Summary

Errors of Perspective

Chapter 9 explains seven specific?errors: poverty of aspect, unwarranted assumptions, the either/or outlook, mindless conformity, absolutism, relativism,and bias for or against change.

（這一章考察了七個具體錯誤：視角匱乏，無根據(jù)的假定，兩者擇一觀念，盲目遵從，絕對主義，相對主義和支持或反對變化的偏見。）

Poverty of Aspect-視角匱乏

解讀：意識到自己的思想和經(jīng)驗會有局限性，切忌眼光狹窄。

Unwarranted Assumptions-無根據(jù)的假定

解讀：在很多情況下，“想當(dāng)然”就是無根據(jù)的假定，盡量避免接受太多的理所當(dāng)然。

The most common unwarranted assumptions include the following:

The assumption that people’s senses are always trustworthy.

The assumption that if an idea is widely reported, it must be true.

The assumption that having reasons proves that we have reasoned logically.

The assumption that familiar ideas are more valid than unfamiliar ones.

The assumption that if one event follows another in time, it must have been?caused by the other.

The assumption that every event or phenomenon has a single cause.

The assumption that the majority view is the correct view.

The assumption that the way things are is the way they should be.

The assumption that change is always for the better.

The assumption that appearances are trustworthy.

The assumption that if an idea is in our mind it is our own idea and?deserves to be defended.

The assumption that the stronger our conviction about an idea, the more?valid the idea.

The assumption that if we find an error in someone’s argument, we have?disproved the argument.

The Either/or Outlook-兩者擇一觀念

解讀：當(dāng)作者用到“要么...要么...”來表達(dá)原因時，要意識到可能原因不止這兩個。

Mindless Conformity-盲目遵從

解讀：不要盲從，自己認(rèn)為是合理的、正確的內(nèi)容才值得相信，大多數(shù)人都支持的觀點(diǎn)不一定是正確的。

Absolutism-絕對主義

解讀：事情都有例外。

Relativism-相對主義

解讀：出現(xiàn)了例外情況也不能全然否定原有觀點(diǎn)。

Bias For or Against Change-支持或反對變化的偏見

解讀：接受變化，承認(rèn)變化的存在，但要辯證性地看待變化。

Errors of Procedure

Chapter 10 illustrates the kinds of errors that occur in the?process of addressing specific issues: biased consideration of evidence, double?standard, hasty conclusion, overgeneralization and stereotyping, over simplification,and the post hoc fallacy.

（解決具體問題過程中的那類錯誤：有偏見的證據(jù)考量，雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，草率的結(jié)論，過度概括和刻板成見，過度簡單化和事后歸因謬誤。）

Biased Consideration of Evidence-有偏見的證據(jù)考量

解讀：偏見不可避免，所以除了聆聽支持你偏見的觀點(diǎn)，也要聽一聽反對的人的意見。

Double Standard-雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

解讀：先制定一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，站在平等的角度考慮問題。

Hasty Conclusion-草率的結(jié)論

解讀：在掌握充分的證據(jù)前，不要草率地給出結(jié)論。

Overgeneralization and Stereotyping-過度概括和刻板成見

解讀：過度概括是以少數(shù)個例概括整個群體，刻板成見也是一種過度概括。

Over Simplification-過度簡單化

解讀：簡單化不是錯，怕的是歪曲或扭曲，將復(fù)雜的過程簡化為簡單的公式。

The Post Hoc Fallacy-事后歸因謬誤

解讀：B在A發(fā)生后發(fā)生并不意味著A是B的原因，時間的先后和因果沒有必然聯(lián)系，很有可能是巧合。

Thought

Imagine that you wear eyeglasses with serious distortions in the lenses?but are unaware of the problem. You have every reason to believe that the?people, places, and things you look at are as they appear, whereas in reality they are quite different. When you share your perceptions with others?and they challenge them, you are surprised at first, puzzled at their inability to see the world as clearly as you do. Eventually you either stop communicating with others or become more assertive, hoping by the sheer?force of your expression to solve what you are convinced is their problem.

前提：你帶了一個嚴(yán)重扭曲的眼鏡，但卻沒有意識到這個問題。

結(jié)果：你驚訝、質(zhì)疑周圍人的世界觀，感到困惑不已。于是要么不再和其他人交流，要么變得更加武斷。

解決辦法：換“一副眼鏡”，換一個立場，想想為什么你看到的世界和其他人不同。是大多數(shù)人的問題，還是你的問題？