Lesson 29?Taxi!
【New words and expressions】(10)
★taxi?? n.出租汽車taxi driver???? 出租車司機(jī)
take a taxi，take a bus，take a lift
★land????? vi.著陸
★plough?? v.耕地
plough? n.梨；v. 耕, 犁, 犁耕, 費力穿過, 艱苦前進(jìn), 在考試中淘汰farm??? n.農(nóng)田，家場
★lonely? adj.偏僻的, 人跡罕見的(地方)
lonely??? ??adj.孤獨的, 孤僻的(人)?
alone? adj.單獨的, 獨一無二的, 孤獨的, 獨自的；adv. 獨自地
★roof????? n.樓頂(從外面看)
raise the roof???? v.喧鬧, 大聲抱怨
ceiling??? n.天花板(從里面看)hit
the ceiling勃然大怒, 暴跳如雷, 怒發(fā)沖冠(美口語)
★block???? n.塊, 一座大樓
★flat n. 公寓房a block of
flats 公寓樓 (英國英語)
a block of apartments公寓樓(美語，apartment? n.公寓)officeblock???? 辦公樓 寫字樓
★desert?? v.廢棄??n.沙漠, 不毛之地
【課文講解】
1、The 'taxi'is a small Swiss aeroplane called a 'Pilatus Porter'.
called a ‘Pilatus
Porter’是過去分詞短語,作aeroplane的定語。一般過去分詞短語作定語時要放在所修飾的名詞/代詞之后，而一個單獨的分詞作定語時則往往放在所修飾的名詞/代詞前面。
He landed in adeserted car park.
a race across theAtlantic?
call sb. sth.?? 叫某人……be called??? 被稱為……
過去分詞做定語時是作為被動狀態(tài)來翻譯的
a ploughedfield??? 被耕過的田；a deserted car park? 被廢棄的車場writtenEnglish??? 書面語? ；spoken English? 口語colloquiallanguage?? 口語?
2、Since then,Captain Fawcett has flown passengers to many unusual places.
since then 從那時起(強(qiáng)調(diào)起點)so far =up to now? ??強(qiáng)調(diào)終點
★fly? ① vi. 飛，飛行② vt. 空運(乘客)
fly sb./sth.To…? 開飛機(jī)送某人/物去……
? He has flown his car to France.
drive sb. to…???? 開車送某人去……
3、Once helanded on the roof of a block of flats and on another occasion, he landed in adeserted car park.
once…and on anotheroccasion?? 一次……還有一次……
4、Captain
Fawcett has just refused a strange request from a businessman. request from sb.來自某人的請求request for sth.????? 要求得到
5、The manwanted to fly to Rockall, a lonely island in the Atlantic Ocean, but CaptainFawcett did not take him because the trip was too dangerous.
take sb. to …??? 送某人……
too 在副詞或形容詞前表示否定含義，強(qiáng)調(diào)程度大到了人們不愿去做very 強(qiáng)調(diào)程度深
【Composition】
The plane (notonly) (neither) (flew) (threw) close to the river, (but) (or) also flew under abridge. (Then) (However) it (climbed) (ran) into the air. The people on thebridge (waved) (shook) to the pilot (and) (yet) he did not (notice) (lookafter) them.
not only，flew，but，Then，climbed(ran也對, 但沒有climb表達(dá)更確切)，waved，yet，notice
【Key structures】
一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時
一般過去時往往強(qiáng)調(diào)動作本身，而現(xiàn)在完成時則表示始于過去并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或表示過去不確定的時間發(fā)生過的并與現(xiàn)在有某種聯(lián)系的動作。
【Special Difficulties】
Refuse and Deny
refuse to dosth.????? 拒絕做某事
?deny doing sth. / deny that +從句? 否認(rèn)(指控、做過某事等).當(dāng)refuse作為及物/不及物動詞表示“拒絕接受”時，不可與deny混用；當(dāng)refuse作為及物動詞表示“拒絕給予、拒絕要求”時，它與deny可以互相替換。? All those not holding tickets will be refused/denied entry.?? 無票者不得入內(nèi)。
Bring，Take與Fetch
bring?? v.從某處將某物“帶來”，離說話人越來越近take? v.拿走，離說話人越來越遠(yuǎn)fetch?? v.去某地將某物“取來”，是個雙程動作，去了再來
9? Theploughed field is ready for ___b___ .
a. sewing b. sowingc. seeding??????? d. growing
be readyfor/to…???? 為……作準(zhǔn)備
“seed”種植，只與播種子相聯(lián)系, 一般作名詞, 強(qiáng)調(diào)把種子種下去；而“sow”種植，只說明把...種下去, 并不一定是 “種子”
?
Lesson30?? Football or polo?
【New words and expressions】(8)
★cut?? ① vt. &vi. 切，割，剪
cut one's hair =have a hair cut???? 理發(fā)
cut down the tree =cut the tree down??? 砍倒樹
cut the headoff??? 砍腦袋(off = away from)
cut offelectricity???? 切斷電源
cut sth. intopieces???? 把……切成小片(碎)
② vt. 割破，劃破cutoneself???? 割傷自己
③ vi. 橫穿，穿越(介詞用across/through)
cutacross/through???? 直著穿過
? cut a corner???? 走捷徑，超近路
No pains, no gains.
★row?? ① vt.& vi. 劃船
My brother isrowing.??? 劃船 (row強(qiáng)調(diào)動作)
go boating??? 去劃船(強(qiáng)調(diào)玩)
② vt. 劃船載運
Can you row meup/across the river????? 你能劃船將我送到河的上游/對岸嗎？
★kick???? v.踢
kick me? 踢我一腳kickback??? n.回扣, 傭金
I get a kickback of2000 Yuan.
kick upstairs?? 明升暗降
well to go (美語) = well done
(英語)?? 做得不錯
★sight???? n.眼界, 視域
catch sightof…???? 看見
out of sight??? 在視線之外in sight??? 在視線之內(nèi)
Out of sight, outof mind.??? 眼不見心不煩
long sighted 眼光長遠(yuǎn), 遠(yuǎn)視眼short sighted 目光短淺, 近視
【課文講解】
1、Some people on the bank called out to the manin the boat, but he did not hear them.
call out???? 大聲呼叫，叫喊
call out tosb.??? 對……大聲喊
?2、The ball struck him so hard that he nearlyfell into the water.
so…that…? 如此……以致于…… (that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句)so的后面跟副詞或形容詞, 如后跟名詞時要用such +n. +that…
【Composition】
Thewind(threw)(blew)his hat into the river. He(put)(took)out his hand (and)(but)tried to (reach)(catch)it(so)(but) he could not(so) (but) he(jumped)(fell) into the river(and)(but) got it.
blew 吹 ，take out 拿出(put out 撲滅)， and，reach夠得著(catch 接住 抓住)， but，so，jump 自己跳 (fall 掉進(jìn)去)，and
【Summary writing 】
4.The man in theboat neither saw the ball nor heard people shouting.
6.However,the manwas not angry and he threw the ball back to the bank.
but連接兩個句子, 中間可用逗號隔開；however只是副詞, 只表示意思上得轉(zhuǎn)折, 它可以放在句首也可以放在句中, 只是用一個逗號把它和其他的詞隔開就可以
【Key structures】
The, Some and Any
some不用于否定句，any通常用于否定句和疑問句，some在表示邀請的語氣中或在疑問句中如果所期望的回答是肯定的，可以取代any
Do you want some? /Would you want something?
Do you want any
drink?你想要喝點什么嗎?(不愿意給別人喝)
在姓名、地名、國名(非復(fù)合詞)前面通常不加任何冠詞。但在特指的海洋、河流、山脈以及部分復(fù)合詞形式的國名前，一定要用定冠詞the；在表示世界上獨一無二的東西時，通常要加定冠詞the.
Many great cities
are built on rivers. Paris is on the Seine, London is on the Thames and Rome is
on the Tiber. 許多大城市都建在河岸上. 巴黎在塞納河上, 倫敦在泰晤士河上,羅馬在第伯爾河上.
Exercises D (在必要的地方填上冠詞a或the)
1? ______refrigerators are necessary in ______ hot countries.
2? Which riveris ______ longest, ______ Nile, ______ Amazon, or ______ Mississippi?
3? Heyerdahlcrossed ______ Pacific on ______ raft.
4? Why is______ Britain sometimes called ______ United Kingdom?
5? We sailedup ______ Red Sea and then went through ______ Suez Canal.
1.不填in hot
countries: 指的是炎熱的那類國家, 故不用the2. the，the，the，the Nile 尼羅河 ； Amazon 亞馬遜河 ； Missisippi 密西西比河
3.the，athe
Atlantic 大西洋raft????n.木筏子(如用by，則不用加任何修飾by raft，用“on，in”一般都要加“the，a/an”，這里指的是這一類，沒特指，故加“a”) 4. \，the 如果以單個的詞作為國家, 基本上不加the,比方說China,America,Britain,一旦這個詞成為縮略形式, 前面就要加the，如：the USA
5.the，the橫渡海峽用“across”；和運河相連介詞用through，不用“across”
【Multiple choice questions】
4. It cuts across the park. It goes ___a___ it.
a. through b. over??? c.round?? d. along
round?? 圍繞 ；along???沿著
across??? 從……的表面穿過
through???? 從……的內(nèi)部穿過
over??? 在……上方，與下面沒接觸，over在用于穿越講時，表示穿過弧形over the bridge, over the mountains, overthe hill
?
Lesson31?? Success story
【New words and expressions】(8)
★retire???? v.退休
retire =stopworking =stop doing this
★company?? n.公司firm??? n.商行
corporation???? n.責(zé)任公司
limitedcorporation? 有限責(zé)任公司(縮略形式：Ltd.Co)business???? n.生意，公司
★save??? ① vt. 挽救，救助，拯救saveone's face?? 挽會面子② vt. 積蓄，儲蓄
西方人不喜歡提錢, 所以用 save up 表示存錢
Save it for a rainyday.?? 未雨綢繆, 為將來需要而做好準(zhǔn)備
★workshop?? n.車間(工作并且可以拿出來賣)
workhouse??? n.感化院(強(qiáng)迫勞動的地方)
★helper???? n.幫手, 助手assistant??? n.助理
★employ??? v.雇傭
employee??? n.雇員?；employer?n.雇主
trainer???? n.教練?；trainee? ??n.接受訓(xùn)練的人
【課文講解】
1、Before heretired, Frank was the head of a very large business company, but as a boy heused to work in a small shop.
head是“首領(lǐng)、頭目”的意思，“the head of+名詞”的意思是“……的老板，頭”
used to dosth.??? 過去常常, 但是現(xiàn)在不做
work…as…???? 作為……工作.
as a boy = as he wasa boy? (as是“當(dāng)……的時候”)
2、In histwenties Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes.
in one's -ies?? 在某人幾十歲的時候
in one's
twenties/thirties/forties/fifties/nineties，十的倍數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式可用于表達(dá)近似的、非確定的數(shù)量，與所有格形容詞連用時表示大約的年齡。
in the 1980s????? 在二十世紀(jì)八十年代
3、Frank smiledwhen he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success.
one’s hard early
years =early in one’s life 某人的早年艱辛(生活)
the long road tosuccess??? 通往成功的長路
There is a long wayto go.?? 還有很長的路要走。
remember??? v.記得, 回憶起
memory?? n.記憶???；memorize??v.記住
【Key structures】
過去進(jìn)行時與一般過去時
過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某個時刻或某段時間正在進(jìn)行的動作，和一般過去時經(jīng)常在一個句子里使用。與一般過去時相比，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性，一般過去時則表示比較短暫的動作或事件。在敘述故事時，過去進(jìn)行時往往用來表示背景。
When I was wateringthe garden, it began to rain.
As I was getting onthe bus, I slipped and hurt my foot.
used to do
used to do表示過去有過但現(xiàn)在已不存在的習(xí)慣，以便將過去與現(xiàn)在形成對照。它后面經(jīng)常用由but now…，but not…any more/any longer等構(gòu)成的、用了一般現(xiàn)在時的句子以強(qiáng)調(diào)過去和現(xiàn)在的不同之處。I used to smoke, but I don’t any more/longer.
used to僅用于一般過去。它的疑問句和否定句形式可以不用助動詞do而用used本身。
Used he to smoke?He usedn’t /used not to smoke.
但比較常用的形式是did和didn’t
? Did he use to smoke?He didn’t use to smoke.
在針對used to提問時，一般也用did：
【Special
Difficulties】
Experience① n. 經(jīng)歷(可數(shù)名詞)② n. 經(jīng)驗(不可數(shù)名詞)③ vt. 經(jīng)驗，體驗
experienced???? adj.有經(jīng)驗的，經(jīng)驗豐富的
Save① vt.& vi. 救助，搭救，拯救
save one'slife????? 挽救某人的生命
?② vt.& vi. 儲蓄，積攢
save money?? 存錢(多余的錢)
save it for a rainyday???? 未雨綢繆
economize .經(jīng)濟(jì)，節(jié)省(能不用就不用，節(jié)衣縮食)
Work and Job
work和job都翻譯為“工作”，job為可數(shù)名詞，一般與“職業(yè)、職位”有關(guān)，或表示某人的“份內(nèi)事”；work作“工作”講時是不可數(shù)名詞，常指具體的“勞動、作業(yè)”或“(待做的)工作或事務(wù)”等，也可能表示“上班”。John is looking for a new job.
I’m looking forwork as a driver.
【Composition】
Frank (not only)(neither) (repaired) (made)his grandson's bicycle, (but)(also)went for a rideon it(as well)(both).He(said)(told)melater:‘I(make)(do)aeroplanes, (and) (but)I prefer bicycles.’
not only / repaired/ but /as well / told /make/ but
go for a ride/go
for a walk 騎車出去/出去散步
ride acar/bicycle/horse
go for a ride on
sth (對自行車只能用“on” )? 出去騎車prefer vt.更喜歡, 寧愿
【Multiple choice questions】
4? He used to work fourteen hours a day. He didthis ___c___ day.???? a. one??? ?? b.some??????? c. each??? d. a
every day / each
day 每天
one day 有一天 ； some
day 某一天 ； a 作為計量單位的一部分
8? Frank is the ___a___ of a business company.
a. director??? ?b.headmaster c. superior d. leader
leader???? n.起帶頭作用的人headmaster??? n.校長director? n.管理公司或單位整個事務(wù)的人superiorn.? 監(jiān)理
12? He was still smiling when the door opened andhis wife ___c___.
a. went in? ?? b.entered in? c. entered d. entered into
into 后面一定要加地點enter既是及物動詞, 也是不及物動詞enter＝go in/come in? go in與 come in 都可以用enter代替,但go in(離說話人越來越遠(yuǎn)) 與 come in(離說話人越來越近) 方向不一樣,文中強(qiáng)調(diào)的是 “進(jìn)去” 而非 “進(jìn)來”
?
Lesson 32?? Shopping made easy
【New words and expressions】(6)
★once???? adj.曾經(jīng), 以前
①once = long longago??? 很久以前
②once? 一次I③once??? 連接從句，表示“一旦”
★temptation n 誘惑
temptation to dosth.???? ……的誘惑
resist thetemptation to do sth.?? 抵抗不了……的誘惑? (resist??? vt.抵抗, 反抗, 抗, 忍得住)
★article??? ① n. 文章This is agood article.
② n. 物品, 東西(強(qiáng)調(diào)的是商店里的一個一個的東西, 是可數(shù)名詞, 單獨的東西, 獨立的個體)
thing??? n.指任何的東西(和article不可相互取代)cargo?? n.船貨, (車、船、飛機(jī)等運輸?shù)?貨物
goods???? n.貨物, 商店里的貨物的總稱
★wrap???? v.包裹
wrap sth. up???? 把……打包
pack??? v.打包(指為了攜帶, 運輸?shù)姆奖愣虬?
I will
take/get/have it. Please wrap them for me. /★simply???? adv.僅僅simply = only = just
★arrest? ① vt. 逮捕，扣留
(criminal n. 罪犯, 犯罪者；adj. 犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪惡的)② n. 逮捕，扣留sb. be under arrest?? 某人被逮捕control/undercontrol???? 控制/被控制
③ vt. 吸引(注意等)arrest one's attention? 吸引某人的注意
【課文講解】
1\People are not sohonest as they once were.
as…as…?和……一樣(as+ adj./adv.
+as +比較對象)
as…as…的否定形式是notso…as…/not as…as…
I am taller thanyou/you are not as tall as I.
less +原級 +than＝not as…as…=not so…as…?? 不如……那樣……(比較狀語從句)
once表示“以前，曾經(jīng)”時只能與動詞的過去式連用：
2、Thetemptation to steal is greater than ever before--especially in large shops.
? The temptation to smoke is strong forhim.?? 要表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在與過去的比較, 有兩種方式:
① they are 與 they were 或 it is /it was等在用不同時態(tài)比
they are 與 they were 在用不同時態(tài)比
You are morebeautiful than you were.?? You lookbetter than you were.??? (省略句: Youlook better.)
You wereworse.??? (表示You are better.你過去更差勁, 表示現(xiàn)在比以前更好了)
I think????? 我想……I thought???? 我原以為……
②用短語than everbefore
People are not sohonest as before. = People are not so honest as they once were.
3、A detectiverecently watched a well-dressed woman who always went into a large store on Mondaymornings.
watch? v.觀察, 監(jiān)視; 當(dāng)心(口語中)watch the enemy. watch sth.? 當(dāng)心? Watch your head!? (威脅)
“well+動詞的過去分詞”組成復(fù)合形容詞，做定語
well-designed? 設(shè)計得不錯well-educated 有教養(yǎng)的
4、One Monday,there were fewer people in the shop than usual when the woman came in, so itwas easier for the detective to watch her.
as usual???? 象平常 ；than usual??? 比平常
It be動詞+形容詞+for sb. to do sth.? 對某人來說做什么事……out of politeness 出于禮貌 (politeness n. 有禮, 優(yōu)雅)
5、After alittle time, she chose one of the most expensive dresses in the shop and handedit to an assistant who wrapped it up for her as quickly as possible.
after a littletime? ??過了一會兒
hand…to…???? 遞給(比較有權(quán)威的人)
?(前一個以 “o” 結(jié)尾, 后一個以 “元音” 開頭的, 讀時需再在它們之間加一個[?]音, 又如：my heart goon. [???????])
pass sth. tosb.?? 一個一個的傳遞(更常用)
hand in? 上交wrap sth. up for sb.??? 為某人打包……as … aspossible????? 盡可能……
6、When she wasarrested, the detective found out that the shop assistant was her daughter.
find out?? 發(fā)現(xiàn)……(后跟的賓語一般是抽象的)
find out the truth 發(fā)現(xiàn)真相
find sth. 找到……(sth. 是看得見, 模得著的, 具體的)
7、The girl'gave' her mother a free dress once a week !
free??? adj.免費的
?fee???adj.交費fee parking???? 收費的停車場
“once a +表示時間的名詞”可以表示頻率：
【Key structures】
比較狀語從句
比較狀語從句含有或暗含有“與……相比”的意思。除了than…或more…than…這種結(jié)構(gòu)外，它還包括as+形容詞/副詞+as…，not so/as…as…，less…than…等結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)句子里兩動詞相同、時態(tài)也一樣時，則第二個動詞可省略，比較從句就成了含蓄的從句。如果對比的東西很明顯，那么為了避免重復(fù)，從句中有些成分、甚至整個從句都省略，因此這類句子往往不完整People aren’t so kind as they used to be.
?little和few的用法
little和a little與不可數(shù)名詞一起使用。little表示否定，有“幾乎一點兒也沒有”的含義，在口語中常用not much；a
little表示肯定，具有some的含義。
few和a few與復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞連用。few表示否定，與little相似，在口語中多用not many；a few表示肯定，有some的含義。little的比較級為less，few的比較級為fewer。
【Special Difficulties】
A and One
不定冠詞a通常用于表示不確定的人或事物以及第一次提到的人或事物，a強(qiáng)調(diào)的是后面的名詞； one強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“一個” 的意思.不表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時，a和one有時可以互換：敘述故事時常將one+表示時間的名詞用于句首，而不用a：
?【Multiple choice
questions】
9? The womanfirst bought a few small articles. She bought some small ___a___.
a. things? b. pieces????? c.bits??? ?d. parts
10? The assistant wrapped it. She ___d___ it.
a. papered b.turned?? ?c. enveloped d. made a parcel of made a parcelof????制作一個包裹
12? The dress was free. It ___c___.
a. waspriceless?? b. was worthless? ?? c.cost nothing d. was grateful
priceless??? adj.無價的, 極貴重的
worthless?? adj.不值錢的(Something cost money.)
free???? adj.免費的(I pay nothing.)
grateful??? adj.感激的, 感謝的
?
Lesson 33?? Out ofthe darkness
【New words and expressions】(12)
★darkness???? n.黑暗
in thedarkness??? 在黑暗中(在沒有光線的情況下)
★explain?? v.解釋, 敘述explanation???? n.解釋
Could you give mean explanation????
interpret????? v.解釋, (強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯)語言之間的解釋
interpreter? n.解釋程序，解釋者，口譯人員，翻譯員，講解員interpretation?? n.解釋, 闡明, 口譯, 通譯interpretress????? n.女翻譯員
★coast???? n.海岸(地理意義上的海岸, 海岸線等, 感覺旁邊是巖石, 很陡峭
seashore??? n.海岸(跟游玩有關(guān)系, 為了游玩的)
seaside? n.海邊 seashore/ seaside 給人的感覺是旁邊是沙灘, 可以進(jìn)行日光浴的感覺
bank????? n.河岸，壩，堤(兩邊比水面高)
★storm????? n.暴風(fēng)雨 (只解釋為“風(fēng)暴”)
Snowstorm n. 暴風(fēng)雪thunderstorm??? n. [氣]雷暴，雷雨rain heavily??? 表示雨下得很大
pour?? v.灌注, 傾瀉, 涌入, 流, 傾盆大雨
The rain ispouring.?? ????傾盆大雨
It's raining catsand dogs.? 滂沱大雨
★towards?????? prep.向, 朝, 接近
towards 強(qiáng)調(diào)nearer and
nearer(強(qiáng)調(diào)越來越近)
★rock???? n.巖石, 礁石
rock 表示hugestone??
★ahead???? adv.在前面
a開頭的詞(asleep，awake，alive，ahead，alight…)往往是表語形容詞。不管是作表語形容詞，還是副詞，都放在名詞的后面，一般形容詞放在名詞前面
ahead 的用法：
①放在被修飾詞的后面作定語,定語后置
light ahead??? 前方的燈光
②ahead of…?? 在……前面
He went ahead of
me.他走在我前面
③ go ahead?? 朝前走；請隨便(回答請求時用)
--Would you mind myusing your telephone? / Can I use your telephone?--Ok, go ahead.
★hospital??? v.醫(yī)院
hospital前面是否加the，和它的功能有關(guān)系，一旦+the, 只表示地點go to hospital?? 看病? ；go to thehospital?? 去醫(yī)院(看望病人)
in hospital??? 住院 ；in the hospital??? 在醫(yī)院
【課文講解】
1、Nearly aweek passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her.
nearly??? adv.將近
?“一段時間以后”句型：
sometime later…
Three days later,
my mother returned. (強(qiáng)調(diào)某人做某事，簡單句)Three days passed and then my mother returned.并列句, 既強(qiáng)調(diào)某人做某事, 又強(qiáng)調(diào)時間(有多久)…passed before…
Three days passedbefore my mother returned.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時間(這么久的時間, 時間狀語從句, 后面是從句)be
able to強(qiáng)調(diào)有能力, 且能夠成功(還強(qiáng)調(diào)成功)；can 只表示能力
2、Oneafternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm.
set out = set off =begin a journey? 出發(fā)
set out from…????? 從……出發(fā)
be caught in+災(zāi)難???? (突然)遇到/上(風(fēng)暴等)
He was caught in arain when he left.? 遇上人用meet, 遇上災(zāi)難用be caught in…
3、Towardsevening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. towardsevening?? 天越來越晚
strike強(qiáng)調(diào)的往往是猛烈的撞擊
4、Then she swamto the shore after spending the whole night in the water.
“to”強(qiáng)調(diào)朝那個方向去, 但沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)越來越近；“towards”朝那個方向去，強(qiáng)調(diào)距離越來越近
5、During thattime she covered a distance of eight miles.
cover可籠統(tǒng)地表示“行過(一段路程)”，根據(jù)上下文可具體譯為“走過、飛過、游過”等。
? The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
a distance of+具體長度??? 多長的距離，表示具體的距離thered army covered a distance of 25000…??
6、Early nextmorning, she saw a light ahead.
a light ahead?? 前方的一盞燈(ahead 放在被修飾詞的后面)
7、On arrivingat the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen.
“on +動名詞”相當(dāng)于一個由as soon as＝the moment或when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，as soon as＝the moment后面要加句子，on 后面一定要加動詞ing, 承認(rèn)動詞是由主句主語做的
? “…up the cliff towards the…”用兩個介詞起到動詞的作用，up在此處為介詞，表示“沿著……往上”
8、That was allshe remembered.?
all作表語，是先行詞, she
remember 修飾 all 作定語從句, 省略that
9、When shewoke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
find +賓語+賓補(bǔ)?發(fā)現(xiàn)……(賓補(bǔ)可以由形容詞或介詞短語充當(dāng))
【Key structures】
表示方向和目的地的介詞和副詞
①表示“上、下”的兩對小品詞是on和off，up和down
Jim’s standing onthe roof. I hope he won’t fall off.
Tom’s climbing upthe tree. I hope he won’t fall down.
②表示“來、去”的一對小品詞是from和to；towards(強(qiáng)調(diào)越來越近)的意義和to(強(qiáng)調(diào)目標(biāo))相近，表示“朝，向，接近”等；for在有些動詞后面也表示“往，向”的意思
He went for home.
leave for…??? 動身到某地(強(qiáng)調(diào)離開，出發(fā))
set out for…???? 動身到某地
head for/to???? 前往 (強(qiáng)調(diào)“去”)
③表示“進(jìn)去，出來”這兩種方向的介詞為into(進(jìn)、入)和out of(從...出來)；表示“在某個地方”或“在……里面/外面”可用at(含有一種瞄準(zhǔn)的概念，方向性)，in，out of等；表目的地或位置往往用at
aim at，fire at(瞄準(zhǔn)開火)，throw at，threw tothe bank
④表示“穿過，越過，繞過”等動詞時，往往用through，across，under，over，round等介詞
How did you getover the wall?
【Special difficulties】
Pass and Past
pass和past的區(qū)別主要是詞義上的區(qū)別，pass是動詞，其過去式為passed，過去分詞是passed或past。當(dāng)作及物動詞用時，可表示“經(jīng)過，通過(考試)，超過”等，作不及物動詞用時可表示“(時間等)消逝”。I’ve passed/past my French test.
? A month has passed/past since I left home.
past可以作形容詞、介詞、名詞等，作形容詞時表示“以前的，過去的”等；作介詞時表示“經(jīng)過，超出范圍等)”；作名詞時表示“過去，昔時，往事”等。Frank is proud of his past experience.
I go past thegarden.
Can you tell mesomething about your past?
Next and? Other
next表示時間順序上“緊接的，下一個”，如果以現(xiàn)在為基準(zhǔn)，則next前一般不加the；如果以過去或?qū)淼哪骋粫r間為基準(zhǔn)，則next前面要加the或其他修飾詞。
? next day第二天
? the other day =a few days ago (幾天前)，
? the other day出現(xiàn)一定是過去時；next day有可能是過去式, 有可能是將來式
【Multiple choice questions】
4 She swam to theshore ___a___ the night in the water.
a. having spent??? ?b. havingspending????
c. when spending?? ?d. hadspent
只有謂語動詞才有時態(tài)，句子中如果沒有連詞, 但有兩個動詞, 要把其中一個動詞變成非謂語動詞
從語法上講 a, c 都對.用“when +doing”句型(when是連詞的標(biāo)志)時主語要跟主句的相同，謂語動詞含有be
doing 結(jié)構(gòu) (兩個條件必須滿足)
5 How ___c___ wasthe shore? Eight miles.
a. away far b. far from??? c.far away??? ?d. long
far from +地點(必須加)
對距離提問：How faraway…???? (away可省略)
What's thedistance…?
?
Lesson 34?Quick work??
【New words and expressions】(2)
★station????? n. (警察)局 (一定是與軍方, 警方有關(guān)系的)post office???? 郵局? police office???? 警局I went to thepolice.???? 我去警察局
communicationbureau?? 交通局(bureau?? n.局)
★most?? adv.相當(dāng), 非常
① adj. 用于最高級，表示“最……”
This is the mostbeautiful car I’ve even seen.
② adj. 大多數(shù)的大部分的Most
doctors don’t smoke.③ adv. 非常，很(相當(dāng)于very，但通常用于表達(dá)主觀感情、見解等)
只有加“the”時為“最”加“a”或什么也不加時譯為“非常，相當(dāng)”(“very” 的概念)，常與形容詞作用的過去分詞連用。a most interesting book 非常有趣的書
【課文講解】
1、Quick work
quick? adj.動作的快；fast? adv.速度的快；soon?? adv.時間快have a quickmeal quick freeze??? 速凍
2、Last Tuesdayhe received a letter from the local police.?the local police?? 當(dāng)?shù)鼐炀?/p>
local?? adj.地方性的，當(dāng)?shù)氐?，本地?/p>
local color?? 當(dāng)?shù)厣? 地方色彩?
local people?? 當(dāng)?shù)厝?? ；local call???? 市話
native??? n.土著人；adj. 土生土長的
3、In theletter he was asked to call at the station.
call at (someplace)? 拜訪某地call on sb. 拜訪某人
ask/tell/expect/want/allow/request/ordersb. to do sth.?????
sb. was told???? 某人被告知；有人告訴某人
4、Ted wonderedwhy he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and nowhe is not worried any more.
want用于被動語態(tài)時可以表示“想與(某人見面、談話等)”或“緝拿，追捕”
? Please wait a minute. I’m wanted on thephone.?? 請等一下，有我的電話。
? This is the man (who is) wanted by thepolice.
not......any more =no more???? 不再, 再也不
5、Five daysago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village fourhundred miles away.
pick up??? (偶然地、意外地)找到、獲得、學(xué)會
?five miles away這一類結(jié)構(gòu)可以直接做定語, 放在被修飾詞后面The school is five miles away.?學(xué)校在五里外 the school five miles away 五里外的學(xué)校
6、It is nowbeing sent to his home by train.
這句語是被動語態(tài)用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“am/is/are +being +過去分詞”
?【letter
writting】
在地址中我們通常使用縮略形式, 如 : “St.” (Street); “Rd.” (Road); “Sq.” (Square);
“Ave.” (Avenue); “Pl.” (Place),而有些詞則不用縮略形式, 如 “Lane” 和“Drive”(行車道)
pics.[ pictures；secs.? seconds
【Special difficulties】
與call有關(guān)的短語動詞
①call on sb.?????? 拜訪，探望
②call (sb.) up???? 給某人打電話(美語)
③ call at +地點 對(某人家或地方)進(jìn)行短暫訪問
④call out????? 大聲叫喊
⑤call off????? 取消(某項活動)
⑥call in????? 召集
Exercise 練習(xí)?
2? It's toolate to go to the pictures. Why don't we call the whole thing ______?go to thepictures???? 去看電影? call the whole thing off???? 取消
【Multiple choice questions】
8 All the police atthe station are ___b___ men.
a. topical? ??? b.local? ? c.native?? d.neighbourly
local?? adj.當(dāng)?shù)氐模???native??? adj.自己在這里(祖祖輩輩都在這里)topical??? adj.時事問題的，熱門話題的，題目的neighbourly??? adj.鄰居的
?
Lesson 35?Stop thief!
【New words and expressions】
★while??? n.一段時間= some time?? 一小會兒
wait for awhile?? 等一會兒after a while 隔了一會
★regret???? v.后悔
①regret sth.???? 后悔……
②regret to dosth.???? 很遺憾要去做……
③regret doingsth.???? 很遺憾已經(jīng)做了……
④ regret that +從句???? 遺憾……
遺憾：pity<n.>、sorry<adj.>、regret
It's a pity? I am sorry to…
★far????? adv.非常
far＝much, 修飾形容詞或副詞比較級, 注意most 是修飾形容詞或副詞的,而不是比較級.比較級前可以加修飾詞，表示程度，多一點點用a
little，多很多用much
★rush? ① vi. 沖，奔vi. (用腿)沖
? run?????v.跑(速度很快)
② vt.&vi. 倉促行事，倉促完成；趕緊做
Roy rushed(through) his lunch and left for the staion.
③ n. 猛沖，奔Roy madea rush at the thieves.
★act???? v.行動
Act!?? (口語) 行動!take
action to do sth. 采取行動
★straight??? ① adj. 直的，筆直的
He drew a straightline on the paper.
② adv. 筆直地gostraight on???? 徑直往前走
You’ll see a towerstraight ahead.? 你會看到正前方有個塔。③ adv. 徑直地，直接地
John always goes straighthome after work.
★fright??? n.害怕
get a fright??? 得到驚嚇的感覺(類似get asurprise)
You give me afright.??? 你嚇了我一跳
give sb. sth.??? 給人帶來感覺
give me apleasure/an excitement/a fright
frighten? vt.使驚嚇；vi. 驚恐Youfrighten me.?
frightening?? adj.令人感到可怕的；frightened???? adj.自己感到可怕的
一個動詞能夠加ing/ed,證明這個動詞跟人的情感有關(guān), 他的賓語就會是人
frightful＝terrible? adj.可怕
Your handwriting isfrightful.???? 你的字真糟糕?
Cold isfrightful.???? 寒冷是可怕的
★battered????? adj.撞壞的
battered (loseone's shape)???? 被撞變形的
battered bag??? 破舊不堪的包(battered與軟的東西連用時，表示用舊了，破舊不堪的)
batter [n. 擊球手；v. 打壞, 猛擊
damaged???? adj.被刮壞的
destroyed car車子被損害不能修 ；damaged car 車子壞了，但能修 ；battered car 車變形
★afterwards????? adv.以后
shortly afterwards ＝soon????? 不久以后
shortly＝soon； afterwards＝later??? 后來, 以后
【課文講解】
1、A short whileago, however, he became a bus driver and he was not regretted it.
a short while ago＝a short timeago???? 不久以前
while作名詞表示“一會兒，(一段)時間”時常與a連用，有時也與the，this等連用：
? however可以放句首, 可以放句中；如果一個詞兩邊有逗號，證明這個詞是插入語
2、He isfinding his new work far more exciting.
find 可以用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài), 可以用進(jìn)行時態(tài)
He is finding histrip very exciting.
far moreexciting? 更有趣(在形容詞和副詞的比較級與最高級前面，可以用far(相當(dāng)much)來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，譯為“很，大大的”)
? It’s far/much colder today than it wasyesterday.
? 3、When he was driving along Catford Streetrecently, he saw two thieves rush out of a shop and run towards a waiting car.
see和一些感知動詞(如smell, feel, hear, watch, notice等)可以用在動詞+名詞/代詞賓語+不帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)(省略to)中，如果全過程用do，過程中的一瞬間用doing：
see sb. dosth.? 看見某人做某事(強(qiáng)調(diào)全過程)?
see sb. doingsth.?? 看見某人正在做某事
4、The one withthe money got such a fright that he dropped the bag.
with 一旦出現(xiàn)在名詞或代詞后就做定語, 出現(xiàn)在動詞之后做狀語
He came in with abook.??? (作狀語)?
The boy with a bookcame in.??? (作定語)
get a fright???? 嚇了一跳
so+形容詞(副詞)+that…/such+(修飾詞或形容詞)+名詞+that…???? 如此……以致……
一旦有名詞, 就認(rèn)為形容詞修飾的是名詞, 前面的詞也修飾的是名詞
drop? vt.由于抓什么沒抓住不小心掉下drop sth.)
fall??? vi.從上往下落?(sth. fall)
drop the money /the money fall
5、As thethieves were trying to get away in their car, Roy drove his bus into the backof it.
as = when 當(dāng)..時候get away ＝run away??? 逃跑
?by car /in the car????? 開車
drive into…???? 撞上……
6、While thebattered car was moving away, Roy stopped his bus and telephoned the police.
stopped his car，the car
stopped(與當(dāng)時說話時的視覺概念有關(guān)，一個是人為停，一個是自己停下來)
7、The thieves'
car was badly damaged and easy to recognize.…and easy to recognize = and the
car was easy to recognize (用主動表被動含義)
如果一個不定式的前面是一個形容詞, 如果主句的結(jié)局是“系表結(jié)構(gòu)+to”，不定式當(dāng)中常用主動表被動, 在不定式的表達(dá)方式當(dāng)中, 動詞的賓語如果剛好是這句話的主語, 這個賓語一定不能出現(xiàn)
The apple is sweetenough to eat.
The apple is toosour to eat.?
The boy is enoughclever to answer the question.?
這個小孩足夠聰明以至于能回答這個問題。? (the question不是主語故一定要出現(xiàn))
文中 “…easy to
recognize(car)” 因car是主語, 所以不能出現(xiàn).在不定式當(dāng)中, 也許有可能用主動表達(dá)被動含義, 及物動詞后面一般加賓語(這個賓語就是這句話的主語就不加), 又如：The clothes are too comfortable toware.
【Special difficulties】
So and Such
such和so都可以用于表示程度，但so只能作副詞和連詞，such則是形容詞，因此so通常位于形容詞、副詞之前，而such只能位于名詞之前：
引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時，它們的結(jié)構(gòu)分別是：
so +形容詞(副詞) +that…/ such +(a, an修飾詞或形容詞)+名詞+that…??? 如此……以至于……
一旦有名詞, 就認(rèn)為形容詞修飾的是名詞, 前面的詞也修飾的是名詞，如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)才要加a和an, 反過來如果是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù), 前面一定要加a或an.such除了表示“這樣的，如此的”等意思外，還可以表示“像這一類的”，so不能表示這種意思。He often talks about such things.
? 如果形容詞是表示數(shù)量的(many, much, little, few), 一律用soThere is so little time left that we must hurry.There is such a
little(小) bird that I can't see it.
(little不會和可數(shù)名詞連用，如連用不會譯成“數(shù)量少”，而應(yīng)譯為“小”)如果有幾個以上的形容詞共同修飾一個名詞的時候, 冠詞放在第一位, 這句話中冠詞不放在第一位, 說明“a” 與 “boy” 有關(guān)系, “l(fā)azy” 從意思上與 “boy” 有關(guān)系, 但從強(qiáng)調(diào)點上與“boy” 沒關(guān)系, 它的強(qiáng)調(diào)點在 “l(fā)azy” 上
【Multiple choice questions】
1? Roy Trenton___a___.
a. prefers drivinga bus to driving a taxi??
prefer…to…? 更喜歡這個東西(和后面的東西比), 寧可也不
prefer+名詞+to<prep.>+名詞(如為動詞則+ing)
prefer to(不定式的標(biāo)志)+動詞原形…rather than…?? 比起……更喜歡……
He prefers to drivebus rather than drive a taxi.
?
Lesson 36?? Across the Channel
【New words and expressions】(8)
★record?? n.記錄；?vt.記錄
break therecord???? 破記錄
set up a record =make a record???? 創(chuàng)記錄
hold the record =keep the record??? 保持記錄
equalize therecorder??? 平記錄? (equalize?vt.使相等, 補(bǔ)償)recorder?? n.錄音機(jī)
如果同一詞音節(jié)落在第一個音節(jié)的重音, 肯定是名詞, 重音落在第二個音節(jié)肯定是動詞
record? present n.禮物；adj. 現(xiàn)在的； v.贈送
desert? n.沙漠；?v.廢棄
★strong??? adj.強(qiáng)壯的
as strong ashorse?? 象牛一樣壯(馬)
strong wind 大風(fēng)； heavy
rain 大雨
strong girl?? (隱示不是很瘦, 結(jié)實)
strong mind? 意志堅強(qiáng)
Out of sight,out ofmind.? 眼不見, 心不煩
Sturdy adj. 結(jié)實的, 強(qiáng)健的
robust?? adj.身體結(jié)實?(“樂百事” 英文名)
strong +運動員? 獲勝把握比較大，強(qiáng)有力的(“強(qiáng)有力的對手”中的“強(qiáng)有力”就用strong表達(dá))
★swimmer???? n.游泳的人, 游泳者
swimmer? 確切的意思是游泳者, 游泳的人
strong swimmer?? 游泳能手
athlete?? n.運動員(運動會上常說的運動員)
swimmingathlete?? 游泳運動員 (這里的“-ing”意為 “用來” )
★succeed??? v.成功
succeed in doingsth.??? 做……成功
success n. 成功, 成功的人successful? adj.成功的
be successful indoing sth
fail?? v.失敗??fail to do sth.???? 做……失敗
failure?? n.失敗, 失敗者, 缺乏, 失靈, 故障, 破產(chǎn), 疏忽, <美>不及格
★train???? v.訓(xùn)練
train sb. to do
sth. 訓(xùn)練某人做……(教, 而且有讓人形成某種技能)
teach sb. to dosth.?? 教某人做……(只是教, 會不會不管)trainer?? n.教練；? trainee?? n.受訓(xùn)的人
trainingcenter?? 訓(xùn)練中心
★anxiously??? adv.焦急anxious?? adj.焦急的
★intend??? v.打算
intend to do sth.＝be going todo sth.? 打算做某事
★solid?? ① adj. 固體的
② adj. 硬的，結(jié)實的，堅固的(指家具、建筑物等)
③ n. 固體
【課文講解】
1、Across theChannel
across 橫渡
the Channel＝the English
Channel 英吉利海峽(當(dāng)“C”大寫時, 一定是指the English Channel)
2、She is goingto set out from the French coast at five o'clock in the morning.
set out??? 出發(fā)；set out from…???? 從某地出發(fā)
3、She is astrong swimmer and many people feel that she is sure to succeed.
feel (that) +從句 認(rèn)為……，相信……(賓語從句中的that 可以省略)
be sure to do sth. 一定能夠, 必定會(肯定語氣比“must”(must + 動詞原形，表示一定, 一種推測)強(qiáng)，對某件事情動詞有把握)
be sure of…? (對某件事情, 名詞做賓語)
be sure that…? (對某件事情, 某人做某事有把握)
4、Debbie'sfather will set out with her in a small boat.
...with her 同她一道by boat ， in a boat乘船
5、Tomorrow hewill be watching her anxiously as she swims the long distance to England.
will be doing?? 將來進(jìn)行時表達(dá)將來
as＝when swim + 距離???? 游過多長距離
6、Debbieintends to take short rests every two hours.
rest作“休息”講時，可以是可數(shù)名詞，也可以是不可數(shù)名詞：
? Today is my day of rest.???? 今天是我的休息日。
? After a long rest, he went on with his work.
have(take) a break(rest)??? 休息
take shortrests??? 休息短時間
every用在表示時間的名詞之前時可譯為“每”，every twohours? 每兩個小時
7、Most ofDebbie's school friends will be waiting for her on the English coast.
most +n. = most ofthe +n.??? 大多數(shù)的……
will bewaiting??? 將來進(jìn)行時
on the coast??? 在海邊
8、Among themwill be Debbie's mother, who swam the Channel herself when she was a girl.
among?? prep.在……之中, ……之一(三者或三者以上) between them???? 左右各一個人
限定性定語從句/非限定性定語從句
如果是有逗號的是非限定性定語從句, 沒有逗號的是限定性定語從句， 非限定性定語從句不可以用that，限定性定語從句少了后面的句子, 這句話意思不完整,非限定性定語從句前面的句子完整, 后面的句子起著補(bǔ)充說明的作用，非限定性定語從句一旦有逗號隔開, 后面的句子和前面的句子關(guān)系不緊密, 起補(bǔ)充作用。
Among them will be
Debbie's mother. 這句是一個倒裝句，正常的語序應(yīng)為Debbie’s mother will be among them.
倒裝句：地點+will+名詞
常見的倒裝句：Hereyou are. / Here is my ticket.
全部倒裝：地點(介詞短語或副詞)+動詞+名詞
倒裝句型中如果主語是名詞,放在動詞后面, 如果是代詞, 放在動詞前面, 如Here you are.
在運動場上常用的口語：
Well to go. / Welldone. / Yea! / Yeah!
bingo int.(因出乎意料的成功而表示興奮的叫聲)瞧!
Go！? 加油
【Letter Writing】
當(dāng)書寫地址時，常常不寫地區(qū)或郵區(qū)的全稱。有時只寫名稱的一部分或只用大寫字母。如：Berkshire寫成Berks.，California寫成Calif.，North West 3縮寫成N.W.3，New York縮寫成N.Y.。
【Key structure】
將來時
表示將來的結(jié)構(gòu)：
① be to ② be about to ③be going to? 表將來
④ intend to do sth.＝be going todo sth.? 打算做某事⑤plan to dosth.?? 計劃做某事
⑥mean to dosth.?? 打算做某事:
⑦aim to dosth.??? 打算做某事
⑧ I will do sth.＝I intend todo sth.
plan to do / mean
to do / aim to do / hope to do / want to do 這類詞本身沒有將來時態(tài), 本身就表示將來, 用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時
be going to常用于口語中，在正式的書面語中通常用will而不用be going to。在陳述句和疑問句中, 常?？捎胋e going to來替代shall或will。但有時不能用be going to代替shall或will：
在非正式語體下，要表示意圖、打算，強(qiáng)調(diào)計劃和安排，表示說話人也許對即將發(fā)生的事預(yù)先有所了解時，一般用be going to 而不用will：
?如果表示說話時決定去做某事，或者表示建議、請求、肯定或不肯定等含義時，要用will而不用 be going to：You won’t forget to bringsomething to sleep in, will you?? (表示建議)Don’t worry! I’ll bring a sleeping bag.? (表示決定)I shan’t beable to look after the baby and cook lunch.?(表示肯定)
I’ll look after thebaby while you cook lunch.? (表示決定)Tomorrowwill be Tuesday.
【Special Difficulties】
Watch, Look at,Follow
Watch (somethinghappening)? 觀看 (正在發(fā)生的事情)，注視，注意看
?How long have you been watching the race?
Look at?? 仔細(xì)看，(留意)看
Follow (goafter)????? 跟隨 (走在后面)
在特定的時候，follow也可表注視，即用目光“跟隨” Have you ever seen a cat follow/watch a
bird’s every movement?你有沒有見過貓注視鳥的一舉一動？
Solid, Firm, Stable
Solid (notliquid)?? 固體的 (非流體的)，硬的(固體)；結(jié)實的，堅固的(指家具、建筑物等)
This is a solidtable.?? 這張桌子很結(jié)實。
Firm ① (not loose) 穩(wěn)固的 (不松動)，不會更改的，牢固的?I've fixed that hook. It is firm now.
② (not doubtful) (無疑) 表示態(tài)度、信念等堅定的、堅決的
He gave me a firmrefusal.?? 他斷然拒絕.
He is firm aboutgoing abroad.?? 在出國這件事上他態(tài)度很堅決。
③ (not lenient) 嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)厲的
You must be veryfirm with that child.?? 對那個孩子你一定要非常嚴(yán)格.
Stable (often describingcharacter)?? 堅定的，穩(wěn)重的, 可靠的，可信賴的(指人的性格)；穩(wěn)定的，穩(wěn)固的(指工作、機(jī)構(gòu)、環(huán)境等)
He is a very stableperson.? 他是一個性格堅定的人.
Exercise 練習(xí) 用上面的詞填空:
1? I came to a______ decision and I will not change my mind.2? I stood on the bridge and______ the boats passing by.3? May I ______ your photograph album?4?The ice in the pond is so ______ that you can walk to it.5? I tried topersuade him but he remained ______.
1. firm come to adecision/make a decision?? 下定決心
come to aconclusion?? 得出結(jié)論? (conclusion n.結(jié)束, 締結(jié), 結(jié)論)2.watchedwatch sb. doing sth.(句型結(jié)構(gòu))3.look at4.so solid如此的堅硬
5. firm. (不改變主意的用“firm” )
【Multiple choice questions】
9? She is sureto succeed. She's sure to be ___a___.
a. successful b.success? c. succession d. a succession
succession??? n.連續(xù), 繼承, 繼任者, 演替, [農(nóng)業(yè)] 輪栽, 連續(xù)性be +adj.??? 系表結(jié)構(gòu)
be+n.???? 前者＝后者 (前者和后者是等號關(guān)系)
?
【New words and expressions】(9)
★Olympic?? adj.奧林匹克的
the Olympicgames???? 奧林匹克運動會(簡稱the
Games，一般大型運動會用games)
★hold (held，held)? ① vt. 拿著，抓住，抱住
②容納，裝得下，包含
The stadium canhold 20,000 people.
③舉行，進(jìn)行(會議、會談等)；慶祝(節(jié)日)；紀(jì)念have a meeting = hold a meeting???召開會議
hold習(xí)慣用被動：
A festival is heldat Edinburgh every year.???
★immense adj. 極大的, 無邊的, 一望無際的
★fantastic? adj.巨大的
The universe isimmense./immense ocean
big? adj.(一般的)大的big man???? 大人物
large? adj.數(shù)量的大, 尺寸的大large man 大塊頭
great?? adj.偉大的, 重要的greatman???? 偉人
huge?? adj.(體積的)巨大的, 龐大，極大的, 無限的
fantastic 巨大的(建筑等，表驚嘆)，好極的, 宏偉的
★stadium???? n.露天體育場
playground? n.操場
sports field 運動場, 體育場(sports 各種各樣的運)gymnasium =gym n. 健身房，體育館；體育
籃球場? gym；足球場? stadium
★standard???? n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)high standard???? 高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Olympic-standard???? 奧林匹克標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(運動會中的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn))(復(fù)合形容詞：形容詞+名詞)
★capital?? n.首都
capital?? adj.大寫的, 重要的
capitalpunishment??? 極刑(punishment n.懲罰, 處罰, 懲處) hot seat 電椅(國外的極刑)
★design? ① vt. &vi. 設(shè)計圖樣
② vt. &vi. 打算(做……)，計劃
He designed toenter for the competition.
This book isdesigned for foreign tourist.
③ n. 圖樣，圖紙；設(shè)計
Susan has justdrawn a design for a new dress.
designer??? n.設(shè)計師well－designed? 設(shè)計不錯的(復(fù)合形容詞：副詞+過去分詞)
【課文講解】
1、The OlympicGames will be held in our country in four years' time.
in four years’time??? 四年之后(in常與將來時連用表示“……時間之后”)
2、As a greatmany people will be visiting the country, the government will be building newhotels, an immense stadium, and a new Olympic-standard swimming pool.
as/because原因，as是連詞，引出原因狀語從句，as用于表示原因時通常位于句首，它所表明的原因?qū)τ谥v話對象可能是已知的，因此沒必要再予以強(qiáng)調(diào)。because任何時候都可代替as，來說明一種或幾種原因，但as則不一定總能代替because。because一般跟在主句后面，強(qiáng)調(diào)講話的對象可能不知道的原因。As you can’t type the letter yourself, you’ll have to ask Susan todo it for you./Jim’s trying to save more money because he wants to buy a car.
a large number ofpeople = a great many people?? 大批的人
3、They willalso be building new roads and a special railway line.
be building 修建a specialrailway-line?? 專線鐵路
4、Workers willhave completed the new roads by the end of this year.
by是完成時的標(biāo)志, 表示“到……為止，在……之前，并不晚于某時的任何時間”，不能與表示一段時間的名詞名詞連用，只能與表示時間點的名詞或詞組連用，用于肯定句與用于否定句有一定區(qū)別。
? I’ll have left by Monday.? 到星期一我將已離開。(星期一之前的任何時間)
?I won’t have left by Monday.我星期一之前不會離開。 (星期一還在)
5、Everybodywill be watching anxiously as the new buildings go up.
as是連詞，相當(dāng)于while，當(dāng)“當(dāng)，正值”講，引出時間狀語從句，它引導(dǎo)的從句雖然表示將來的動作但要用一般現(xiàn)在時，不能用“…will go up”
be built強(qiáng)調(diào)建造；go up 建筑物)被興建起來，拔地而起Many new houses are going up inthis district.
【Letter Writing】
在信的地址下面必須寫上完整的日期。日期有兩種寫法，如：17th April, 19-；April 17th 19-，數(shù)字寫法如下：1st(1日)；2nd(2日)；3rd(3日)；4th(4日)等。
【Key structures】
一般將來完成時
一般將來時除了可以用來預(yù)言將來發(fā)生的事以外，還可以表示“意愿”，如允諾、建議、請求、提議等。
? The radio hasn’t been mended yet.? Never mind! I’ll mend it for you.? (允諾)
? Will you open the door for me please!? (請求)
? Shall we go for a swim tomorrow??? (建議)
將來進(jìn)行時除了表示最近或不久的將來正在進(jìn)行的動作外，還可以表示計劃或安排好的事：
? A great many people will be visiting thecountry.
將來完成時用于表示到將來某一時刻已經(jīng)完成的動作。將來完成時由will have+過去分詞構(gòu)成。它常與by和not…till/until+表示時間的名詞連用。
?I hope they’ll have finished it in time forthe journey.
I expect you willhave changed your mind by tomorrow./I will have finished it until/tilltomorrow.
現(xiàn)在完成式 : 到現(xiàn)在某一點時間為止
過去完成式 : 到過去某一點時間為止
將來完成式 : 到將來某一點時間為止, 某個動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生
【Special Difficulties】
Look的短語
Look forward to(expect with pleasure)? 盼望，期待著(to為介詞后面只能跟名詞、代詞和動名詞) Look out (be careful)???? 當(dāng)心 (注意)，留神
Look out of? 朝外看
Look up
①(get informationfrom a reference book)? 查閱 (從參考書中獲取資料)
②(visit)???? 拜訪，看望
Don't forget tolook me up when you return.???
Exercise 練習(xí)? 用hold或look的正確形式填空:
4? Thestudents' union ______ an interesting debate on capital punishment yesterday.
5? My friendIngrid lives in Stockholm. Why don't you ______ her______ when you're there?
6?Examinations will be ______ next week. I'm not ______ them.
4. held debate on…? 辯論…… (debate?? v.爭論, 辯論；n. 爭論, 辯論)union?? n.聯(lián)合，合并，結(jié)合，聯(lián)盟，協(xié)會
口語過程三步：dialogue(對話)；discussion(討論)；debate(爭論)
5. look (her) up look
(sb.) up : 拜訪, 看看, 在英文中并不一定是很正式的,只是去看看的意思
6. held；lookingforward to
hold an exam? 舉行考試?take the exam接受考試
?
Lesson38?? Everything except the weather
【New words and expressions】(6)
Mediterranean?? n. (the ~)地中海
Mediterranean?? n.地中海(=Mediterranean sea, 位于歐, 亞, 非三大洲之間)，地中海沿岸的居民；adj. 地中海的, 地中海民族的
★complain??? v.抱怨
complain to sb.向某人抱怨complain of/about sth.?? 抱怨某事
★continually? adv.連續(xù)地, 頻繁地(時斷時續(xù))
continuously adj. 連續(xù)不斷地continue v. 繼續(xù), 連續(xù), 延伸
★bitterly??? adv.刺骨地
bitterlydisappointed? 徹底的失望(disappoint? vt.使失望)bitterly cold 刺骨地寒冷(chilly adj. 寒冷★sunshine?? n.陽光也可直接用 “sun” 表示陽光
a drop ofsunshine?? 一縷陽光(a drop of?? 一縷)
【課文講解】
1、He had oftendreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the country.
dream of…???? 想, 夢見(夢想)，幻想，向往
?think of…?????想(思維的活動), 考慮
settle down????? 定居，安身，安頓
?2、He had no sooner returned than he bought ahouse and went to live there.
no sooner…than…?一……就……(關(guān)聯(lián)詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，主句里常用過去完成時，than后面的從句用一般過去時)，相同用法的還有as soon as，the moment，on doing
had no sooner
done…than +一般過去時, 固定用法 (時態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu) : 完成時態(tài)+ than + 一般過去時)
no sooner放在句首就要倒裝
3、Almostimmediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it wasstill summer, it rained continually and it was often bitterly cold.
almost immediately 幾乎馬上, 很快地 (時間上的快, 常用于寫作)for(連詞)表示因為(解釋說明, 附加的)＝because因為(一定要說的原因)，for與because不同，不能用于句首，并且在for后面必須重復(fù)主語：I don’t have a car, for I can’tafford it.
even though =evenif? 即使，雖然(讓步狀語從句)
4、After somany years of sunshine, Harrison got a shock.?so many years?? 這么多年
got a shock?? 嚇了一跳, 吃了一驚
5、He acted asif he had never lived in England before.
as if+句子? 似乎, 好像(引導(dǎo)表示方式的狀語從句，如果從句為過去完成時則是虛擬語氣，描述與事實相反, 后面的條件是假的)
He acted as if he
was poor. (as if 后是真是假, 應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文來看)連詞as if/though引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句，通常跟在描述行為舉止的動詞之后，如act，appear，feel，look，smell，sound等后面：
? She acted as if she were mad.? (虛擬語氣)
?6、In the end, it was more than he could bear.
more than在這里表示“超過……的范圍”
? It was more than I could understand.
I can't affard it. ＝It was morethan I can affard.
這種用法與它通常表示“比……更多”的用法稍有不同：Therewere more than ten people in the room.
7、He had hardlyhad time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.
hardly…when…???? 還沒來得及……就……，用法同no sooner…than. hardly had sb. done when…? (hardly在句首, 要倒裝)
He had hardly
opened his eyes when he was knocked out.(knock out : 打暈, 擊倒)
have time to do sth.???? 有時間做某事
【Composition】
1? He boughtan old car. It was in a very bad state.(but)
2? The enginewas worn out. The gearbox was full of sawdust. (The engine…not only…but…aswell)
3? He couldnot drive it. He could no sell it. He could not even give it away.(neither…nor…nor)
1. in a badstate???? 狀態(tài)不太好
though 雖然, even
though＝even if 即使，這些詞出現(xiàn)在兩句之間, 就不再加but，
2. The engine wasnot only worn out but the gearbox was full of sawdust.
worn out 破舊不堪的? engine??n.發(fā)動機(jī), 機(jī)車, 火車頭gearbox n. 變速箱 sawdust n. 鋸屑, 木頭屑子 (sawn. 鋸；v. 鋸)not only出現(xiàn)在句首要倒裝,一般不會放在句首
3. He could neither
drive it nor sell it nor even give it away. /He could neither drive it nor sell
it even nor give it away. (這樣寫更好)
neither do sth. nordo sth. nor do sth.?? 既不能也不能更不能
【Letter writing】
日期：每年下列月份寫出全稱：3月，4月，5月，6月和7月，剩余的月份寫成：Jan.
(1月)；Feb. (2月)；Aug. (8月)；Sept. (9月)；Oct. (10月)；Nov. (11月)和Dec. (12月)。
【Key structures】
過去完成時
過去完成時經(jīng)常與一般過去時連用，表示過去某個動作發(fā)生前完成的動作。與過去完成時連用的表示時間的詞或詞組有when，after，as soon
as，(not) until，by that time，(never) before，already，for，since，just，no sooner…than，hardly…when等。過去完成時不能與副詞ago連用(ago只與一般過去時連用)。
He hadn’t finished
it by yesterday evening. 到昨天晚上他還沒做完。
【Special Difficulties】
No sooner…than andHardly…when
no sooner…than (一……就……)；hardly…when (幾乎未來得及……就……)這兩組連詞意義都和as
soon as相近，但比as soon as正式。它們通常都與過去完成時連用。當(dāng)no sooner和hardly位于句首時，后面的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)都要顛倒順序，即句子變?yōu)閚o sooner/hardly +助動詞+主語 +動詞形式的語序。
?No sooner had he begun speaking than he wasinterrupted.???
Country andCountryside
country???? n.國家，祖國；鄉(xiāng)下(做“鄉(xiāng)下”講時常與the連用)Whichcountry do you come from?
He had planned tosettle down in the country.
countryside?? n.農(nóng)村地區(qū)(強(qiáng)調(diào)景色)，鄉(xiāng)下
I grew up in thecountryside.
Continuously andContinually
continuously??? adv.不斷地，連續(xù)地(指動作中間沒有間斷)continually??? adv.頻繁地，反復(fù)地(指動作中間有間斷但又持續(xù)很久)
It rainedcontinually.?? 天頻繁地下雨。
【Multiple choice questions】
11? He___d___as if he had never lived in England before.
a. made? b. did??? c. conducted?? d. behaved
do as I did 按我所做的做seem as
if 看起來象……act as if???行為象……一樣look as if?看起來象……一樣conduct＝behave可以做動詞，表示行為，但conduct為不及物動詞, 如果作及物動詞, 加oneself
He conductedhimself well.??? 他表現(xiàn)的很好
He behaved (as)well.
?
【New words and expressions】(10)
★following????? adj.下一個
the next day, thefollowing day?????? 第二天
★alone??? adj.獨自的 強(qiáng)調(diào)人孤單一個
Leave mealone.???? 我煩著呢, 別理我
★exchange???? n. (電話的)交換局
① vt. 換，更換，調(diào)換(指同類事物之間)
I want to exchangethe red skirt for a blue one.
② vt. 交換，互換
I met Frank at abus stop this afternoon and we exchanged a few words.
③ n. 電話交換臺
★inquire???? ① vt. &vi. 打聽，詢問
inquire sth. ofsb.?? 從某人那打聽
insquire aboutsth.? 打聽某事
② vi. 調(diào)查，查問Hedidn’t tell the truth when the police inquired into the accident.
③ vi. 求見(某人)，要找(某人)
She inquired for themanager.???? 她想見經(jīng)理。
★certain????? adj.某個
certain后面的名詞的數(shù)量由它前面的數(shù)詞來定
某一個a certain
+n.(單數(shù))
a certain patient =some patient?? 某個病人
某兩個two
certain + n.(復(fù)數(shù)) two certain patients
some+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時表示某個(某一個)
for somereason?? 由于某個理由
【課文講解】
1、Am I allright???
all right指人的健康狀況表示“安然無恙的，良好的”
? 2、While John Gilbert was in hospital, he askedhis doctor to tell him whether his operation had been successful, but thedoctor refused to do so.
So在這里是代詞，代替前面的動詞不定式(to tell him whether…)。它一般出現(xiàn)believe，do，expect，hope，say，tell，think，appear等之后：
?3、The following day, the patient asked for abedside telephone.
the following day =
the next day，這里following表示“緊接著的，其次的”。
ask for?? 請求，索要，要求(得到某個東西)
bedsidetelephone?? 床頭電話
4、When thedoctor answered the phone, Mr. Gilbert said he was inquiring about a certainpatient, a Mr. John Gilbert.
Certain在這里沒有“肯定的，確實的”等含義，而表示“某一，某位”，暗指說話者或說話對象可能對這人/這事不大清楚/熟悉，或所指的這個人身份不大清楚：a+人名前面, 表示某一個擁有這個特征的人或我不認(rèn)識的某某人，這種情況下a通常與表示“某一”的certain連用：
He is aLeifeng.? 表示具有雷鋒的特征
A certain Mrs. Hartis waiting to see you.??
5、He thenasked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home and the doctor told him thathe would have to stay in hosptial for another two weeks.
for another twoweeks???? 又兩個星期
another作為限定詞表示“另一個，再一個”的時候，通常與可數(shù)的單數(shù)名詞連用，不和復(fù)數(shù)形式連用；但是后面可以跟基數(shù)詞/few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(它們被當(dāng)成一個整體)：
【Key structures】
直接引語和間接引語
直接引語的疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語的疑問句時引號和問號不再使用，且直接疑問句中的倒裝語序在轉(zhuǎn)述疑問句里要還原為陳述句語序(主語+動詞)，有必要還要改變時態(tài)。轉(zhuǎn)述一般疑問句時必須使用if或whether，不可省略，助動詞do/does和did在轉(zhuǎn)述疑問句里消失了。ask，want
to know，wonder等后面的if和whether通常可以互換，但是whether表示的懷疑程度比if稍大。 I wonder if/whether he’s phoned the
doctor.在表示兩者挑一時更常用whether：Sheasked me whether I wanted tea or coffee.
轉(zhuǎn)述疑問句中帶有or
not時，通常用whether引導(dǎo)，不用if引導(dǎo)：在轉(zhuǎn)述特殊疑問句時，通常用原來的疑問詞。在針對主語提問的間接疑問句中，時態(tài)和情態(tài)助動詞照常有變化，但語序保持不變。
如果直接引語是問句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，主句不說He said，而用He asked；told可以后跟問句，還可以跟陳述句：直接引語是表示命令、請求、建議的祈使句通?？捎眠m當(dāng)?shù)膭釉~后跟不定式來轉(zhuǎn)述，常用的這類動詞有advise，ask，tell，order，command，warm，invite等，這些動詞后往往有間接賓語，在轉(zhuǎn)述這類祈使句的否定形式時，必須將not放在帶to的不定式之前：She reminded/told me to turn offall the lights.tell sb. to do sth./ask sb. to do sth.
動詞suggest和insist用于轉(zhuǎn)述建議、要求時，其結(jié)構(gòu)為suggest/insist +that從句(用should)：
?? He still insisted that we should help him.
【Multiple choice questions】
7? He willhave to stay in hospital. That's what he ___b___.
a. has done? b. must do?c. must be doing? d. must havedone
a、has done 已經(jīng)做的； b、must do必須做的 ；c、must be doing
must+ v.(原形)＝have to 不得不；很可能(對現(xiàn)在或者將來的推測)must +原形, +be doing, +have done屬于推測句型的三種結(jié)構(gòu)must be doing 對說話的當(dāng)時的正在進(jìn)行的行為的推測
must have beendoing??? 對過去的正在進(jìn)行的動作的推測He must have beensleeping.
