1. Give the pupils something to do, not something to learn and the doing is of such a nature as to demand thinking; learning naturally results. (John Dewey 1916)
給學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù),而不是學(xué)習(xí)材料,并且學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)要能促使學(xué)生動腦思考;這種時候?qū)W習(xí)就自然地發(fā)生了。(約翰·杜威 1916)
2. The two limits of every unit of thinking are a perplexed, troubled, or confused situation at the beginning, and a cleared up, unified, resolved situation at the close. (John Dewey 1933)
所有的思維活動,不論規(guī)模大小,都面臨著兩大阻礙:一是開始時的重重困惑和重重困難,二是結(jié)束時的一錘定音和驚人統(tǒng)一。(約翰·杜威 1933)