十一、 延遲性聽(tīng)覺(jué)刺激辨別任務(wù)（Delayed Go -?No-Go Auditory Discrimination Task，2017）

在該任務(wù)當(dāng)中 (Kamigaki and Dan, 2017)，研究人員訓(xùn)練頭部固定的小鼠根據(jù)不同的聲音刺激做出不同的反應(yīng)以獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。研究人員首先給小鼠聽(tīng)一個(gè)持續(xù)2秒的聲音（8 kHz或2 kHz），在經(jīng)過(guò)5秒的延遲期之后，電機(jī)帶動(dòng)出水口到達(dá)小鼠舌頭能夠觸及的范圍，小鼠根據(jù)聲音的類(lèi)型決定是否舔舐出水口。如果是8 kHz的聲音，小鼠需要舔舐出水口以獲得水的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；如果是2 kHz，小鼠不能舔舐出水口，沒(méi)有水的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

從聲音結(jié)束到小鼠做出反應(yīng)之前這段時(shí)間，即延遲期，小鼠需要在工作記憶當(dāng)中記住前面的聲音刺激，從而做出正確的行為反應(yīng)以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

十二、 延遲性聲音比對(duì)任務(wù)（Auditory Delayed Comparison Task, 2018）

在該任務(wù)當(dāng)中?(Akrami et al., 2018)，研究人員訓(xùn)練自由運(yùn)動(dòng)的大鼠通過(guò)判斷前后兩個(gè)聲音的音量大小來(lái)做出正確的選擇以獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。該任務(wù)在一個(gè)隔音的盒子內(nèi)完成，并且由電腦自動(dòng)化控制。在盒子的一面墻上，并排有3個(gè)開(kāi)口，在左右兩個(gè)開(kāi)口上方分別放置一個(gè)播音器，中間的開(kāi)口上方安置一個(gè)LED光源。當(dāng)LED燈亮起時(shí)，指示測(cè)試開(kāi)始。大鼠此時(shí)需要將鼻子深入中間的開(kāi)口（鼻子進(jìn)入后LED燈熄滅），并保持一段時(shí)間，直至一個(gè)提示聲音的出現(xiàn)。這個(gè)時(shí)間段稱為關(guān)注期（Fixation Period）。在關(guān)注期內(nèi)，系統(tǒng)會(huì)一前一后地隨機(jī)給出兩個(gè)具有不同音量大小的合成音（A1 和A2，400 ms），兩個(gè)聲音之間插入一段隨機(jī)長(zhǎng)度的延遲期（2?-?12 s，此時(shí)期無(wú)任何刺激）。當(dāng)提示音出現(xiàn)之后，大鼠需要判斷前后兩個(gè)聲音哪個(gè)音量更高，從而做出不同的行為反應(yīng)。具體而言，當(dāng)A1 > A2時(shí)，選擇右側(cè)開(kāi)口以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；當(dāng)A1 < A2時(shí)，選擇左側(cè)開(kāi)口以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。

為了正確地完成這個(gè)任務(wù)以獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，大鼠需要在兩個(gè)合成音之間的延遲期記住第一個(gè)聲音的音量大小，并與隨后的第二個(gè)聲音進(jìn)行比對(duì)，從而做出正確的選擇。延遲期的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短決定了對(duì)于工作記憶功能需求的高低。

十三、 嗅覺(jué)雙任務(wù)（Olfactory Dual Task，2019）

在該任務(wù)當(dāng)中?(Zhang et al., 2019)，研究人員訓(xùn)練頭部固定的小鼠根據(jù)氣味的關(guān)系做出合適的反應(yīng)以獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。該任務(wù)通過(guò)將一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的選-不選（Go-No go，GNG）的任務(wù)插入一個(gè)延遲配對(duì)偶聯(lián)任務(wù)（ODPA Task）的延遲期所構(gòu)成。上文已經(jīng)介紹過(guò)延遲配對(duì)偶聯(lián)任務(wù)，而所謂的選-不選任務(wù)，是指給小鼠聞兩個(gè)不同氣味，一個(gè)氣味（O1）指示0.5秒之后有水，另一個(gè)氣味（O2）則沒(méi)有。小鼠需要在O1之后舔舐出水口，在O2之后抑制舔舐出水口的沖動(dòng)。對(duì)于ODPA任務(wù)而言，GNG任務(wù)屬于一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)，因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)GNG任務(wù)被安排在了ODPA任務(wù)的延遲期，而為了正確地完成ODPA任務(wù)，小鼠需要在延遲期記住樣本氣味。

對(duì)于小鼠而言，它需要在面對(duì)干擾的情況在工作記憶中準(zhǔn)確地存儲(chǔ)樣本氣味的信息，這模擬了人類(lèi)在與人交談時(shí)突然有第三者插入幾句之后又回過(guò)頭去和原來(lái)的人進(jìn)行交流的情景，是一種對(duì)于工作記憶有更高需求的條件。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，老年人，或精神疾病患者，在做這類(lèi)任務(wù)時(shí)會(huì)比年輕人，或者健康人群表現(xiàn)更差。

十四、氣味延遲非匹配二選一任務(wù)（Olfactory Delayed-Non-match-to-Sample 2-Alternative Forces Choice Task，DNMS 2-AFC Task, 2020）

在該任務(wù)當(dāng)中 (Wu et al., 2020)，研究人員訓(xùn)練頭部固定的小鼠根據(jù)氣味的配對(duì)關(guān)系做出正確的選擇以獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。該任務(wù)基于上文介紹過(guò)的延遲樣本非匹配任務(wù)（DNMS Task），其差別主要體現(xiàn)在行為反應(yīng)上。在DNMS任務(wù)中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)氣味不一樣時(shí)，小鼠需要舔舐出水口以獲得水的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。當(dāng)兩個(gè)氣味相同時(shí)，不做任何反應(yīng)即可。在DNMS 2-AFC任務(wù)中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)氣味不一樣時(shí)，小鼠需要舔舐右側(cè)出水口以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)；當(dāng)氣味相同時(shí)則舔舐左側(cè)出水口。

十五、 基于觸須的延遲非匹配任務(wù)（Whisker-based Delayed Nonmatch to Sample Task, ?DNMS，2020）

在該任務(wù)當(dāng)中?(Condylis et al., 2020)，研究人員訓(xùn)練頭部固定的小鼠利用觸須去辨別移動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向從而做出正確的反應(yīng)以獲取獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。研究人員在小鼠的一側(cè)（觸須可及的范圍）安裝一個(gè)可以前后運(yùn)動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)子。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，研究人員連續(xù)兩次使轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)生運(yùn)動(dòng)，兩次運(yùn)動(dòng)間隔1.5秒。小鼠需要根據(jù)兩次轉(zhuǎn)子運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向決定是否舔舐出水口。如果兩次轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向不同（前-后或后-前），小鼠可以舔舐出水口以獲得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。相反，如果相同，則需要抑制舔舐出水口的沖動(dòng)。

在兩次運(yùn)動(dòng)之間的延遲期，小鼠需要記住轉(zhuǎn)子第一次運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向，以便于第二次的運(yùn)動(dòng)方向進(jìn)行比對(duì)從而做出正確的反應(yīng)。在延遲期即需要調(diào)用工作記憶的功能。

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