Python 的包管理工具

Python 的包管理工具

Pip

Pip 是 Python 的包管理工具，類似于 NPM

可以用 Pip 生成 Python 項(xiàng)目的依賴文件列表 requirements.text，類似于 package.json

可以從官網(wǎng)（PyPI）上查找依賴

安裝

  • 以下情況無需單獨(dú)安裝 Pip：

    • 從官網(wǎng)下載的 Python 2（版本 >= 2.7.9）或 Python 3 （版本 >= 3.4）

    • 使用 Homebrew 安裝的 Python

    • 使用 Virtualenv 創(chuàng)建的虛擬環(huán)境

  1. 下載 get-pip.py腳本

    • get-pip.py

    • 在命令行中執(zhí)行：

      <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="bash" cid="n90" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py -o get-pip.py</pre>

    • 運(yùn)行腳本

      <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="bash" cid="n98" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">python get-pip.py</pre>

      • 安裝 / 卸載 packages

        <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="bash" cid="n83" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip install [package_name]
        pip uninstall [package_name]</pre>

        • 安裝 requirements.txt 中的所有依賴

          <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n105" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip install -r requirements.txt</pre>

          • 生成 requirements.txt

            <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n112" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip freeze > requirements.txt</pre>

            • 查看已安裝的 packages

              <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n119" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip list</pre>

              1. 使用 Pip 安裝

                <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n484" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pip install pipenv</pre>

                1. 修改配置文件 .bash_profile

                  <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n491" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">export PATH="/Users/layla/Library/Python/3.7/bin:$PATH"</pre>

                  • 安裝依賴

                    <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n511" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;"># 安裝指定依賴
                    pipenv install [package_name]
                    pipenv install [package_name] --dev
                    ?

                    根據(jù) Pipfile 安裝依賴

                    pipenv install
                    pipenv install --dev
                    ?

                    根據(jù) Pipfile.lock 安裝依賴

                    pipenv install --ignore-pipfile</pre>

                    <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n550" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv install -r requirements.txt
                    pipenv install -r dev-requirements.txt --dev</pre>

                    • 卸載依賴

                      <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n535" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv uninstall [package_name]
                      pipenv uninstall --all
                      pipenv uninstall --all-dev</pre>

                      * 執(zhí)行 Python 命令但不進(jìn)入虛擬環(huán)境

                      <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n557" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: &quot;Roboto Mono&quot;, &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv run</pre>

                      * 查詢當(dāng)前項(xiàng)目的虛擬環(huán)境

                      <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n542" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: &quot;Roboto Mono&quot;, &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv --venv</pre>

*   退出虛擬環(huán)境

    <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n669" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: &quot;Roboto Mono&quot;, &quot;Source Sans Pro&quot;, Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">exit</pre>

    *   [Python 最佳實(shí)踐指南 2018 - 2.2\. 安裝 Python 3 - Mac OS X](https://learnku.com/docs/python-guide/2018/install3-osx/3250)

    *   [Python 最佳實(shí)踐指南 2018 - 3.1\. Pipenv 和 Python 虛擬環(huán)境](https://learnku.com/docs/python-guide/2018/virtualenvs/3256)

    *   [pip 20.0.2 documentation - Installation](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/)

        *   [Pipenv: A Guide to the New Python Packaging Tool](https://realpython.com/pipenv-guide/)

    ## 參考

                      例如：pipenv run python main.py

                    也可以手動(dòng)安裝 requirements.txt 中的依賴：

                    Pipenv 會(huì)自動(dòng)查找項(xiàng)目根目錄下是否存在 requirements.txt 文件，并安裝其中的依賴。

                  • 創(chuàng)建并進(jìn)入虛擬環(huán)境

                    <pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="shell" cid="n504" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: "Roboto Mono", "Source Sans Pro", Monaco, courier, monospace !important; font-size: 0.85rem; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248) !important; position: relative !important; width: inherit; border: 1px solid rgb(244, 244, 244); -webkit-font-smoothing: initial; line-height: 1.43rem; border-top-left-radius: 2px; border-top-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-right-radius: 2px; border-bottom-left-radius: 2px; word-wrap: normal; margin: 0.8rem 0px !important; padding: 0.3rem 0px !important; background-position: inherit inherit; background-repeat: inherit inherit;">pipenv shell</pre>

                    默認(rèn)會(huì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)和當(dāng)前目錄同名的環(huán)境，如果配置了 WORKON_HOME 則該虛擬環(huán)境會(huì)存放于配置路徑下

                  常用命令

              安裝

              Pipenv 會(huì)自動(dòng)生成項(xiàng)目的配置文件 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock，類似于 package.json 和 package-lock.json

              Pipenv 集成了 Pip 和 Virtual Environment 的功能

              Pipenv

              1. 不方便構(gòu)建一致的環(huán)境

              2. 需要額外的虛擬環(huán)境管理工具實(shí)現(xiàn)環(huán)境隔離

              3. 對多個(gè)不同的環(huán)境需要維護(hù)多個(gè) requirements.txt 文件

              存在的問題

      常用命令

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