Control
大信鑒字（2009)第4-0004號(hào)
Daxin Jianzi(2009) No. 4-0004
XXX化工股份有限公司全體股東：
To shareholders of ABC Chemical Industry Co.,Ltd.:
我們接受委托，對(duì)后附的XXX化工股份有限公司（以下稱簡(jiǎn)貴公司）管理層根據(jù)財(cái)政部頒發(fā)的《企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制基本規(guī)范》和證券交易所上市公司內(nèi)部控制指引的規(guī)定于2008年12月31日與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制的有效性認(rèn)定進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。貴公司管理層的責(zé)任是建立健全內(nèi)部控制并保持其有效性，我們的責(zé)任是對(duì)貴公司認(rèn)定書中所述與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表相關(guān)的內(nèi)部控制的有效性發(fā)表意見。
Daxin Certified public Accountants (“Daxin”) has undertaken to evaluate the internal control over financial reporting of the ABC Chemical Industry Co.Ltd (the “Company”) up until December 31,2008 as presented in the accompanying assessment report produced by its management in accordance with the China’s Basic Standard For Enterprise Internal Control?promulgated by the ministry of Finance, and the Stock Exchange Guidelines on the Internal Control of Listed Companies. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting. Daxin is responsible for giving an opinion on the management’s assessment of Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
我們按照《中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師其他鑒證業(yè)務(wù)準(zhǔn)則第3101號(hào)一歷史財(cái)務(wù)信息審計(jì)或?qū)忛喴酝獾蔫b證業(yè)務(wù)》的規(guī)定執(zhí)行了鑒證業(yè)務(wù)。上述規(guī)定要求我們計(jì)劃和實(shí)施鑒證工作，以對(duì)鑒證對(duì)象信息是否不存在重大錯(cuò)報(bào)獲取合理保證。在鑒證過程中，我們實(shí)施了包括了解、測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的合理性和執(zhí)行的有效性，以及我們認(rèn)為必要的其他程序。我們相信，我們的鑒證工作為發(fā)表意見提供了合理的基礎(chǔ)。
Daxin performed the evaluation in accordance with the China Standard on Other Assurance Engagements No.3101--Assurance Engagements Other than Audits Or Reviews Of Historical Financial Information. As required by these standards, we designed and implemented the review to obtain resonable assurance that the reported information is free of material misstatements. We looked into, tasted and assessed the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performed such other procedures as we deemed necessary. We believe the process has provided us with reasonable grounds to give a professional opinion.
內(nèi)部控制具有固有限制，存在由于錯(cuò)誤或舞弊而導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)報(bào)發(fā)生和未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的可能性。此外，由于情況的變化可能導(dǎo)致內(nèi)部控制變得不恰當(dāng)，或降低對(duì)控制政策、程序遵循的程度，根據(jù)內(nèi)部控制評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果推測(cè)未來內(nèi)部控制有效性具有一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Internal controls have inherent limitations: errors or fraud in reporting may lead to misstatements that can go undetected; changing conditions may also weaken their adequacy, or lower the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures. There is therefore a certain degree of risk in predicting their future effectiveness based on the assessment results.
我們認(rèn)為，貴公司管理層按照財(cái)政部頒布的《內(nèi)部控制基本規(guī)范》和證券交易所上市公司內(nèi)部控制指引于2008年12月31日在所有重大方面保持了與財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表相關(guān)的有效的內(nèi)部控制。
Daxin is of the opinion that the management of he Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting up until December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in the Basic Standard for Enterprise Internal Control promulgated by the Ministry of Finance, and the Stock Exchange Guidelines on the Internal Control of Listed Companies.
本報(bào)告僅為針對(duì)貴公司2008年度年審而出具，不得用作任何其他用途。
This report is only valid for the audit of 2008, and may not be used for any other purpose.
大信會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)有限公司中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師：李文
中國(guó).北京中國(guó)注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師：陳景泰
2009年4月7日
Daxin Certified Public Accountants ???????????????????????????????China Certified Public Accounts:
Li Wen
Chen Jingtai
Beijing, China
April 7,2009
第十一單元?dú)W委會(huì)對(duì)華反傾銷措施磋商致辭
歐委會(huì)對(duì)來自中國(guó)的某些鋼鐵緊固件的最終反傾銷措施案（DS397）磋商中方致辭
Remarks by the Chinese Side at Consultations on European Commission Case DS 397 on Definitive Auti-Dumping Measures on Chinese Iron or Steel Fasteners
下午好！
Good Afternoon!
首先，我謹(jǐn)代表中國(guó)政府，對(duì)歐方同意與中方舉行今天的磋商表示感謝。據(jù)我的同事介紹，中歐雙方在確定此次磋商時(shí)間和進(jìn)行磋商前的準(zhǔn)備工作方面進(jìn)行了良好的溝通，歐方充分體現(xiàn)了靈活和務(wù)實(shí)的精神。我相信，這為我們此次磋商奠定了非常好的基礎(chǔ)。我對(duì)此表示感謝。
Allow me, first of all, to express on behalf of the Chinese government, my appreciation to the European Commission for agreeing to this consultation today. My colleagues tell me that the talks over the scheduling and preparations for this meeting have gone smoothly, and that the Commission has been both flexible and pragmatic. I am sure this has laid a sound basis for today, and I thank you very much.
2009年7月31日，中國(guó)政府通過常駐WTO代表團(tuán)致函歐方，就歐方對(duì)源自中國(guó)的鋼鐵緊固件采取的反傾銷措施提起WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制下的磋商請(qǐng)求。對(duì)于中方的這一法律行動(dòng)，我想表明以下兩點(diǎn)：
On July 31, 2009, the Chinese government wrote to the European Commission through China’s Permanent Mission to the WTO, requesting consultations under the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism on the imposition of antidumping measures on Chinese steel fasteners by the EU. I wish to state the following two points on this legal action.
首先，正如歐方所知，此案是中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織以來，對(duì)歐盟第一次啟動(dòng)WTO爭(zhēng)端解決程序。中國(guó)政府一貫重視中歐經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系，主張通過雙邊對(duì)話觶決爭(zhēng)議和分歧。但是，歐方頻繁對(duì)華輸歐產(chǎn)品發(fā)起反傾銷調(diào)査，更裁定對(duì)來自中國(guó)的緊固件產(chǎn)品征收高額反傾銷稅。中方認(rèn)為，歐方在該案的立案、調(diào)查和裁決過程中存在諸多與WTO規(guī)則不符之處，違反了歐盟在WTO項(xiàng)下應(yīng)承擔(dān)的義務(wù)；我決結(jié)果缺乏公正性和透明度，損害了 1700余家中國(guó)緊固件企業(yè)的正當(dāng)貿(mào)易利益。中國(guó)政府和業(yè)界對(duì)此強(qiáng)烈不滿，多次在不同場(chǎng)合闡明中方立場(chǎng)和關(guān)注，但是，雙邊對(duì)話始終沒有解決中方的關(guān)注。中方認(rèn)為，中方就緊固件案提起WTO爭(zhēng)端解決項(xiàng)下的磋商請(qǐng)求，是中方的正當(dāng)權(quán)利，也是成熟的貿(mào)易伙伴之間常常選擇的解決爭(zhēng)議的一種方式。
First, the Commission is aware that this is the first time since its accession to the WTO that China has filed a complaint against the EU. Economist and trade relations between China and the EU have always been very important to us, and we have advocated bilateral dialogue to resolve disputes and differences. However, the EU has repeatedly launched antidumping investigations into Chinese exports to the Union, and has now imposed high antidumping tariffs on steel fasteners from China. We believe that many WTO rules were not followed when the case was filed, investigated and decided, and that the EU has thus not fulfilled its obligations under the WTO. The final decision lacks fairness and transparency, and harms the legitimate trading interests of 1,700 Chinese steel fastener producers. The Chinese government and the fastener industry have expressed strong dissatisfaction and stated their position on numerous occasions; however, their concerns have not been resolved through bilateral talks. We believe that initiating consultations under the dispute settlement mechanism is our legitimate right, and that this is also common practice when mature trading partners have disputes.
其次，自1979年歐方對(duì)華發(fā)起第一起反傾銷調(diào)査至今30年時(shí)間里，歐方共對(duì)華發(fā)起140余起反傾銷調(diào)查，是對(duì)華發(fā)起反傾銷調(diào)查最多的WTO成員之一。尤其是近兩年，全球都面臨金融危機(jī)的艱難時(shí)期，中歐本應(yīng)攜手應(yīng)對(duì)金融危機(jī)，共同反對(duì)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義，但是，歐方卻頻頻對(duì)華發(fā)起反傾銷調(diào)查。中方堅(jiān)決反對(duì)任何濫用反傾銷規(guī)則、助長(zhǎng)貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的做法我們希望歐方能夠重視中方的強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注，并在WTO爭(zhēng)端解決項(xiàng)下妥善解決問題。
Second, since the EU launched the first antidumping case against China in 1979, it has opened 140 cases against China over the past 30 years, making it one of the most frequent users of such measures against China. In the last two years especially, the EU has chosen to launch a number of investigations against China, at a time when the world has been wrestling with the financial crisis and the two sides should be working together to deal with the crisis and resist protectionism instead. We firmly oppose any abuse of antidumping rules to further trade protectionism. We very much hope the Commission wil take our concerns seriously and resolves this issue under the dispute settlement mechanism.
我建議此次磋商圍繞中方向歐方提交的問題單逐項(xiàng)進(jìn)行。中方希望通過協(xié)商，歐方能夠盡可能澄清有關(guān)措施的一些細(xì)節(jié)。同時(shí)，中方希望雙方通過此次磋商，解決中方關(guān)注。
I propose that today we focus on the list of questions tabled by the Chinese side, and discuss them one by one. We hope that you will provide clarification on certain details in the measures, and that our concerns will be addressed.
謝謝！
Thank you.
第十二單元旅游休閑勝地介紹
榮昌——渝西川東結(jié)合部旅游休閑圣地
Rongchang: A scenic resort in western Chongqing
榮昌位于重慶市西部，地處渝西川東結(jié)合部，距重慶市區(qū)88.5公里，距成都市區(qū)246公里，成渝高速公路、成渝鐵路穿境而過。
Rongchang is a country situated in the west of Chongqing Municipality bordering eastern Sichuan province. It is 88.5 km from the urban area of Chongqing and 246 km from the city of Chengdu, capital of the Sichuan. The place is accessible by the Chongqing-Chengdu freeway and railway running through it.
榮昌歷史悠久，自唐肅宗乾元2年（公元759年）設(shè)縣至今，已有1300多年。榮昌地理環(huán)境優(yōu)越，自然風(fēng)光秀麗。古人盛贊“山環(huán)繞而蜿蜒，地寬廣而爽塏”，“群峰秀拔，二水紆回”，雅稱“海棠香國(guó)”。
Rongchang has a history of 1,300 years, dating back to 759 when the county was first established in the Tang dynasty. It is situated in a hilly area of striking natural beauty, described admiringly by the ancients as“an open country with pleasantly dry weather”, with “two rivers winding between lofty peaks”. It is also known as the Land of Begonias.
榮昌旅游資源豐富，其中榮昌縣城為國(guó)家級(jí)文明縣城、省級(jí)衛(wèi)生縣城；城區(qū)鳥語花香，綠樹成蔭，環(huán)境優(yōu)美；瀨溪河、池水河如練環(huán)繞，岸堤垂柳依依；星羅棋布的各型休閑廣場(chǎng)、林立的現(xiàn)代高樓、眾多的橋梁、古寺、古塔、古教堂，以及羊肉湯、鹵鵝肉、黃涼粉、鋪蓋面、烤乳豬等美景、美食，是人們不可多得的旅游休閑圣地。
There are many places of interest in Rongchang. The country town itself has won national and provincial designations for its good administration and clean environment. There are many trees and flowers, and it is dotted with recreational spaces and modern buildings; the banks of the winding Laixi and Chishui Rivers are lined with weeping willows and criss-crossed by many bridges that take visitors to ancient temples, pagodas, and a catholic church. The food too is delicious: mutton soup, stewed five-spice goose, cold pea jelly strips, roast suckling pig, wide noodles in savory broth. Beautiful scenery and excellent food make this a special place to visit for both fun and rest.
第十三單元酒與演唱會(huì)
交響音樂會(huì)：交響音樂會(huì)是所有演出中的重頭戲，既是最值得期待的、關(guān)于激情和感動(dòng)的音樂盛宴，也是世界各國(guó)展現(xiàn)職業(yè)音樂教育水準(zhǔn)的最高平臺(tái)，是各種類型交響樂表演團(tuán)體和教育機(jī)構(gòu)之間交流、切磋的絕佳場(chǎng)合。
Symphony Concert: the symphony concerts will be much-anticipated musical feasts. Symphonic music, with its passion and capacity to move audiences, is also the best showcase for a country’s level of professional musical education. The concert provides a prefect occasion for the orchestras and teaching institutions to meet and get to know each other.
民族音樂會(huì)：本次盛會(huì)鼓勵(lì)不同民族和文化之間的交流和碰撞，其主要途徑之一就通過多場(chǎng)民族音樂會(huì)來呈現(xiàn)各種民族特有的豐富多彩的音樂形式，相信這將既是一場(chǎng)視聽盛宴，也是各國(guó)展示本民族音樂教育水平的最好舞臺(tái)。
Folk Music Concert: the concert encourages different cultures and peoples to meet and mingle. Folk music from around the world, with its diverse forms and content, will display many rich ethic and national features, and the performances will demonstrate the levels of musical education in each country.
市民專場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)：音樂屬于所有人，每個(gè)人的靈魂深處都有愛音樂的種子，每個(gè)人都有表演和被欣賞的渴望。市民音樂會(huì)給所有人這樣一個(gè)開放的舞臺(tái)，一個(gè)聆聽別人的同時(shí)也展示自己的機(jī)會(huì)。讓音樂走進(jìn)社區(qū)，讓音樂融入我們的生活，讓音樂撫慰人們的心靈。
Citizens’ Concert: music belongs to everyone. Deep in each person’s heart is a love of music, a desire to perform and be appreciated. A citizens’ concert will provide this opportunity to hear others and to display one’s own skills. Music will enter our communities and daily lives, providing pleasure and comfort to young and old.
兒童音樂會(huì)：本屆世界音樂教育大會(huì)的兒童音樂會(huì)將成為孩子們童年里的金色樂章。它是一個(gè)輝煌的舞臺(tái)，讓小朋友們實(shí)現(xiàn)自己登臺(tái)演出的小小夢(mèng)想；它是一個(gè)大課堂，帶孩子們走進(jìn)美妙的音樂殿堂；它更是一個(gè)歡樂的盛宴，激發(fā)出小朋友們最快樂的笑聲。期待世界各地的小朋友們能相約北京，一起徜徉在音樂的世界肀，享受一份獨(dú)特的童年樂趣。
Children’s Concert: this will be a memorable event for all young participants. It will be a wonderful occasion for the little musicians to display their talent, learn from each other and enjoy the immense pleasure of making music together. We look forward to youngsters from all over the world performing in Beijing and having a very special childhood experience.
露天音樂會(huì)：這是一場(chǎng)全民總動(dòng)員的音樂盛典，這是一個(gè)演員觀眾不分你我，同為音樂而狂的激情之夜。在此次世界音樂教育大會(huì)的露天音樂會(huì)中，我們將以音樂普及教育為主題，以全民參與互動(dòng)為宗旨，全力打造一個(gè)演員與觀眾融為一體的大舞臺(tái)。開放的空間，天然的景色，四處洋溢著自由的氣息。在這里，沒有高高在上的表演者，也沒有被動(dòng)欣賞的觀眾，而唯有音樂才是真正的主角。演員為音樂而狂，在舞臺(tái)上極盡所能；觀眾為音樂而狂，在舞臺(tái)下全情投入。宏厚的歌聲散發(fā)著激情，狂野的鼓點(diǎn)震撼著心靈。音樂的天使將在這里展開翅膀，而世界也將從此愛上音樂。
Open Air Concert: this will be a huge outdoor celebration of music. Inspired by the theme of music education for all, we will set up an outdoor stage in natural surroundings where everyone can relax and enjoy the music, where musicians and audiences can interact without inhibition. The vocals will stir the heart, and wild drumbeats set the pulse racing.
室內(nèi)音樂會(huì)：金碧輝煌的演奏大廳，古韻流芳的經(jīng)典名曲，渾厚細(xì)膩的音響效果，古典精致抑或現(xiàn)代風(fēng)尚，相信無論是演奏者，還是傾聽著，都已為之陶醉。室內(nèi)音樂會(huì)面向即將或已經(jīng)開始音樂生涯的莘莘學(xué)子以及廣大樂界人士，旨在為他們提供一個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，聆聽大師嫻熟的演奏，觀摩大師精妙的演奏技巧，感悟大師演出的真情，一睹大師風(fēng)采，從而讓我們的音樂人才更加豐厚，令我們的音樂世界更加精彩。
Chamber Music Concert: this is planned for music lovers and for musicians who are about to launch or have just launched their professional careers. In tasteful surroundings with fine acoustics, the masters will perform gems of the classical and modern repertoires, and audiences can appreciate up——close the finer points of their technique and interpretation. Such models will greatly enrich budding young talents.
合唱音樂會(huì)：這是一場(chǎng)高雅藝術(shù)的盛宴，是演奏者與聽眾們之間思想與情感的對(duì)話，而音樂是唯一的語言。閉上眼睛，讓心靈插上想象的翅膀，自由翱翔在音樂的天堂。歌聲時(shí)而高亢激昂，如同洶涌澎湃的大海；時(shí)而溫馨而安謐，仿佛潺孱流動(dòng)的小溪。而聽眾心里也時(shí)而激動(dòng)，時(shí)而平靜。不同的聲音，卻如此協(xié)調(diào)得如此統(tǒng)一，宛如天籟之音。音樂洗滌了靈魂，這個(gè)夜晚將變得無比閑適而完美。
Choral Concert: though sung in different languages, the choral works will speak eloquently through their melodies and harmonies. Audiences will marvel at the stirring unisons and the soft, angelic part-singing that will transport them to another world.
中國(guó)民族音樂會(huì)：本屆世界音樂教育大會(huì)的中國(guó)民族音樂會(huì)旨在展示中華民族悠遠(yuǎn)而獨(dú)特的民族音樂文化的神韻。藝術(shù)家們用他們精湛的技巧和深厚的功底將完美地再現(xiàn)中華民族深厚的歷史文化底蘊(yùn)，表達(dá)中華民族的情感、幻想和追求。高山流水的清幽，陽春白雪的高雅，中國(guó)民族音樂將引領(lǐng)著人們回歸大自然，回歸內(nèi)心，體味天人合一的境界。
Concert of Traditional Chinese Music: this will provide an opportunity to fully showcase the ancient and unique musical cultures of China. Skilled performers will demonstrate the breadth and depth of traditional Chinese music, giving expression to the feelings, dreams and aspirations of countless generations. Pieces that vividly portray the beauty of nature also touch the soul, and give form to the Chinese concept of the oneness of Nature and Man.
爵士音樂會(huì)：本場(chǎng)爵士音樂會(huì)是這次所有演出的壓軸戲?；盍λ纳涞乃囆g(shù)家用經(jīng)典和時(shí)尚演繹活潑奔放的音樂，詮釋熱烈多姿的生命，激發(fā)豐富多彩的想象。光彩奪目的舞臺(tái)，輕松歡快的節(jié)奏，激情洋溢的音樂，無疑給聽眾提供了一場(chǎng)精彩紛呈的視聽盛宴。美妙的音符相互碰撞出靈感和創(chuàng)造的火花，激活了音樂世界的一派生機(jī)。
Jazz Concert: This will be the final crowing event of the concerts. Energetic and lively artists will perform classic and modern works on a stage with dazzling lighting effects. Drawn from life, the exciting rhythms and beats, imaginative harmonies and melodies will be a feast for the ears and beats, imaginative harmonies and melodies will inject new life into the world of jazz.
(這是2010年國(guó)際音樂教育大會(huì)的音樂會(huì)介紹）
第十四單元公司印章管理制度
XXX有限公司印章管理制度
Seal Management Rules of XYZ Co.Ltd.
[if !supportLists]1.?[endif]目的Purpose
建立印章管理制度，確保XXX有限公司能有效管理公司的各類印章。
These rules are to ensure that seals of XYZ Co.Ltd. are properly managed.
[if !supportLists]2.?[endif]范圍Scope
印章的管理涉及范疇：刻印、使用、廢止、更換。
Management of seals covers their creation, use, cancellation and replacement.
[if !supportLists]3.?[endif]定義Definition
公司印章主要指：公章、法人私章、合同章、財(cái)務(wù)章等各職能部門章。
Company seals include the corporate seal, legal representative’s seal, contract seal, finance seal, as well as seals of other functional departments.
[if !supportLists]4.?[endif]各類印章的具體管理?xiàng)l例Rules
[if !supportLists]4.1?[endif]刻印Creation
4. 1.1公司基本印章（公章、合同章、法人私章、財(cái)務(wù)章）的刻制,應(yīng)由指定的印章管理人員負(fù)責(zé)刻制，由財(cái)務(wù)部備案，并從刻制之日起執(zhí)行 相關(guān)使用條例。
The main seals (corporate, legal representative’s, contract and finance) shall be created under the responsibility of the designated custodian, registered with the Finance Department, and subject to relevant rules on usage starting from the date of creation.
4. 1.2因業(yè)務(wù)發(fā)展需要申請(qǐng)各職能部門專用章時(shí)，由需求部門填寫《印章制發(fā)申請(qǐng)表》經(jīng)部門經(jīng)理核準(zhǔn)后送交人事部門刻制。
A functional department in need of a dedicated seal shall fill in the“Application From for Creation of a Seal ,” and upon approval of the department manager, submit the form to the Personal Department, which will the have the seal made.
[if !supportLists]4.2?[endif]使用Usage
4.2. 1公章、合同章、法人私章、財(cái)務(wù)章均由財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)保管。各部門 有需蓋公章的文件、通知等，須先到財(cái)務(wù)部填寫《印章使用申請(qǐng)表》，經(jīng) 財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)核準(zhǔn)后方可蓋章。
The corporate, contract, legal representative and finance seals shall be kept in the custody of the controller. For their use on documents or notices, the relevant department shall fill in and submit the“Application Form for Use of Seal” to the Controller for approval.
4.2.2其他職能部門章：其他職能部門章，主要適用于各部門內(nèi)部使用，已經(jīng)刻制的部門章，需由部門負(fù)責(zé)人進(jìn)行保管并嚴(yán)格該章的使用辦法。
Seals of other functional departments are mainly for use within the department. Such seals shall be kept in the custody of the department heads and be used in strict compliance with the rules.
[if !supportLists]4.3?[endif]廢止、更換Cancellation and replacement
4.3.1廢止或繳銷的印章應(yīng)由保管人員填寫《廢止申請(qǐng)單》，并呈部 門經(jīng)理核準(zhǔn)后交由人事部統(tǒng)一廢止或繳銷。
To cancel or revoke a seal, the custodian shall fill in the“Application From for Seal Cancellation” and, upon approval by the department head concerned, hand over the seal to the Personal Department.
4.3.2遺失印章時(shí)應(yīng)由印幸保管人員填寫 <廢止申請(qǐng)單>，并報(bào)部門經(jīng)理核準(zhǔn)后，簽批遺失處理辦法后，交由人事部按批示處理。
In case of loss of a seal, the custodian must fill out the“Application From for Seal Cancellation”, report the loss to the department head for verification and instruction on follow-up measures, and submit the matter to the Personal Department.
4.3.3更換印章時(shí)應(yīng)由印章保管人員依公司文件填寫《廢止申請(qǐng)單》，并呈部門經(jīng)理核準(zhǔn)交由人事部按批示處理。
To replace a seal, the custodian shall fill out the“Application From for Seal Cancellation”, obtain approval by the department head, and submit it to the Personnel Department for disposition according to the department head’s instructions.
[if !supportLists]5.?[endif]印章保管人的責(zé)權(quán)范疇Duties of the Custodian
印章保管人對(duì)印章具有獨(dú)立使用權(quán)力，同時(shí)負(fù)管理責(zé)任。
The custodian has full authority to use and control the use of the seal.
5.1所有印章的使用，必須嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行公司的公章使用章程，做好申請(qǐng)和使用登記。公司印章只適用于與公司相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)，不得從事有損公司利益之行為。
Uses of all seals must strictly comply with rules on usage. Requests for use and actual use must be logged. The seals may only be used for company business. Any use detrimental to the company’s interests is forbidden.
5.2印章使用申請(qǐng)人及管理負(fù)責(zé)人要嚴(yán)格按照上述規(guī)定申請(qǐng)使用印章，如出現(xiàn)問題，后果自負(fù)。給公司造成重大損失的，公司將依法追究其法律責(zé)任。
Users and custodians of seals shall strictly follow the above rules. If problems arise because of laxness, the persons involved will bear the consequences. In case of severe losses, the company will take legal action against the persons concerned.
第十五單元預(yù)防未成年人犯罪條例
廣東省預(yù)防未成年人犯罪條例
Regulations of Guangdong Province on Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency
廣東省第十屆人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)第二十八次會(huì)議于2006年12月1日通過，自2007年1月1日起施行
Adopted December 1, 2006 at the 28th?Meeting of the Standing Committee, 10thPeople’s Congress of Guangdong Province Effective Jannuary 1, 2007
第十三條學(xué)校、父母或者其他監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)指導(dǎo)未成年人正確使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，拒絕不良的網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲產(chǎn)品和網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息。已配置校內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)施的學(xué)校應(yīng)當(dāng)配備上網(wǎng)輔導(dǎo)員，并采用安全過濾等技術(shù)防止未成年人接觸有害信息。有條件的，應(yīng)當(dāng)在課外向未成年人開放校內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)施。
Article 13 Schools, parents or guardians should guide minors in the proper use of the internet, so that they resist unhealthy online games and content. Schools with internet access should provide internet instructors, and install filters to prevent minors from accessing harmful content. When possible, school internet facilities should be available after class hours.
第十四條學(xué)校應(yīng)當(dāng)成立家長(zhǎng)委員會(huì)，健全學(xué)校與家長(zhǎng)聯(lián)系的制度,及時(shí)反映和了解未成年人的情況，指導(dǎo)、幫助未成年人的父母或者其他監(jiān) 護(hù)人學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)的家庭教育方法。
Article 14 Schools should set up Parent Committees to increase contacts between teachers and parents, so as to better know what students are doing. Schools should guide and assist parents and guardians in methods of good family upbringing.
第十五條父母或者其他監(jiān)護(hù)人應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)常與受其監(jiān)護(hù)的未成年人進(jìn)行思想交流，引導(dǎo)未成年人養(yǎng)成良好的行為習(xí)慣，鼓勵(lì)、支持未成年人參加各種有益身心健康的活動(dòng)；教育未成年人不得進(jìn)入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上網(wǎng)服務(wù)營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所、營(yíng)業(yè)性歌舞娛樂場(chǎng)所等不適宜未成年人進(jìn)入的場(chǎng)所，不得閱讀、觀看、收聽不適宜未成年人的出版物、視聽節(jié)目等。
Article 15 Parents and guardians should frequently talk to the minors in their care, teach them good behaviour and habits, encourages and support them in all healthy mental and physical activities; tell them to stay away from internet cafes, music and dance halls, and other places unsuitable to minors; and keep them from accessing print or audio-visual material not suited to their age-group.
第十六條父母或者其他監(jiān)護(hù)人離開未成年人外出務(wù)工的，或者未成年人離開父母或者其他監(jiān)護(hù)人到異地上學(xué)、生活、工作的，父母或者其他監(jiān)護(hù)人不得放任不管、不履行監(jiān)護(hù)職責(zé)。
Article 16 When parents or guardians must leave the minors in their care in order to seek work elsewhere, or the minors must leave their parents or guardians to study, live or work elsewhere, the parents or guardians should not disregard their responsibilities or neglect their charges.
父母或者其他監(jiān)護(hù)人不得強(qiáng)迫、放任未成年人輟學(xué)務(wù)工、務(wù)農(nóng)、經(jīng)商、賣藝、乞討，或者從事違法活動(dòng)。
Parents or guardians may not force or permit minors in their care to drop out of school in order to take on farm or factory work, get into trade, become street performers, beggars or engage in illegal activities.
第十六單元人民檢察院辦理未成年人刑事案件的規(guī)定
人民檢察院辦理未成年人刑事案件的規(guī)定
Provisions on the Handling of Juvenile Criminal Cases by the People’s Procuratorates
(2006年12月28日最高人民檢察院第十屆檢察委員會(huì)第六十八次會(huì)議通過）
(Adopted on December 28th 2006, at the 68th Meeting of the 10th Prosecutorial committee of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate)
第十二條人民檢察院審查批準(zhǔn)逮捕未成年犯罪嫌疑人，應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)未成年犯罪嫌疑人涉嫌犯罪的事實(shí)、主觀惡性、有無監(jiān)護(hù)與社會(huì)幫教條件等，綜合衡量其社會(huì)危險(xiǎn)性，確定是否有逮捕必要，慎用逮捕措施，可捕可不捕的不捕。
Article 12
When considering whether or not to authorize the arrest (daibu) of a juvenile suspected of a criminal offence, the people’s procuratorate should assess the suspect’s overall risk to society based on the facts of the suspected offence, the degree of malicious intent of the suspect, and the availability of guardianship or other community rehabilitation services. Arrest should be used with caution and avoided if possible.
第十三條對(duì)于罪行較輕，具備有效監(jiān)護(hù)條件或者社會(huì)帶教措施，沒有社會(huì)危險(xiǎn)性或者社會(huì)危險(xiǎn)性較小，不會(huì)妨害訴訟正常進(jìn)行的未成年犯罪嫌疑人，一般不予批準(zhǔn)逮捕。
Article 13
An arrest should generally not be authorized for juvenile offenders charged with minor offences who have guardians or access to community rehabilitation, who pose little or no danger to society, and who will not obstruct the normal legal process.
對(duì)于罪行比較嚴(yán)重，但主觀惡性不大，有悔罪表現(xiàn)，具備有效監(jiān)護(hù)條件或者社會(huì)幫教措施，不具有社會(huì)危險(xiǎn)性，不會(huì)妨害訴訟正常進(jìn)行，并具有下列情形之一的未成年犯罪嫌疑人，也可以依法不予批準(zhǔn)逮捕：
A juvenile offender who has committed a more serious offence may also be spared arrest if the offender bears little malicious intent, shows repentance, and has access to guardianship or community rehabilitation; if the offender poses no danger to society and will not obstruct the legal process; and if the offender:
[if !supportLists](一）?[endif]初次犯罪、過失犯罪的；
is a first-time or negligent offender;
[if !supportLists](二）?[endif]犯罪預(yù)備、中止、未遂的；
is still preparing a crime, has voluntarily abandoned a crime, or has attempted but failed to complete a crime;
[if !supportLists](三）?[endif]有自首或者立功表現(xiàn)的；
has voluntarily surrendered to, or cooperated with the police;
[if !supportLists](四）?[endif]犯罪后能夠如實(shí)交待罪行，認(rèn)識(shí)自己行為的危害性、違法性,積極退贓，盡力減少和賠償損失，得到被害人諒解的；
has honestly confessed to the offence, recognized its illegality and harm, voluntarily returned unlawful gains, tried to reduce or compensate for losses, and received forgiveness from the victim;
[if !supportLists](五）?[endif]不是共同犯罪的主犯或者集團(tuán)犯罪中的首要分子的；
is not the principal perpetrator of a jointly committed offence, or is not the criminal gang leader;
[if !supportLists](六）?[endif]屬于已滿十四周歲不滿十六周歲的未成年人或者系在校學(xué)生的；
is over 14 years but under 16 years old, or is a registered student; or
(七） 其他沒有逮捕必要的情形。
is affected by other circumstances that do not warrant an arrest.
第十七單元國(guó)慶節(jié)回家（隨筆）
國(guó)慶節(jié)回家，那個(gè)黃河邊上的鄉(xiāng)村，開小汽車的鄉(xiāng)親開始多見，雖然他們穿衣打扮還沒有太多的改變，但當(dāng)我看到他們開上價(jià)值20多萬的汽車時(shí)，我很是欣喜。
Over the national day holiday, I?went back to my village on the bank of the yellow river. I?noticed that though villagers still dressed the same way as before, many of them?now drove cars,?some even as costly as 200 thousand yuan. This made me very happy.
但欣喜似乎很快止于一次街頭的聊天，鄉(xiāng)親告訴了我這里發(fā)生的兩件事。首先是旁邊村子里一個(gè)人被同村的三兄弟殺死在家中，事情起源于土地租賃，因?yàn)樽饨鸶叩偷募m紛，欲強(qiáng)租土地的人找人把不愿意接受租金價(jià)位的人打了，還發(fā)出狠話，打死也就是幾萬塊錢的事，于是被打的一方三兄弟聯(lián)合起來，有了這一命案，四個(gè)家庭隨之破碎。還有一個(gè)發(fā)生在我們村里，收割玉米的鄉(xiāng)親欲從鄰居家地上開車通過，鄰居老太太心疼莊稼不許，爭(zhēng)吵中躺在自家田頭說：要過，就從身上軋過。于是車轟鳴著，軋過老人，陪了幾萬塊私了。
However, my mood changed after a roadside chat, when I?heard about a couple of incidents that had taken place here. The first occurred in a neighbouring village where a man was killed over a land lease disagreement.?It seems the man wanted to rent the land but could not agree on a price with the owner, and so had him beaten up, even threatening to kill him, saying it would only?cost some tens of thousands in compensation anyway.?At that,?the owner and his two brothers got together and murdered the first man in his home. The case resulted in four devastated families. The other incident occurred in my own village. A farmer wanted to drive his reaper through his neighbor's field to harvest his corn. The neighbour, an elderly woman, was determined to protect her own crop, and refused to let him pass. They got into an argument, and finally the women lay down on her land,?saying,"over my dead body!" The farmer promptly revved his machine and drove over her. The case was settled out court with payment of several tens of thousands of yuan.
兒時(shí)的鄉(xiāng)村，是可以夜不閉戶的。放學(xué)回家，有時(shí)家中無人，鄰居大嬸總是招呼到他們家，坐在飯桌前，一切都是那么自然。農(nóng)忙時(shí)，家里農(nóng)活忙碌，邀鄰居來幫，只需吃頓簡(jiǎn)單的飯，聊聊天?，F(xiàn)在這里，生活的認(rèn)知和價(jià)值觀已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大的改變。我們都知道，國(guó)家在大力發(fā)展農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)，我也期待家鄉(xiāng)環(huán)境的改善，也相信很快就會(huì)有大的變化，但鄉(xiāng)村的這些事也讓我思考，我們是否應(yīng)該在文化價(jià)值觀方面，做出相應(yīng)的指點(diǎn)和引導(dǎo)呢。
When I?was a child, we could leave our doors unlocked at night. If there was no one home when I?came back from school, the aunt next door would call me over and we would have supper together. It all seemed quite natural.?During the busy season, people would ask their neighbours to help out in the fields and afterwards everyone was happy with a simple meal and a good chat.?Today, however, people have a very different way of looking at life and their values have also changed.?The government is vigorously developing the rural economy, and I too expect improvements in my village. I know there will soon be many changes, yet after hearing about these incidents, I can not help thinking that there should also be more guidance and education on social values and norms of behaviour.
第十八單元濟(jì)南的冬天（散文）
Winter in Ji’nan
Lao She
對(duì)于一個(gè)在北平住慣的人，像我，冬天要是不刮風(fēng)，便覺得是奇跡；濟(jì)南的冬天是沒有風(fēng)聲的。對(duì)于一個(gè)剛由倫敦回來的人，像我，冬天要能看得見日光，便覺得是怪事；濟(jì)南的冬天是響晴的。自然，在熱帶的地方，日光是永遠(yuǎn)那么毒，響亮的天氣，反有點(diǎn)叫人害怕。可是，在北中國(guó)的冬天，而能有溫晴的天氣，濟(jì)南真得算個(gè)寶地。
For some one like me who is used to living in Beiping,?a winter without any wind is a bit of miracle.?Well,?one never hears any whistling winter winds in Ji'nan.?For someone like me who has just returned from London,?sunshine in the winter seems quite unusual.?Well,?Ji'nan has bright sunny winter weather.?I?well know that in the tropics, the blazing sun and the perpetual harsh glare can be intimidating,?but here in north china,?to have a mild sunny winter is a boon that makes Ji'nan a very special place indeed
設(shè)若單單是有陽光，那也算不了出奇。請(qǐng)閉上眼睛想：一個(gè)老城，有山有水，全在天底下曬著陽光，暖和安適地睡著，只等春風(fēng)來把它們喚醒，這是不是個(gè)理想的境界？
But there is more than just sunshine.?Close your eyes and picture to yourself:?an ancient town,?with hills and lakes,?dozing in sunlight,?warm and comfortable,?waiting for the spring breezes to blow it awake.?Doesn't that sound idyllic??
小山整把濟(jì)南圍了個(gè)圈兒，只有北邊缺著點(diǎn)口兒。這一圈小山在冬天特別可愛，好像是把濟(jì)南放在一個(gè)小搖籃里，它們安靜不動(dòng)地低聲地說：“你們放心吧，這兒準(zhǔn)保暖和?！闭娴模瑵?jì)南的人們?cè)诙焓敲嫔虾Φ?。他們一看那些小山，心中便覺得有了著落，有了依靠。他們由天上看到山上，便不知不覺地想起：“明天也許就是春天了吧？這樣的溫暖，今天夜里山草也許就綠起來了吧？”就是這點(diǎn)幻想不能一時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)，他們也并不著急，因?yàn)檫@樣慈善的冬天，干啥還希望別的呢！
Low hills practically encircle Ji'nan,?leaving just one small dip on the north side.?In the winter, they are especially endearing,?as if cradling the town and murmuring to it,?"don't worry, it's warm and safe here"?and it's fact that people of Ji'nan seem to smile throughout the cold season.?All they have to do is see those hills to feel secure and protected.?Looking up at the sky and at their surroundings, they say to themselves,?"Maybe spring will come tomorrow.?Maybe tonight it is so mild the grass on the hills will sprout."?And even if this just wishful thinking,?they do not really mind,?because with this kindly winter why ask for more.
最妙的是下點(diǎn)小雪呀。看吧，山上的矮松越發(fā)的青黑，樹尖上頂著一髻兒白花，好像日本看護(hù)婦。山尖全白了，給藍(lán)天鑲上一道銀邊。山坡上，有的地方雪厚點(diǎn)，有的地方草色還露著，這樣，一道兒白，一道兒暗黃，給山們穿上一件帶水紋的花衣；看著看著，這件花衣好像被風(fēng)兒吹動(dòng)，叫你希望看見一點(diǎn)更美的山的肌膚。等到快日落的時(shí)候，微黃的陽光斜射在山腰上，那點(diǎn)薄雪好像忽然害了羞，微微露出點(diǎn)粉色。就是下小雪吧，濟(jì)南是受不住大雪的，那些小山太秀氣！
A?light snow makes the scene even prettier.?Look at the short dark pine trees crowned with white nurse caps.?Or the line of white etching the hilltops like a silver hemline on the azure sky.?Or the hillsides, unevenly dusted with the dry grass showing through in places,?so the slopes seem clothed in a wavy pattern of tan an white stripes.?As one gazes,?these seem to shift the breeze as if baring the hill for a better look at its lovely shape.?As the sun sets,?the golden rays slant on to the light snow that suddenly blushes a shy pink.?Just a light snowfall,?please,?those low hills are really too delicate for anything heavier.
古老的濟(jì)南，城里那么狹窄，城外又那么寬敞，山坡上臥著些小村莊，小村莊的房頂上臥著點(diǎn)雪，對(duì)，這是張小水墨畫，也許是唐代的名手畫的吧。
Ji'nan is an ancient town with cramped and narrow streets,?but surrounded by wide open spaces.?Villages dot the slopes,?their cottage roofs dusted with snow.?Oh yes,?the scene definitely looks like a traditional ink and wash painting, and probably one by a Tang dynasty master too.
那水呢，不但不結(jié)冰，倒反在綠萍上冒著點(diǎn)熱氣，水藻真綠，把終年貯蓄的綠色全拿出來了。天兒越晴，水藻越綠，就憑這些綠的精神，水也不忍得凍上，況且那些長(zhǎng)枝的垂柳還要在水里照個(gè)影兒呢！看吧，由澄清的河水慢慢往上看吧，空中，半空中，天上，自上而下全是那么清亮，那么藍(lán)汪汪的，整個(gè)的是塊空靈的藍(lán)水晶。這塊水晶里，包著紅屋頂，黃草山，像地毯上的小團(tuán)花的灰色樹影。這就是冬天的濟(jì)南。
As for the springs and ponds,?they don't freeze over,?but even give off wisps of warm vapour.?The water weeds remain bright green as if shown the greener they glow. That alone must prevent the water from freezing over,?not to mention all those weeping willows that wish to see their reflections!?As you raise your eyes slowly from the transparent depths and look up to the sky,?everything is so clear and bright and blue,?like a giant block of crystal in which are encased red roofs,?tan hills and little gray copses like the design on carpet.?This is Ji'nan in the winter.
