什么是被動(dòng)語態(tài)？
be + done (及物動(dòng)詞)+by（可省略）
栗子1：這貓多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間洗一次澡？
How often does the cat have a bath?（語法正確，但是不用）
How often is the cat bathed?
How often is the cat given a bath?
語態(tài)不僅是一種語言形式，更是一種思維方式。
漢語中的顯性被動(dòng)句一般帶有消極的含義，例如：被批評(píng)，被指控，被就業(yè)，被搶劫，被謀殺
漢語中的隱形被動(dòng)出現(xiàn)頻率更高，例如：養(yǎng)女 adopted daughter；養(yǎng)父母 adoptive parents
被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法（英語中主動(dòng)被動(dòng)用法達(dá)到1：1）
1. 不知道或不容易知道動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者
It is called a clavichord. （無人知道誰發(fā)出call這個(gè)動(dòng)作）
It was made in Germany in 1681 （不知道動(dòng)作發(fā)出者）
2. 動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者顯而易見
Our clavichord is kept in the living room. （顯而易見是we發(fā)出動(dòng)作）
My father was shocked.（ 發(fā)出者顯而易見by this）
3.動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不便顯露
... and two of the strings were broken. (動(dòng)作發(fā)出者說出來可能會(huì)尷尬，被動(dòng)更委婉)
4. 連續(xù)使用相同的主語（主語突出（英語）VS主題突出（漢語））
英語主語突出，同一個(gè)主語，避免重復(fù)，會(huì)換詞，但也突出了主語。
下圖右側(cè)改為主動(dòng)后，主語混亂。
5. “舊->新” 信息結(jié)構(gòu)（符合認(rèn)知規(guī)律）
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681. Our clavichord is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time.
The instrument was bought by my grandfather many years ago. Recently it was damaged by a visitor. She tried to play jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken.
6. 符合句尾重心原則（避免頭重腳輕）
I was annoyed by his wanting to tell me what i should do as a student.（尾重）
His wanting to tell me what i?should do as a student annoyed me.（頭重腳輕）
7. 語言內(nèi)在邏輯呼應(yīng)（避免垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯混亂）
At the age of 13, Brotherfive taught him translation. （前后主語不一致）
At the age of 13, he was taught translation by Brotherfive.（前后主語一致）
不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)
1. 不及物動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，例如：
appear, rise, die, happen, occur? ? ? ? ? ? lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等
2. 表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，英語中有些動(dòng)詞（短語動(dòng)詞）不是表示動(dòng)作，而是表示某種狀態(tài)或情況，有“擁有、容納、適合、缺少、明白”等意思，這類動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，常見的有：
lack, fit, mean, hold, resemble? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? have, cost, equal, contain, suit
comprise, become, last, possess, benefit? ? ? ? ? ? ?befall, fail, consist of, look like等
特殊：主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)含義
1. 某些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表被動(dòng)含義，常見的這類詞有：
bake, owe, brew, cook, print? ? ? ?bind, do等
The meat is cooking.
The cake are baking.
2. 某些感官動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義，如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等
The flower smell sweet.花聞起來很香
The dish tastes delicious.菜吃起來非?？煽?/p>
3. 某些及物動(dòng)詞后面加副詞（有些可不加副詞）也可表示被動(dòng)意義，如：
wash, write, sell, read, open? ? ? ? ?cut, lock, peel, pack, play
shut, spot, split, strike, record? ? ? ?act, clean, draw, iron, keep, photograph等
This type of recorder sells well. 這種型號(hào)的錄音機(jī)銷路很好。
That kind of shirt washes very well. 這種襯衫很耐洗
4. want, deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, won't bear, worth等詞的后面可以用動(dòng)名詞，主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)
The book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀
This point deserves mentioning. 這一點(diǎn)值得提到
The coat requires mending. 這衣服需要補(bǔ)了
內(nèi)容來源于大春老師網(wǎng)課
