本文有借鑒過網(wǎng)絡上優(yōu)秀的文章,加上自己的總結(jié)。
為什么要使用Handler?
為了保證Android的UI操作是線程安全的,Android規(guī)定只允許UI線程修改UI組件。
但在實際開發(fā)中,必然會遇到多個線程并發(fā)操作UI組件的時候,這將導致UI操作的線程不安全。
問題在于,如何同時滿足:
- 保證線程安全
-
使多個線程并發(fā)操作UI組件
Handler消息機制可以解決這個問題。
是否熟悉以下相關概念?YES的話本段可略過!
-
主線程
定義:程序第一次啟動時,Android會同時啟動一條主線程(MainThread)
作用:主線程主要負責處理與UI相關的事件,所以主線程又叫UI線程 -
Message
定義:Handler接收和處理的消息對象,可以理解為封裝了某些數(shù)據(jù)的對象
使用:后臺線程處理完數(shù)據(jù)后需要更新UI,可發(fā)送一條包含更新信息的Message給UI線程 -
Message Queue
定義:消息隊列
作用:用來存放通過Handler發(fā)送的消息,按照先進先出的順序排列 -
Handler
定義:Handler是Message的主要處理者
作用:
1.負責將Message添加到消息隊列中
2.處理Looper分派過來的Message -
Looper
定義:循環(huán)器,不斷的取出MessageQueue中的消息并傳遞給Handler
作用:循環(huán)取出MessageQueue的Message,將取出的Message交付給相應的Handler
PS:每個線程只能擁有一個Looper,但一個Looper可以和多個線程的Handler綁定,也就是說多個線程可以往一個Looper所持有的MessageQueue中發(fā)送消息,這給我們提供了線程之間通信的可能。
Handler工作流程
- 異步通信的準備
1.Looper對象的創(chuàng)建和實例化
Looper.prepare()
Looper.loop()
2.MessageQueue隊列的創(chuàng)建
Looper.prepare()->new Looper()
一個線程只會有一個Looper實例,同時一個Looper實例也只有會創(chuàng)建一個MessageQueue。
3.Handler實例化
Handler是和線程綁定在一起的,初始化Handler的時候一般通過指定Looper對象從而綁定相應線程,即給Handler指定Looper對象相當于綁定到了Looper對象所在的線程中。Handler的消息處理回調(diào)會在那個線程中執(zhí)行。
實例化Handler的方法:
1) 通過Looper.mylooper()得到當前線程的Looper對象,或通過Loop.getMainLooper()獲得當前進程的主線程的Looper對象。
2)不指定Looper對象,這個Handler綁定到創(chuàng)建這個線程的線程上,消息處理回調(diào)也就在在創(chuàng)建線程中執(zhí)行。
當Handler初始化時,可通過構造方法自動關聯(lián)Looper和相應的MessageQueue。
消息發(fā)送
Handler將消息發(fā)送到消息隊列中消息循環(huán)
Looper執(zhí)行Looper.loop()進入消息循環(huán),在循環(huán)過程中不斷從該MessageQueue取出消息,并將取出的消息派發(fā)給創(chuàng)建該消息的Handler...消息處理
通過Handler的dispatchMessage(msg)方法,即回調(diào)handleMessage(msg)處理消息。如果時Handler的post方法發(fā)送的消息,則會在對應的run()方法中處理回調(diào)。
源碼分析
Looper.prepare()是在做什么?
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
//一個線程只能持有一個Looper實例,sThreadLocal保存線程持有的looper對象
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
//sThreadLocal是一個ThreadLocal變量,用于在一個線程中存儲變量,這里Looper變量就存放在ThreadLocal里
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
Looper的構造方法在做什么?
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
//創(chuàng)建Looper時,會自動創(chuàng)建一個與之匹配的MessageQueue
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
Looper.loop()方法作用是什么?
/**
* Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
* {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
*/
public static void loop() {
//myLooper()方法是返回sThreadLocal存儲的Looper實例
final Looper me = myLooper();
//me==null就會拋出異常,說明looper對象沒有被創(chuàng)建,
//也就是說loop方法必須在prepare方法之后運行,消息循環(huán)必須要先在線程中創(chuàng)建Looper實例
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
//獲取Looper實例中的消息隊列mQueue
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
//next()方法用于取出消息隊列中的消息,如果取出的消息為空,則線程阻塞
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
//把消息派發(fā)給msg的target屬性,然后用dispatchMessage方法去處理
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
綜上,可以看出Looper的作用是:
1.實例化Looper對象本身(prepare()方法),創(chuàng)建與之對應的MessageQueue(looper()構造方法)
2.loop()方法不斷從MessageQueue中取消息,派發(fā)給Handler,然后調(diào)用相應Handler的dispatchMessage()方法進行消息處理。
那么,Handler是如何和Looper綁定且從MessageQueue中獲取消息執(zhí)行的呢?
來看Handler的構造方法:
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
//Looper.myLooper()獲得了當前線程保存的Looper實例
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
//如果沒有l(wèi)ooper實例就會拋出異常,這說明一個沒有創(chuàng)建looper的線程中是無法創(chuàng)建一個Handler對象的;
//子線程中創(chuàng)建一個Handler時需要創(chuàng)建Looper,且開啟循環(huán)才能使用這個Handler
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
//獲取looper實例的MessageQueue,保證handler實例與looper實例的MessageQueue關聯(lián)
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
以上,當Handler構造函數(shù)初始化時,自動關聯(lián)looper和對應的MessageQueue。
Handler向MessageQueue發(fā)送消息的代碼sendMessage執(zhí)行后,是發(fā)生了什么?
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
//向下調(diào)用
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
//向下調(diào)用
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
//sendMessage最后的最后調(diào)用到了enqueueMessage方法
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
// msg.target = this,也就是把當前handler作為msg的target屬性
// 在Looper的loop()方法中會取出msg,然后執(zhí)行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)去處理消息
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
//handler發(fā)出的消息最終會保存到消息隊列中
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
Handler的post()和sendMessage()有什么不同?
public final boolean post(Runnable r) {
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
//使用obtain方法創(chuàng)建一個Message對象,因為Message內(nèi)部維護了一個Message池用于Message復用,避免使用new重新分配內(nèi)存
Message m = Message.obtain();
//將創(chuàng)建的Runnable對象作為callback屬性,賦值給message
m.callback = r;
//返回一個message對象
return m;
}
繼續(xù)向下調(diào)用:
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
//向下調(diào)用
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
由上可知,Handler的post()方法和sendmessage()方法一樣,最終都調(diào)用了sendMessageAtTime,然后調(diào)用了enqueueMessage方法,將msg.target賦值為handler,然后將Handler加入到MessageQueue中。
But,在使用post方法時,將創(chuàng)建的Runnable對象作為callback屬性賦值給了message,那么該如何執(zhí)行handler的回調(diào)方法呢?請看如下代碼:
/**
* Handle system messages here.
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
//如果msg.callback不為null,則執(zhí)行handleCallback回調(diào),也就是我們的Runnable里的回調(diào)
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
//Runnable的run()方法中執(zhí)行回調(diào)函數(shù)
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
/**
* Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
*/
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
可以看到dispatchMessage()方法中調(diào)用了handleMessage()方法,但是是一個空方法,在創(chuàng)建Handler時通過復寫handleMessage()方法來實現(xiàn)我們需要的消息處理方式,根據(jù)msg.what標識進行區(qū)分處理。
為什么在UI線程中使用Handler時不需要創(chuàng)建Looper?
當一個Android應用程序啟動時,會創(chuàng)建一個主線程ActivityThread,在ActivityThread中有一個靜態(tài)的main()方法,也是應用程序的入口點。
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
// 通過prepareMainLooper方法為主線程創(chuàng)建一個looper
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
...
// 開啟消息循環(huán)
Looper.loop();
...
}
/**
* Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
* application's main looper. The main looper for your application
* is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
* to call this function yourself. See also: {@link #prepare()}
*/
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
//prepare()方法用于創(chuàng)建一個looper對象
//主線程的消息循環(huán)是不允許退出的
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}
舉幾個例子來加強理解
子線程和主線程通信,使用sendMessage()更新UI
/**
* Created by Kathy on 17-2-15.
* 子線程與主線程通信
*/
public class MainActivity extends Activity {
private static final int INT_ONE = 1;
//在主線程里創(chuàng)建一個mHandler實例
private Handler mHandler = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
switch (msg.what) {
case INT_ONE:
String text = (String) msg.obj;
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, text,Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
break;
default:
break;
}
return false;
}
});
class ThreadOne extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
//創(chuàng)建需要發(fā)送的消息,注意使用的是主線程的mHandler,所以也在主線程的handleMessage()中回調(diào)
Message msg = Message.obtain();
msg.what = INT_ONE; //標識消息
msg.obj = "One"; //存放消息
mHandler.sendMessage(msg);
}
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
//啟動子線程
new ThreadOne().start();
}
}
啟動這個Activity,執(zhí)行子線程,在子線程中通過UI線程的mHandler發(fā)送消息,會發(fā)現(xiàn)最終會執(zhí)行到handleMessage()方法,彈出Toast。
使用Handler.post()更新UI
/**
* Created by Kathy on 17-2-16.
* 使用Handler.post()通信
*/
public class MainActivityTwo extends Activity {
private Handler mHandler;
//使用mHandler.post()方法只需要在run()方法中寫回調(diào)內(nèi)容即可
class ThreadTwo extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Toast.makeText(MainActivityTwo.this, "Two", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
}
}
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
// 實例化Handler,無需指定looper,mHandler自動綁定當前線程(UI線程)的Looper和MessageQueue
mHandler = new Handler();
new ThreadTwo().start();
}
}
主線程如何向子線程中發(fā)送消息的呢?
/**
* Created by Kathy on 17-2-16.
*/
public class MainActivityThree extends Activity {
private Handler mChildHandlerOne;
private Handler mChildHandlerTwo;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
Log.d("Kathy", "mainLooper = " + getMainLooper());
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
//子線程中實例化mChildHandlerOne
mChildHandlerOne = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
Log.d("Kathy", "mChildHandlerOne received Message!");
// 在此線程中,用mChildHandlerTwo發(fā)送消息
// 消息被加入到mChildHandlerTwo的消息隊列中,進而會執(zhí)行到mChildHandlerTwo的回調(diào)方法
// 這就完成了子線程向子線程之前發(fā)消息的可能
Message msg2 = Message.obtain();
msg2.what = 1;
mChildHandlerTwo.sendMessage(msg2);
return false;
}
});
Log.d("Kathy", "mChildHandlerOne = " + mChildHandlerOne.getLooper());
Looper.loop();
}
}).start();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
Looper.prepare();
//子線程中實例化mChildHandlerTwo
mChildHandlerTwo = new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
Log.d("Kathy", "mChildHandlerTwo received Message!");
return false;
}
});
Log.d("Kathy", "mChildHandlerTwo = " + mChildHandlerTwo.getLooper());
Looper.loop();
}
}).start();
// 點擊按鈕,如果兩個子線程中的handler都被實例化后,在主線程中,用mChildHandlerOne發(fā)送消息
// 消息會加入到mChildHandlerOne的消息隊列中,進而會執(zhí)行到mChildHandlerOne的回調(diào)方法
// 這就完成了在主線程中向子線程發(fā)送消息的可能
findViewById(R.id.btn).setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
if (null != mChildHandlerOne && null != mChildHandlerTwo) {
Message msg1 = Message.obtain();
msg1.what = 1;
mChildHandlerOne.sendMessage(msg1);
}
}
});
}
}
Log輸出如下:
02-17 15:41:14.998 22131-22131/com.demo.kathy.demo D/Kathy: mainLooper = Looper (main, tid 1) {56801a8}
02-17 15:41:15.007 22131-22170/com.demo.kathy.demo D/Kathy: mChildHandlerOne = Looper (Thread-5565, tid 5565) {dba14c1}
02-17 15:41:15.009 22131-22171/com.demo.kathy.demo D/Kathy: mChildHandlerTwo = Looper (Thread-5566, tid 5566) {8d3d466}
02-17 15:41:28.490 22131-22170/com.demo.kathy.demo D/Kathy: mChildHandlerOne received Message!
02-17 15:41:28.490 22131-22171/com.demo.kathy.demo D/Kathy: mChildHandlerTwo received Message!
若有錯誤,請及時指出,感謝閱讀!