在移動(dòng)應(yīng)用開(kāi)發(fā)中,本地存儲(chǔ)是一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵功能,用于保存用戶偏好設(shè)置、離線數(shù)據(jù)、登錄狀態(tài)等信息。Flutter 提供了多種本地存儲(chǔ)方案,適用于不同的場(chǎng)景需求。本節(jié)課將介紹 Flutter 中常用的本地存儲(chǔ)方式,包括輕量級(jí)的鍵值對(duì)存儲(chǔ)和更復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)存儲(chǔ),并通過(guò)實(shí)例展示其實(shí)際應(yīng)用。
一、本地存儲(chǔ)概述
本地存儲(chǔ)在移動(dòng)應(yīng)用中具有重要作用,主要應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景包括:
- 保存用戶登錄狀態(tài),避免重復(fù)登錄
- 存儲(chǔ)應(yīng)用配置和用戶偏好設(shè)置
- 緩存網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求數(shù)據(jù),實(shí)現(xiàn)離線功能
- 存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù),如聊天記錄、任務(wù)列表等
Flutter 中常用的本地存儲(chǔ)方案有:
- shared_preferences:輕量級(jí)鍵值對(duì)存儲(chǔ),適用于簡(jiǎn)單數(shù)據(jù)
- sqflite:SQLite 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)封裝,適用于結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)
- hive:高性能 NoSQL 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),純 Dart 實(shí)現(xiàn)
- flutter_secure_storage:安全存儲(chǔ),適用于敏感信息如令牌
本節(jié)課重點(diǎn)介紹前兩種最常用的存儲(chǔ)方案。
二、輕量級(jí)存儲(chǔ):shared_preferences
shared_preferences 是 Flutter 社區(qū)提供的一個(gè)插件,用于存儲(chǔ)簡(jiǎn)單的鍵值對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)。它在 iOS 上使用 NSUserDefaults,在 Android 上使用 SharedPreferences,提供了跨平臺(tái)的一致 API。
1. 安裝與配置
在 pubspec.yaml 中添加依賴:
dependencies:
flutter:
sdk: flutter
shared_preferences: ^2.5.3 # 使用最新版本
運(yùn)行 flutter pub get 安裝依賴。
2. 基本使用方法
shared_preferences 支持存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)類型包括:String、int、double、bool 和 List<String>。
基本操作步驟:
- 獲取
SharedPreferences實(shí)例 - 使用相應(yīng)的方法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)讀寫
- 無(wú)需手動(dòng)關(guān)閉實(shí)例
import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
// 保存數(shù)據(jù)
Future<void> saveData() async {
// 獲取實(shí)例
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
// 存儲(chǔ)不同類型的數(shù)據(jù)
await prefs.setString('username', 'john_doe');
await prefs.setInt('age', 30);
await prefs.setDouble('height', 1.75);
await prefs.setBool('isPremium', false);
await prefs.setStringList('hobbies', ['reading', 'sports', 'coding']);
}
// 讀取數(shù)據(jù)
Future<void> readData() async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
// 讀取數(shù)據(jù),提供默認(rèn)值
String username = prefs.getString('username') ?? 'Guest';
int age = prefs.getInt('age') ?? 0;
double height = prefs.getDouble('height') ?? 0.0;
bool isPremium = prefs.getBool('isPremium') ?? false;
List<String> hobbies = prefs.getStringList('hobbies') ?? [];
print('Username: $username');
print('Age: $age');
print('Height: $height');
print('Is Premium: $isPremium');
print('Hobbies: $hobbies');
}
// 更新數(shù)據(jù)
Future<void> updateData() async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
// 更新已存在的鍵的值
await prefs.setInt('age', 31);
await prefs.setBool('isPremium', true);
}
// 刪除數(shù)據(jù)
Future<void> deleteData() async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
// 刪除指定鍵
await prefs.remove('height');
// 清除所有數(shù)據(jù)
// await prefs.clear();
}
3. shared_preferences 封裝
為了簡(jiǎn)化使用并避免重復(fù)代碼,可以封裝一個(gè)工具類:
import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
class PrefsService {
// 單例模式
static final PrefsService _instance = PrefsService._internal();
factory PrefsService() => _instance;
PrefsService._internal();
late SharedPreferences _prefs;
// 初始化
Future<void> init() async {
_prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
}
// 存儲(chǔ)方法
Future<void> setString(String key, String value) async {
await _prefs.setString(key, value);
}
Future<void> setInt(String key, int value) async {
await _prefs.setInt(key, value);
}
Future<void> setDouble(String key, double value) async {
await _prefs.setDouble(key, value);
}
Future<void> setBool(String key, bool value) async {
await _prefs.setBool(key, value);
}
Future<void> setStringList(String key, List<String> value) async {
await _prefs.setStringList(key, value);
}
// 讀取方法
String getString(String key, {String defaultValue = ''}) {
return _prefs.getString(key) ?? defaultValue;
}
int getInt(String key, {int defaultValue = 0}) {
return _prefs.getInt(key) ?? defaultValue;
}
double getDouble(String key, {double defaultValue = 0.0}) {
return _prefs.getDouble(key) ?? defaultValue;
}
bool getBool(String key, {bool defaultValue = false}) {
return _prefs.getBool(key) ?? defaultValue;
}
List<String> getStringList(String key, {List<String> defaultValue = const []}) {
return _prefs.getStringList(key) ?? defaultValue;
}
// 刪除方法
Future<void> remove(String key) async {
await _prefs.remove(key);
}
Future<void> clear() async {
await _prefs.clear();
}
// 檢查鍵是否存在
bool containsKey(String key) {
return _prefs.containsKey(key);
}
}
使用封裝類:
// 初始化(通常在 app 啟動(dòng)時(shí))
await PrefsService().init();
// 存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)
await PrefsService().setString('username', 'jane_smith');
await PrefsService().setInt('score', 100);
// 讀取數(shù)據(jù)
String username = PrefsService().getString('username');
int score = PrefsService().getInt('score');
4. shared_preferences 適用場(chǎng)景與局限性
適用場(chǎng)景:
- 存儲(chǔ)用戶偏好設(shè)置(如主題模式、語(yǔ)言選擇)
- 保存簡(jiǎn)單的用戶狀態(tài)(如登錄狀態(tài)標(biāo)記)
- 存儲(chǔ)少量的配置信息
局限性:
- 不適合存儲(chǔ)大量數(shù)據(jù)
- 不支持復(fù)雜數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)
- 數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)在明文文件中,不適合存儲(chǔ)敏感信息
- 沒(méi)有查詢功能,只能通過(guò)鍵獲取值
三、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)存儲(chǔ):sqflite 基礎(chǔ)
對(duì)于需要存儲(chǔ)大量結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)的場(chǎng)景,sqflite 是更好的選擇。sqflite 是 Flutter 中 SQLite 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的封裝,提供了完整的 SQL 操作能力。
1. 安裝與配置
在 pubspec.yaml 中添加依賴:
dependencies:
flutter:
sdk: flutter
sqflite: ^2.4.2 # SQLite 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
path: ^1.9.1 # 用于處理文件路徑
運(yùn)行 flutter pub get 安裝依賴。
2. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)基本操作
SQLite 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作主要包括:創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和表、插入數(shù)據(jù)、查詢數(shù)據(jù)、更新數(shù)據(jù)和刪除數(shù)據(jù)。
創(chuàng)建數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和表
import 'package:sqflite/sqflite.dart';
import 'package:path/path.dart';
class DatabaseHelper {
// 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)名稱
static const _databaseName = "MyDatabase.db";
// 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)版本
static const _databaseVersion = 1;
// 表名
static const table = 'notes';
// 列名
static const columnId = '_id';
static const columnTitle = 'title';
static const columnContent = 'content';
static const columnCreatedAt = 'created_at';
// 單例模式
DatabaseHelper._privateConstructor();
static final DatabaseHelper instance = DatabaseHelper._privateConstructor();
// 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)例
static Database? _database;
Future<Database> get database async {
if (_database != null) return _database!;
_database = await _initDatabase();
return _database!;
}
// 初始化數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
_initDatabase() async {
String path = join(await getDatabasesPath(), _databaseName);
return await openDatabase(path,
version: _databaseVersion,
onCreate: _onCreate);
}
// 創(chuàng)建表
Future _onCreate(Database db, int version) async {
await db.execute('''
CREATE TABLE $table (
$columnId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
$columnTitle TEXT NOT NULL,
$columnContent TEXT,
$columnCreatedAt TEXT NOT NULL
)
''');
}
}
插入數(shù)據(jù)
// 插入數(shù)據(jù)
Future<int> insertNote(Map<String, dynamic> note) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
// 插入數(shù)據(jù)并返回新記錄的 ID
return await db.insert(DatabaseHelper.table, note);
}
// 使用示例
void addNote() async {
Map<String, dynamic> newNote = {
DatabaseHelper.columnTitle: 'First Note',
DatabaseHelper.columnContent: 'This is my first note',
DatabaseHelper.columnCreatedAt: DateTime.now().toIso8601String()
};
int id = await insertNote(newNote);
print('Inserted note with id: $id');
}
查詢數(shù)據(jù)
// 查詢所有數(shù)據(jù)
Future<List<Map<String, dynamic>>> queryAllNotes() async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
return await db.query(DatabaseHelper.table);
}
// 根據(jù) ID 查詢
Future<List<Map<String, dynamic>>> queryNote(int id) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
return await db.query(DatabaseHelper.table,
where: '${DatabaseHelper.columnId} = ?',
whereArgs: [id]);
}
// 使用示例
void getNotes() async {
List<Map<String, dynamic>> notes = await queryAllNotes();
print('All notes: $notes');
if (notes.isNotEmpty) {
List<Map<String, dynamic>> singleNote = await queryNote(notes[0][DatabaseHelper.columnId]);
print('First note: $singleNote');
}
}
更新數(shù)據(jù)
// 更新數(shù)據(jù)
Future<int> updateNote(Map<String, dynamic> note) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
int id = note[DatabaseHelper.columnId];
// 返回受影響的行數(shù)
return await db.update(DatabaseHelper.table, note,
where: '${DatabaseHelper.columnId} = ?',
whereArgs: [id]);
}
// 使用示例
void modifyNote(int noteId) async {
Map<String, dynamic> updatedNote = {
DatabaseHelper.columnId: noteId,
DatabaseHelper.columnTitle: 'Updated Note',
DatabaseHelper.columnContent: 'This note has been updated',
DatabaseHelper.columnCreatedAt: DateTime.now().toIso8601String()
};
int rowsAffected = await updateNote(updatedNote);
print('Updated $rowsAffected rows');
}
刪除數(shù)據(jù)
// 刪除數(shù)據(jù)
Future<int> deleteNote(int id) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
// 返回受影響的行數(shù)
return await db.delete(DatabaseHelper.table,
where: '${DatabaseHelper.columnId} = ?',
whereArgs: [id]);
}
// 使用示例
void removeNote(int noteId) async {
int rowsDeleted = await deleteNote(noteId);
print('Deleted $rowsDeleted rows');
}
3. 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)版本遷移
當(dāng)應(yīng)用升級(jí)需要修改數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),需要進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)遷移:
// 在 DatabaseHelper 類中修改 _initDatabase 方法
_initDatabase() async {
String path = join(await getDatabasesPath(), _databaseName);
return await openDatabase(
path,
version: _databaseVersion,
onCreate: _onCreate,
onUpgrade: _onUpgrade, // 添加升級(jí)回調(diào)
onDowngrade: onDatabaseDowngradeDelete, // 降級(jí)時(shí)刪除數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
);
}
// 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)升級(jí)
Future _onUpgrade(Database db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) async {
if (oldVersion < 2) {
// 版本 2 新增了一個(gè) 'category' 列
await db.execute('''
ALTER TABLE ${DatabaseHelper.table}
ADD COLUMN category TEXT
''');
}
if (oldVersion < 3) {
// 版本 3 新增了一個(gè) 'priority' 列
await db.execute('''
ALTER TABLE ${DatabaseHelper.table}
ADD COLUMN priority INTEGER DEFAULT 0
''');
}
}
4. 模型類與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作封裝
為了更好地管理數(shù)據(jù),通常會(huì)創(chuàng)建模型類并封裝數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作:
// 筆記模型類
class Note {
final int? id;
final String title;
final String? content;
final String createdAt;
final String? category;
final int priority;
Note({
this.id,
required this.title,
this.content,
required this.createdAt,
this.category,
this.priority = 0,
});
// 從 Map 轉(zhuǎn)換為 Note 對(duì)象
factory Note.fromMap(Map<String, dynamic> map) {
return Note(
id: map[DatabaseHelper.columnId],
title: map[DatabaseHelper.columnTitle],
content: map[DatabaseHelper.columnContent],
createdAt: map[DatabaseHelper.columnCreatedAt],
category: map['category'],
priority: map['priority'] ?? 0,
);
}
// 轉(zhuǎn)換為 Map
Map<String, dynamic> toMap() {
return {
DatabaseHelper.columnId: id,
DatabaseHelper.columnTitle: title,
DatabaseHelper.columnContent: content,
DatabaseHelper.columnCreatedAt: createdAt,
'category': category,
'priority': priority,
};
}
}
// 封裝數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作
class NoteService {
// 插入筆記
Future<int> insertNote(Note note) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
return await db.insert(DatabaseHelper.table, note.toMap());
}
// 獲取所有筆記
Future<List<Note>> getAllNotes() async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
List<Map<String, dynamic>> maps = await db.query(DatabaseHelper.table);
return List.generate(maps.length, (i) => Note.fromMap(maps[i]));
}
// 根據(jù) ID 獲取筆記
Future<Note?> getNoteById(int id) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
List<Map<String, dynamic>> maps = await db.query(
DatabaseHelper.table,
where: '${DatabaseHelper.columnId} = ?',
whereArgs: [id],
);
if (maps.isNotEmpty) {
return Note.fromMap(maps.first);
}
return null;
}
// 更新筆記
Future<int> updateNote(Note note) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
return await db.update(
DatabaseHelper.table,
note.toMap(),
where: '${DatabaseHelper.columnId} = ?',
whereArgs: [note.id],
);
}
// 刪除筆記
Future<int> deleteNote(int id) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
return await db.delete(
DatabaseHelper.table,
where: '${DatabaseHelper.columnId} = ?',
whereArgs: [id],
);
}
// 按類別查詢筆記
Future<List<Note>> getNotesByCategory(String category) async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
List<Map<String, dynamic>> maps = await db.query(
DatabaseHelper.table,
where: 'category = ?',
whereArgs: [category],
);
return List.generate(maps.length, (i) => Note.fromMap(maps[i]));
}
// 按優(yōu)先級(jí)排序查詢
Future<List<Note>> getNotesSortedByPriority() async {
Database db = await DatabaseHelper.instance.database;
List<Map<String, dynamic>> maps = await db.query(
DatabaseHelper.table,
orderBy: 'priority DESC',
);
return List.generate(maps.length, (i) => Note.fromMap(maps[i]));
}
}
四、實(shí)例:保存用戶登錄狀態(tài)
下面實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)保存用戶登錄狀態(tài)的功能,使用 shared_preferences 存儲(chǔ)登錄信息:
import 'package:shared_preferences/shared_preferences.dart';
class AuthService {
static const _tokenKey = 'auth_token';
static const _userIdKey = 'user_id';
static const _usernameKey = 'username';
// 保存登錄狀態(tài)
Future<void> saveLoginState({
required String token,
required String userId,
required String username,
}) async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
await prefs.setString(_tokenKey, token);
await prefs.setString(_userIdKey, userId);
await prefs.setString(_usernameKey, username);
}
// 獲取當(dāng)前登錄用戶信息
Future<Map<String, String>?> getCurrentUser() async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
final token = prefs.getString(_tokenKey);
final userId = prefs.getString(_userIdKey);
final username = prefs.getString(_usernameKey);
if (token != null && userId != null && username != null) {
return {
'token': token,
'userId': userId,
'username': username,
};
}
return null;
}
// 檢查是否已登錄
Future<bool> isLoggedIn() async {
final user = await getCurrentUser();
return user != null;
}
// 登出,清除登錄狀態(tài)
Future<void> logout() async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
await prefs.remove(_tokenKey);
await prefs.remove(_userIdKey);
await prefs.remove(_usernameKey);
}
// 獲取認(rèn)證令牌
Future<String?> getAuthToken() async {
final prefs = await SharedPreferences.getInstance();
return prefs.getString(_tokenKey);
}
}
在應(yīng)用啟動(dòng)時(shí)檢查登錄狀態(tài):
void main() async {
WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
// 檢查登錄狀態(tài)
AuthService authService = AuthService();
bool isLoggedIn = await authService.isLoggedIn();
runApp(MyApp(isLoggedIn: isLoggedIn));
}
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
final bool isLoggedIn;
const MyApp({super.key, required this.isLoggedIn});
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Local Storage Demo',
home: isLoggedIn ? const HomeScreen() : const LoginScreen(),
);
}
}
登錄頁(yè)面實(shí)現(xiàn):
class LoginScreen extends StatefulWidget {
const LoginScreen({super.key});
@override
State<LoginScreen> createState() => _LoginScreenState();
}
class _LoginScreenState extends State<LoginScreen> {
final _usernameController = TextEditingController();
final _passwordController = TextEditingController();
final _authService = AuthService();
bool _isLoading = false;
Future<void> _login(BuildContext context) async {
setState(() {
_isLoading = true;
});
// 模擬 API 登錄請(qǐng)求
await Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 2));
// 實(shí)際應(yīng)用中應(yīng)該驗(yàn)證用戶名和密碼
if (_usernameController.text.isNotEmpty &&
_passwordController.text.isNotEmpty) {
// 保存登錄狀態(tài)
await _authService.saveLoginState(
token: 'fake_auth_token_123456',
userId: 'user_123',
username: _usernameController.text,
);
// 導(dǎo)航到主頁(yè)
if (mounted) {
Navigator.pushReplacement(
context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => const HomeScreen()),
);
}
} else {
if (mounted) {
ScaffoldMessenger.of(context).showSnackBar(
const SnackBar(content: Text('Please enter username and password')),
);
}
}
setState(() {
_isLoading = false;
});
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(title: const Text('Login')),
body: Padding(
padding: const EdgeInsets.all(16.0),
child: Column(
children: [
TextField(
controller: _usernameController,
decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: 'Username'),
),
TextField(
controller: _passwordController,
decoration: const InputDecoration(labelText: 'Password'),
obscureText: true,
),
const SizedBox(height: 20),
_isLoading
? const CircularProgressIndicator()
: ElevatedButton(
onPressed: () => _login(context),
child: const Text('Login'),
),
],
),
),
);
}
}
主頁(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn):
class HomeScreen extends StatefulWidget {
const HomeScreen({super.key});
@override
State<HomeScreen> createState() => _HomeScreenState();
}
class _HomeScreenState extends State<HomeScreen> {
final _authService = AuthService();
String? _username;
@override
void initState() {
super.initState();
_loadUserInfo();
}
Future<void> _loadUserInfo() async {
final user = await _authService.getCurrentUser();
setState(() {
_username = user?['username'];
});
}
Future<void> _logout(BuildContext context) async {
await _authService.logout();
if (mounted) {
Navigator.pushReplacement(
context,
MaterialPageRoute(builder: (context) => const LoginScreen()),
);
}
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(
title: const Text('Home'),
actions: [
IconButton(
icon: const Icon(Icons.logout),
onPressed: () => _logout(context),
),
],
),
body: Center(
child: _username != null
? Text('Welcome, $_username! You are logged in.')
: const Text('Loading user info...'),
),
);
}
}
五、實(shí)例:離線數(shù)據(jù)緩存
使用 sqflite 實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)的本地緩存,實(shí)現(xiàn)離線查看功能:
// 新聞模型類
class Article {
final String id;
final String title;
final String? description;
final String url;
final String? urlToImage;
final String publishedAt;
final String? content;
Article({
required this.id,
required this.title,
this.description,
required this.url,
this.urlToImage,
required this.publishedAt,
this.content,
});
// 從 Map 轉(zhuǎn)換
factory Article.fromMap(Map<String, dynamic> map) {
return Article(
id: map['id'],
title: map['title'],
description: map['description'],
url: map['url'],
urlToImage: map['urlToImage'],
publishedAt: map['publishedAt'],
content: map['content'],
);
}
// 轉(zhuǎn)換為 Map
Map<String, dynamic> toMap() {
return {
'id': id,
'title': title,
'description': description,
'url': url,
'urlToImage': urlToImage,
'publishedAt': publishedAt,
'content': content,
'cachedAt': DateTime.now().toIso8601String(), // 緩存時(shí)間
};
}
}
// 新聞數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)幫助類
class NewsDatabaseHelper {
static const _databaseName = "NewsDatabase.db";
static const _databaseVersion = 1;
static const table = 'articles';
NewsDatabaseHelper._privateConstructor();
static final NewsDatabaseHelper instance =
NewsDatabaseHelper._privateConstructor();
static Database? _database;
Future<Database> get database async {
if (_database != null) return _database!;
_database = await _initDatabase();
return _database!;
}
_initDatabase() async {
String path = join(await getDatabasesPath(), _databaseName);
return await openDatabase(
path,
version: _databaseVersion,
onCreate: _onCreate,
);
}
Future _onCreate(Database db, int version) async {
await db.execute('''
CREATE TABLE $table (
id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
title TEXT NOT NULL,
description TEXT,
url TEXT NOT NULL,
urlToImage TEXT,
publishedAt TEXT NOT NULL,
content TEXT,
cachedAt TEXT NOT NULL
)
''');
}
// 批量插入或更新文章
Future<void> batchInsertOrUpdateArticles(List<Article> articles) async {
Database db = await instance.database;
Batch batch = db.batch();
for (var article in articles) {
batch.insert(
table,
article.toMap(),
conflictAlgorithm: ConflictAlgorithm.replace, // 存在則替換
);
}
await batch.commit();
}
// 獲取所有緩存文章
Future<List<Article>> getCachedArticles() async {
Database db = await instance.database;
List<Map<String, dynamic>> maps = await db.query(
table,
orderBy: 'publishedAt DESC',
);
return List.generate(maps.length, (i) => Article.fromMap(maps[i]));
}
// 獲取單篇文章
Future<Article?> getArticleById(String id) async {
Database db = await instance.database;
List<Map<String, dynamic>> maps = await db.query(
table,
where: 'id = ?',
whereArgs: [id],
);
if (maps.isNotEmpty) {
return Article.fromMap(maps.first);
}
return null;
}
// 清除過(guò)期緩存(例如超過(guò)7天的)
Future<void> clearExpiredCache() async {
Database db = await instance.database;
final sevenDaysAgo = DateTime.now()
.subtract(const Duration(days: 7))
.toIso8601String();
await db.delete(table, where: 'cachedAt < ?', whereArgs: [sevenDaysAgo]);
}
// 清除所有緩存
Future<void> clearAllCache() async {
Database db = await instance.database;
await db.delete(table);
}
}
新聞倉(cāng)庫(kù)類,整合網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求和本地緩存:
import 'package:dio/dio.dart';
class NewsRepository {
final Dio _dio = Dio();
final NewsDatabaseHelper _dbHelper = NewsDatabaseHelper.instance;
final String _apiKey = 'your_news_api_key';
// 獲取頭條新聞,優(yōu)先從網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲取,失敗則使用緩存
Future<List<Article>> getTopHeadlines({bool forceRefresh = false}) async {
try {
// 如果不是強(qiáng)制刷新,先檢查緩存
if (!forceRefresh) {
final cachedArticles = await _dbHelper.getCachedArticles();
if (cachedArticles.isNotEmpty) {
return cachedArticles;
}
}
// 網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求
Response response = await _dio.get(
'https://newsapi.org/v2/top-headlines',
queryParameters: {
'country': 'us',
'apiKey': _apiKey,
},
);
// 解析數(shù)據(jù)
List<Article> articles = (response.data['articles'] as List)
.map((item) => Article(
id: item['url'], // 使用 url 作為唯一標(biāo)識(shí)
title: item['title'],
description: item['description'],
url: item['url'],
urlToImage: item['urlToImage'],
publishedAt: item['publishedAt'],
content: item['content'],
))
.toList();
// 緩存到本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)
await _dbHelper.batchInsertOrUpdateArticles(articles);
// 清除過(guò)期緩存
await _dbHelper.clearExpiredCache();
return articles;
} catch (e) {
// 網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求失敗,嘗試返回緩存
final cachedArticles = await _dbHelper.getCachedArticles();
if (cachedArticles.isNotEmpty) {
return cachedArticles;
}
// 沒(méi)有緩存,拋出錯(cuò)誤
throw Exception('Failed to fetch news and no cache available');
}
}
}
六、其他存儲(chǔ)方案簡(jiǎn)介
1. flutter_secure_storage
用于存儲(chǔ)敏感信息,如令牌、密碼等,數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)被加密存儲(chǔ):
dependencies:
flutter_secure_storage: ^9.2.4
使用示例:
import 'package:flutter_secure_storage/flutter_secure_storage.dart';
final storage = FlutterSecureStorage();
// 存儲(chǔ)敏感數(shù)據(jù)
await storage.write(key: 'auth_token', value: 'sensitive_token_123');
// 讀取數(shù)據(jù)
String? token = await storage.read(key: 'auth_token');
// 刪除數(shù)據(jù)
await storage.delete(key: 'auth_token');
2. Hive
Hive 是一個(gè)高性能、輕量級(jí)的 NoSQL 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),純 Dart 實(shí)現(xiàn),速度快且易于使用:
dependencies:
hive: ^2.2.3
hive_flutter: ^1.1.0
使用示例:
// 初始化
await Hive.initFlutter();
Hive.registerAdapter(NoteAdapter()); // 注冊(cè)適配器
await Hive.openBox<Note>('notes');
// 獲取盒子
var box = Hive.box<Note>('notes');
// 添加數(shù)據(jù)
var note = Note(id: 1, title: 'Hive Demo', content: 'Hello Hive');
await box.put(note.id, note);
// 獲取數(shù)據(jù)
Note? savedNote = box.get(1);
// 查詢所有數(shù)據(jù)
List<Note> allNotes = box.values.toList();
// 更新數(shù)據(jù)
note.title = 'Updated Title';
await box.put(note.id, note);
// 刪除數(shù)據(jù)
await box.delete(1);
七、本地存儲(chǔ)最佳實(shí)踐
-
選擇合適的存儲(chǔ)方案:
- 簡(jiǎn)單鍵值對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)使用
shared_preferences - 敏感信息使用
flutter_secure_storage - 結(jié)構(gòu)化數(shù)據(jù)使用
sqflite或hive
- 簡(jiǎn)單鍵值對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)使用
-
數(shù)據(jù)分層管理:
- 封裝存儲(chǔ)操作,與業(yè)務(wù)邏輯分離
- 使用倉(cāng)庫(kù)模式(Repository Pattern)整合網(wǎng)絡(luò)和本地存儲(chǔ)
-
性能優(yōu)化:
- 批量操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),減少 IO 次數(shù)
- 及時(shí)清理過(guò)期緩存,避免存儲(chǔ)空間過(guò)大
- 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)操作放在后臺(tái)線程,避免阻塞 UI
-
錯(cuò)誤處理:
- 對(duì)所有存儲(chǔ)操作添加異常捕獲
- 網(wǎng)絡(luò)請(qǐng)求失敗時(shí),提供使用緩存數(shù)據(jù)的降級(jí)策略
-
數(shù)據(jù)遷移:
- 規(guī)劃好數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)版本,做好升級(jí)遷移方案
- 重大更新時(shí)考慮數(shù)據(jù)備份和恢復(fù)機(jī)制
-
安全考慮:
- 敏感數(shù)據(jù)必須加密存儲(chǔ)
- 避免存儲(chǔ)不必要的用戶隱私數(shù)據(jù)