pipenv 管理Python環(huán)境

pipenv 是Python.org正式推薦的python包管理工具。它完美的解決了python版本及包的管理問題。

pipenv的思路簡單理解便是把pip和virtualenv 2個工具統(tǒng)一起來，使用 pipenv 來代替。
比起virtualenv，它的學(xué)習(xí)成本更低，使用更方便。

它的特點(diǎn)：

  • pipenv 使用 Pipfile 來代替 requirement.txt 文件記錄python包。
  • 增加了Pipfile.lock 文件來鎖定python軟件的包名及版本，以及其依賴關(guān)系的列表。

pipenv 安裝

普通安裝(全局安裝)

pip install pipenv

作者建議在python3下邊安裝，會提高與virtualenv的兼容性。

用戶模式安裝（推薦）

為防止和系統(tǒng)python庫產(chǎn)生影響，可使用此種方案安裝。

pip install pipenv --user

pipenv 使用

初始化虛擬環(huán)境

執(zhí)行pipenv install，創(chuàng)建虛擬環(huán)境

進(jìn)入虛擬環(huán)境

pipenv shell

更多用法

在使用pipenv之前，必須徹底的忘記pip這個東西

新建一個準(zhǔn)備當(dāng)環(huán)境的文件夾pipenvtest，并cd進(jìn)入該文件夾：

pipenv --three 會使用當(dāng)前系統(tǒng)的Python3創(chuàng)建環(huán)境

pipenv --python 3.6 指定某一Python版本創(chuàng)建環(huán)境

可通過參數(shù)--two 和--three 來泛指python版本，也可通過--python 3.5 來明確指定python版本

pipenv shell 激活虛擬環(huán)境

pipenv --where 顯示目錄信息

pipenv --venv 顯示虛擬環(huán)境信息

pipenv --py 顯示Python解釋器信息

pipenv install requests 安裝相關(guān)模塊并加入到Pipfile

pipenv install django==1.11 安裝固定版本模塊并加入到Pipfile

pipenv graph 查看目前安裝的庫及其依賴

pipenv check 檢查安全漏洞

pipenv uninstall --all 卸載全部包并從Pipfile中移除

舉例說明：

環(huán)境 centos7.4 (默認(rèn)已經(jīng)安裝python2.7)

需要的軟件：

python 2, ansible 2.4.2

python 2, ansible 2.6.0

python 3, ansible 2.7.1

也就是說我需要基于不同python 版本的 不同ansible軟件。

實(shí)操過程

Install python 3

默認(rèn)沒有，需要手工安裝。

sudo yum -y install https://centos7.iuscommunity.org/ius-release.rpm

sudo yum -y install python36u

Verify:

$ which python3.6
/usr/bin/python3.6
Install pip3

sudo python3.6 -m ensurepip

Verify:

$ which pip3
/usr/bin/pip3
Install pipenv

pip3 install pipenv --user

為了兼容用python3 安裝，所以是pip3 (not pip)；為了防止與系統(tǒng)沖突，裝在個人目錄下，所以用--user 參數(shù)。

初始化環(huán)境

一個新建目錄，執(zhí)行命令，創(chuàng)建虛擬環(huán)境。
（如果不新建目錄，pipenv 會自動在用戶 $HOME 目錄下創(chuàng)建虛擬環(huán)境，這種情況下，你只有一個虛擬環(huán)境。）

pipenv install

e.g.

[royzeng@roy-pipenv ~]$ mkdir pipenvtest
[royzeng@roy-pipenv ~]$ cd pipenvtest/
[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ pipenv install
Creating a virtualenv for this project…
Pipfile: /home/royzeng/pipenvtest/Pipfile
Using /bin/python3.6 (3.6.5) to create virtualenv…
?Already using interpreter /bin/python3.6
Using base prefix '/usr'
New python executable in /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/python3.6
Also creating executable in /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.

Virtualenv location: /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb
Creating a Pipfile for this project…
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Updated Pipfile.lock (ca72e7)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (ca72e7)…
  ??   ▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉ 0/0 — 00:00:00
To activate this project's virtualenv, run pipenv shell.
Alternatively, run a command inside the virtualenv with pipenv run.
[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ ls
Pipfile  Pipfile.lock

虛擬環(huán)境已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建，目錄里面多了兩個文件Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock

激活虛擬環(huán)境

先檢查當(dāng)前的python

[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ python --version
Python 2.7.5
[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ which python
/usr/bin/python

還是系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)的python

下面用pipenv shell 激活環(huán)境。

[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ pipenv shell
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
 . /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/activate
[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$  . /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/activate
(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ which python
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/python
(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ python --version
Python 3.6.5
(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$

在當(dāng)前環(huán)境下安裝ansible 2.7.1
[注] 不要換目錄，如果還要安裝別的軟件，也要在此目錄下安裝，安裝結(jié)束后才能切換到其他目錄。

(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ pipenv install ansible==2.7.1
Installing ansible==2.7.1…
Collecting ansible==2.7.1
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ec/ee/1494474b59c6e9cccdfde32da1364b94cdb280ff96b1493deaf4f3ae55f8/ansible-2.7.1.tar.gz (11.7MB)
Collecting jinja2 (from ansible==2.7.1)
....
Successfully built ansible PyYAML MarkupSafe pycparser
Installing collected packages: MarkupSafe, jinja2, PyYAML, pycparser, cffi, six, bcrypt, pyasn1, pynacl, idna, asn1crypto, cryptography, paramiko, ansible
Successfully installed MarkupSafe-1.0 PyYAML-3.13 ansible-2.7.1 asn1crypto-0.24.0 bcrypt-3.1.4 cffi-1.11.5 cryptography-2.3.1 idna-2.7 jinja2-2.10 paramiko-2.4.2 pyasn1-0.4.4 pycparser-2.19 pynacl-1.3.0 six-1.11.0

Adding ansible to Pipfile's [packages]…
Pipfile.lock (93cf17) out of date, updating to (ca72e7)…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Updated Pipfile.lock (93cf17)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (93cf17)…
  ??   ▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉ 14/14 — 00:00:11
(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ which ansible
~/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/ansible
(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ ansible --version
ansible 2.7.1
  config file = None
  configured module search path = ['/home/royzeng/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
  ansible python module location = /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ansible
  executable location = /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/pipenvtest-oy7aR4Tb/bin/ansible
  python version = 3.6.5 (default, Apr 10 2018, 17:08:37) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)]

從Pipfile看，之前安裝了什么

(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ cat Pipfile
[[source]]
url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
name = "pypi"

[packages]
ansible = "==2.7.1"

[dev-packages]

[requires]
python_version = "3.6"

比起之前，多了ansible 部分。

看一下依賴關(guān)系

(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ pipenv graph
ansible==2.7.1
  - cryptography [required: Any, installed: 2.3.1]
    - asn1crypto [required: >=0.21.0, installed: 0.24.0]
    - cffi [required: >=1.7,!=1.11.3, installed: 1.11.5]
      - pycparser [required: Any, installed: 2.19]
    - idna [required: >=2.1, installed: 2.7]
    - six [required: >=1.4.1, installed: 1.11.0]
  - jinja2 [required: Any, installed: 2.10]
    - MarkupSafe [required: >=0.23, installed: 1.0]
  - paramiko [required: Any, installed: 2.4.2]
    - bcrypt [required: >=3.1.3, installed: 3.1.4]
      - cffi [required: >=1.1, installed: 1.11.5]
        - pycparser [required: Any, installed: 2.19]
        .....

下面創(chuàng)建一個新的環(huán)境，安裝基于python2的ansible

先要退出原來的環(huán)境

(pipenvtest) [royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ exit
exit
[royzeng@roy-pipenv pipenvtest]$ cd ..
[royzeng@roy-pipenv ~]$

New dir for new environment

[royzeng@roy-pipenv ~]$ mkdir p2
[royzeng@roy-pipenv ~]$ cd p2
[royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$ pipenv install --two
Creating a virtualenv for this project…
Pipfile: /home/royzeng/p2/Pipfile
Using /usr/bin/python2.7 (2.7.5) to create virtualenv…
?Running virtualenv with interpreter /usr/bin/python2.7
New python executable in /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO/bin/python2.7
Also creating executable in /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.

Virtualenv location: /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO
Creating a Pipfile for this project…
Pipfile.lock not found, creating…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Updated Pipfile.lock (dfae9f)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (dfae9f)…
  ??   ▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉ 0/0 — 00:00:00
To activate this project's virtualenv, run pipenv shell.
Alternatively, run a command inside the virtualenv with pipenv run.

激活新環(huán)境，并安裝對應(yīng)的ansible

[royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$ pipenv shell
Launching subshell in virtual environment…
 . /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO/bin/activate
[royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$  . /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO/bin/activate
(p2) [royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$ pipenv install ansible==2.6.0
Installing ansible==2.6.0…
Collecting ansible==2.6.0
Collecting cryptography (from ansible==2.6.0)
....
....
Adding ansible to Pipfile's [packages]…
Pipfile.lock (040b7c) out of date, updating to (dfae9f)…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Updated Pipfile.lock (040b7c)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (040b7c)…
  ??   ▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉▉ 16/16 —
(p2) [royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$
(p2) [royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$ ansible --version
ansible 2.6.0
  config file = None
  configured module search path = [u'/home/royzeng/.ansible/plugins/modules', u'/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
  ansible python module location = /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ansible
  executable location = /home/royzeng/.local/share/virtualenvs/p2-GP1OBmJO/bin/ansible
  python version = 2.7.5 (default, Aug  4 2017, 00:39:18) [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16)]

第三個ansible版本，可以再創(chuàng)建一個虛擬環(huán)境來安裝，也可以用系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)環(huán)境安裝。

略

其它

卸載剛才安裝的軟件

pipenv uninstall requests

e.g.

(p2) [royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$ pipenv uninstall ansible
Un-installing ansible…
Uninstalling ansible-2.6.0:
  Successfully uninstalled ansible-2.6.0

Removing ansible from Pipfile…
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies…
Locking [packages] dependencies…
Updated Pipfile.lock (dfae9f)!
(p2) [royzeng@roy-pipenv p2]$

刪除虛擬環(huán)境

pipenv --rm

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