Implement atoi to convert a string to an integer.

Hint: Carefully consider all possible input cases. If you want a challenge, please do not see below and ask yourself what are the possible input cases.

Notes: It is intended for this problem to be specified vaguely (ie, no given input specs). You are responsible to gather all the input requirements up front.

一刷：
測試：

1. "+-2"
2. " 123 456"
3. " -11919730356x"
4. "2147483647"
5. "-2147483648"
6. "2147483648"
7. "-2147483649"
8. "+2"

這題的難點在于所有的corner case， 面試時碰到要仔細和面試官多交流

1. 判斷str是否為空或者長度是否為0
2. 處理前后的space，也可以用str = str.trim();
3. 嘗試求出符號sign
4. 處理數(shù)字
   (1) 假如char c = str.charAt(index)是數(shù)字，則定義int num = c - '0'， 接下來判斷是否越界
   1). 當(dāng)前 res > Integer.MAX_VALUE / 10，越界，根據(jù)sign 返回 Integer.MAX_VALUE或者 Integer.MIN_VALUE
   2). res == Integer.MAX_VALUE / 10時， 根據(jù)最后sign和最后一位數(shù)字來決定是否越界，返回Integer.MAX_VALUE或者 Integer.MIN_VALUE
   3). 不越界情況下，res = res * 10 + num
5. 處理非數(shù)字和‘+’， ‘-’，直接跳到6.
6. 返回結(jié)果 res * sign

public class Solution {
    public int myAtoi(String str) {
        int res = 0;
        if(str == null || str.length() == 0) return res;
        int neg = 1, digit;
        for(int i=0; i<str.length(); i++){
            str = str.trim();
            if(str.charAt(i)=='-' && i == 0)  neg = -1;
            else if(str.charAt(i)=='+' && i == 0) neg = 1;
            else if(str.charAt(i)<'0' || str.charAt(i)>'9') return neg*res;
            else{
                digit = str.charAt(i) - '0';
                int overflow = overflow(res, digit, neg);
                if(overflow>0 ) return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                else if(overflow<0) return Integer.MIN_VALUE;
                res = res*10 + digit;
            }
        }
        return res*neg;
        
    }
    
    private int overflow(int res, int digit, int sign){
        if(sign > 0){
           if(res>Integer.MAX_VALUE/10) return 1;
           else if(res == Integer.MAX_VALUE/10 && digit > 7) return 1;
        }
        else{
            if(res>Integer.MAX_VALUE/10) return -1;
            else if(res == Integer.MAX_VALUE/10 && digit > 8) return -1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
}