
2017年8月23日
那么天賦呢?
書讀到這里,作者觀點已經基本明確,正是由于那些杰出人士的長期的,有目的的,投入專注的刻意練習才讓他們走上了其領域之巔。那么那些天賦呢?人的基因差異,天賦存在嗎?為什么有些人不怎么努力卻比別人優(yōu)秀?為什么有些人怎么努力都做不好?
作者通過研究破解小提琴天才帕格尼尼,音樂家莫扎特,天才跳高運動員唐納德·托馬斯以及自閉癥天才之謎,給我們持續(xù)時間最久、也最根深蒂固的一種信念----在確定人們的能力時,天生的才華發(fā)揮著重要作用----提出了一種完全不同的解釋,有的人為什么最終能夠培養(yǎng)比別人更強的能力?實際上,刻意練習在其中發(fā)揮著主要作用,沒有捷徑可走。
但是作者并沒有否認天賦或者基因智商的差別。確實通過大量的實驗研究,智商這些所謂的內在天賦確實會在學習某種技能的初期起到一定的作用,智商高的孩子確實會比智商低的孩子在學習接受時間能力上要跟趕快更輕松,學的也更好,但是一定要注意“初期”這兩個字,我們知道任何一項技能要想達到大師級的水平,無不需要經過長期艱苦的刻意訓練,在這一漫長的過程中,最初的基因的差別會變得越來越微乎其微,真正決定能否走到最后卓越水平的恰恰是多年的刻意練習的投入。經過對那些世界頂級國際象棋大師的大腦分析,竟然發(fā)現(xiàn)在在我們眼里通常是高智商代表的國際象棋大師的智商竟然和你我差不多,你可能認為,圍棋高手的智商一定更高些,但你又錯了。最近對圍棋高手的研究表明,他們的平均智商實際上還低于普通人。圍棋高手的平均智商為93,同樣,對世界頂級的音樂家的大腦分析也同樣的結果,那些世界最優(yōu)秀的音樂家的IQs就是普通人的智商。
This study goes a long way toward explaining the apparent contradicion between teh earlier studies , which had found that IQ was linked with greater chess skill in young players but not in adult tournament players and not in masters and grandmasters.
當孩子剛剛開始學習國際象棋時,他們的智商在他們可以多快地學習下棋并達到一定的棋力方面發(fā)揮著作用。智力測驗分數(shù)較高的孩子,通常覺得更容易學會和記住國際象棋的規(guī)則,并構思和執(zhí)行相應的戰(zhàn)術,所有這些,使得他們在學下棋的早期階段占據(jù)了優(yōu)勢,那時,他們可以把抽象思維直接應用到棋盤之上。
隨著孩子(或成年人)學習下國際象棋,他們也創(chuàng)建了一系列的心理表征,使得他們既能很好地記住棋盤上的棋子,又能快速地把注意力集中在特定棋局中的合適招法上。這些優(yōu)質的心理表征,很可能使他們能夠更加迅速而有效地下棋。
以至于區(qū)分兩位棋手的最重要因素不再是他們的智商,而是心理表征的質量與數(shù)量,以及他們可以多么有效地運用這些表征。而心理表征往往是通過數(shù)千個小時對特級大師棋局的研究創(chuàng)建起來的即通過大量的刻意練習創(chuàng)建起來的。智力測驗測量的能力,在早期似乎確實發(fā)揮著作用,而且,一開始學下棋時,智商更高的孩子似乎棋力也更勝一籌,另一些人為了努力趕上智商高于他們的同伴,練得更刻苦一些,并且養(yǎng)成了比同伴練得更多的習慣。由于他們如此刻苦地練習,他們的棋藝實際上已經超過了那些智商高于他們的同伴了。而智商較高的孩子,最初并沒有感受到這種要去努力追趕別人的壓力。
可見,從長遠來看,占上風的是那些練習更勤奮的人,而不是那些一開始在智商或者其他才華方面有優(yōu)勢的人。
In the long run it is the ones who practice more who prevail, not the ?ones who had some initial advantage in intelligence or some other talent.
While people with certain innate characteristics---IQ,in the case of chess study ---may have an advantage when first learning a skill, that advantage gets smaller over time , and eventually the amount and the quality of practice take on a much larger role in determining how skilled a person becomes.
盡管具備某些天賦的人,比如在國際象棋研究中棋手們的智商可能在剛開始學習某項技能時具有優(yōu)勢,但隨著時間的推移,那種優(yōu)勢變得越來越小,到最后,練習的時間與質量反而在決定人們的技能變得多么熟練時,發(fā)揮著更大的作用。
對于這點,我真是深有體會,今天讀這節(jié)內容的時候,我也反復讀給兒子聽。如果說以前我只是擔心他不夠努力的話,現(xiàn)在我感覺我更能深刻理解原因在哪里了。我的大兒子就是典型的“別人家”的孩子,從小就表現(xiàn)的聰慧異常,很小年紀就表現(xiàn)出對科學超乎尋常的執(zhí)著和熱愛,其實熱愛科學并且付之于行動一直貫穿于他整個成長過程,我要說的是他在其他興趣愛好方面的學習很小時候也顯示了不俗的表現(xiàn),他七歲多進入兒童班學習繪畫,幾個月被老師破格調入成人油畫班學習油畫,老師說他接受能力比花了幾年的大人還要好,七歲在學校午休時間學習國際象棋,一年下來打敗同時學了幾年的孩子,得到冠軍,后來轉入俱樂部,很快就被派隊參加全國俱樂部賽,六歲多學習小提琴,被幾個老師稱為極有音樂天賦的孩子,學習上也是超級輕松,基本不怎么學習,小學還跳了兩級。
? ? 有個這樣的孩子,我并沒有感到沾沾自喜,相反我總隱隱約約感到不安,正因為學什么都輕松,他好像干什么都不太用功,但是表面看上去都還不錯,但是私底下只有我知道他根本就沒有努力。所以總是嘮嘮叨叨囑咐他努力刻苦有多重要,你做的不錯,可為什么不努力做的更好?
隨著時間的流逝,我的擔心也并不是沒有理由,他的小提琴并沒有按他小時候那樣的天賦往更好的水平發(fā)展,想反,他變得越來越沒有興趣,也不努力練琴,每次都能輕松地過關,但是如果以小時候已有的基礎水平,他應該更加專業(yè),當然這里不排除老師的原因,但是更重要的原因則是他缺乏進入更專業(yè)水平的大量的刻意練習。還有他的國際象棋,八歲多的他就自己在書店翻找象棋書自己學習,刻苦專研,那時候剛入俱樂部就被老師成為“黑馬”脫穎而出派去參加比賽,那時候進步很快,接連比賽,乃至入圍全法個人冠軍賽,可后來明顯不愿投入更多的練習,水平也就一般般吧,這樣的例子很多,無一都是學什么他都是一開始非???,非常輕松,但他卻沒有后續(xù)的大量的,長期的,艱苦的刻意練習。另外到了高中,雖然信誓旦旦說該努力學習了,要考上好大學,可是一學期下來,好像沒怎么努力啊,成績還不錯,瞬間覺得高中沒怎樣嘛,然后經不住同學影響,偷偷玩游戲,結果下個學期,成績一下子下來了,他很傷心,因為他覺得他高中考試前都好好復習了做練習了,可成績不好,他嚴重懷疑自己智商有問題。
你看,潛意識里他還是覺得自己之所以學得好,是因為他夠聰明,從小到大都是這樣,無形中他也這么認為,其實這樣是我們普通人的看法,但是以后我想對他說”你學得好,不是因為你夠聰明,還是因為是夠努力“。
以后在我的字典里,不再有”聰明,聰慧“的字眼兒,而是”努力,勤奮“。
我總批評他沒有韌性,不刻苦,不努力,但是尚且年少的他能用心領略幾分?
不過有時候也在思考,這孩子從小就說過音樂,繪畫,象棋都只不過是他的愛好,是他做科學做累了的時候消遣用的,術業(yè)有專攻,人的精力畢竟是有限的,能做好在某一領域或行業(yè)的出色已是非常不易的了。兒子喜歡科學,幸慶的是他一直非常投入和堅定,我希望他明白我給他講的這些道理,能夠有意識的進行自我的有目的練習。
我思思量量,好多時候百思不得其解。這本書就像在給我指點迷津。
這是兒子電腦屏保上的一句話
Hard work beats a talent when the talent fails to work hard.
哈,孺子可教也,這說明他也有所領悟。
在一些特殊的領域/不同的視角來觀察基因的差異
然而,在一些特殊的領域,對人類的智商,基因還是有一些最低要求的。在科學家領域,科學家的平均智商確實比普通人要高,IQ110-120或以上,但是在科學家范圍內,拿兩位科學家來比較,他們的智商與科學成果之間不存在相互關聯(lián),對于這些已經成為某專業(yè)領域的科學家的人來說,智商較高似乎不再有什么優(yōu)勢。
還有在體育,繪畫這個領域,也會在“天賦基因”方面有一些最低要求,,比如某些非常基本的身體特點比如身高,身材,色盲,但至今并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)可靠的證據(jù)表明其他關于天賦的最低要求存在。
經過大量的調查研究,作者得出的結論仍舊是;練習是決定某人在某個特定領域或行業(yè)中最終成就的唯一最重要因素,因此,如果基因在其中發(fā)揮作用,那么,它們的作用會慢慢消失,而以下因素更突出的作用會顯現(xiàn)出來:他有多大的可能性從事刻意練習,或者那種練習可能多么有效。以這種方式來看問題,會從完全不同的視角來觀察基因的差異。
But since we know that practice is the single most important factors in determining a person's ultimate acheievment in a given domain, it makes sense that if genes do play a role, their role would play out through shaping how likely a person is to engage in deliberate pracice or how effective that practice is likely to be .Seeing it in this way puts genetic differences in a completely different light.
相信天賦決定論的危險性
當人們假設,天才在確定一個人能取得多大的成就時發(fā)揮著重要的作用,甚至是起著決定性的作用時,這種假設會指向一些決定與行動。如果你以為那些不具備某方面天生才華的人絕不可能擅長于這方面的事情,那么,當父母、老師或者其他人看到孩子不擅長做某件事情時,就會鼓勵他去做別的事情。對看起來笨手笨腳的孩子,不會讓他去搞體育;對那些唱歌不著調的孩子,會讓他去試試別的;對那些不喜歡數(shù)字的孩子,會跟他們講,他們不擅長數(shù)學。
于是,這些預言自然而然地成真了:人們認為這個搞不了體育的女孩,絕對不可能精通打網球或踢足球;人們覺得那個男孩是音盲,那他也絕不會去學習演奏某種樂器或者學唱歌;還有些孩子,人們覺得他們不擅長數(shù)學,等他們長大以后,自己也就信了。這種預言真的自我實現(xiàn)了。
這就是相信天賦決定論的危險性。它往往使人們假設,有些人生來就具有某些方面的天賦,而另一些人則不具備,而你可以很早就分辨他們之間的這些差別。如果你相信這種觀點,那么,你就是在鼓勵和支持“有天賦”的那些人,并打擊其他的人,從而制造自我實現(xiàn)的預言。
避免這種現(xiàn)象,最好的辦法是意識到我們每個人都有自己的潛力,并努力想辦法去開發(fā)這些潛力。
給兒子的話
以下這段話可以說是本章的主要核心內容,我讓兒子讀了。
While innate characteristics may influence performance among those who are just learning a new skill or ability , the degree and the effectiveness of training plays a more significant role in determining who excels among those who have worked to develop a skill. This is because, ultimately, the body's and the brain's natural ability to adapt in the face of challenges outweighs any genetic differences that may, in the beginning ,give some people an advantage. So I believe that it's much more important to understand how and why particular types of practice lead to improvement than it is to go looking for genetic differences between people.
盡管天賦可能在那些剛剛開始學習某項新技能或能力的人身上發(fā)揮著影響,影響著他們的表現(xiàn),但是,在那些致力于發(fā)展某項技能的人之中,究竟誰是最杰出的人物,練習的程度及有效性則發(fā)揮著更為重要的作用。這是因為,我們的身體與大腦在面臨挑戰(zhàn)時的適應能力最終會勝過任何類型的基因差異,這些基因的差異可能在一開始給了某些人優(yōu)勢。因此我認為,理解特定的練習怎樣帶來進步,以及為什么會帶來進步,比起探究人與人之間的基因差別重要得多。
單詞部分
1.deep-seated?deep-'rooted?deep-'seated?adj.[usually before noun]
?(of feelings and beliefs 感情和信仰) very fixed and strong; difficult to change or to destroy 根深蒂固的;強烈的;堅定的:
It is one of the most enduring and deep-seated of all beliefs about human nature----that natural talent plays a major role in determining abliity.
a? deep-seated desire
2.track down v.? to find sb / sth after searching in several different places搜尋到;跟蹤找到;追查到
【SYN】trace:
...I set out to track down the details in order to understand how such a feat might have been possible.
?The police have so far failed to track down the attacker.
3.set out to ? ?to begin a job, task, etc. with a particular aim or goal (懷著目標)開始工作,展開任務:
...I set out to track down the details in order to understand how such a feat might have been possible.
?She set out to break the world record.
?They succeeded in what they set out to do.
4.packed? adj.1. extremely full of people 異常擁擠的;擠滿人的
【SYN】crowded:
...the venue was a packed concert hall or outdoor space ....
?The restaurant was packed.
?The show played to packed houses(= large audiences).
2.~ with sth|~ -packedcontaining a lot of a particular thing 有大量…的;…極多的:
?The book is packed with information.
?an information-packed book
3. tightly ~ pressed closely together 緊密地壓在一起:
?The birds'nests are lined with tightly packed leaves.
4.[not before noun](informal) having put everything you need into cases, boxes, etc. before you go somewhere 收拾好行李:
?I'm all packed and ready to go.
5.prodigy n.prod?igy/?pr?d?d?i;
?noun(pl.-ies) a young person who is unusually intelligent or skilful for their age(年輕的)天才,奇才,精英;神童:
?a child / an infant prodigy
?a musical prodigy
precocity
6.resort to? v.resort to sth
?to make use of sth, especially sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution 訴諸;求助于;依靠
....we can explain how Mozart could have developed his abilities at such a young age without resorting to some sort of exceptional innate talent.
【SYN】have recourse to:
?They felt obliged to resort to violence.
? [+-ing]?Wemay have to resort to using untrained staff.
7.hitch? to 把…鉤(或拴、系)在…上If you hitch something to something else, you hook it or fasten it there.
Leopold had given up his own caree by that time and had hitched his success to that of his son.
Last night we hitched the horse to the cart and moved here.
8.flip? n.1.[C]a small quick hit with a part of the body that causes sth to turn over輕拋;捻擲:
But what about the flip side of prodigies?
on the flip side, of course, the children who get more attention and praise form their teachers.
?The whole thing was decided on the flip of a coin.
9.breeze through ?? to do sth successfully and easily 輕易通過;輕松完成:
....the same people who did so well in the beginning will continue to breeze through later on.
?He breezed through the tests.
10.smooth the path /way? to make it easier for sb / sth to develop or make progress鋪平道路:
These lucky people , we imagine , were born with innate talents that smooth the way and lead them to excel.
?These negotiations are intended to smooth the path to a peace treaty.
11.excel verb(-ll-)1.[V]~(in / at sth / at doing sth)to be very good at doing sth擅長;善于;突出:
These lucky people , we imagine , were born with innate talents that smooth the way and lead them to excel.
?She has always excelled in foreign languages.
?The team excels at turning defence into attack.
?As a child he excelled at music and art.
2.[VN]~ yourself(BrE)to do extremely well and even better than you usually do 勝過平時:
?Rick's cooking was always good but this time he really excelled himself.
12.carry a tune 唱歌不走調
....the ones who can't carry a tune right away are told they should try someting other than music....
I can't?carry a tune. I don't want to embarrass myself or him.
13.taper off ?? to become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc.(數(shù)量、程度等)逐漸減少:
The advantage among hockey players does seem to taper off somewhat once the players make it into the major leagues.
?The number of applicants for teaching posts has tapered off.
申請做教學工作的人數(shù)越來越少。
??taper sth∽off
? to make sth become gradually less in number, amount, degree, etc.使(數(shù)目等)逐漸減少;降低…程度:
?They are gradually tapering off production of the older models.
14.nefarious? adj.? (formal)criminal; immoral罪惡的;不道德的:
There is nothing nefarious going on here, but teh results can be incredibly damaging.
?nefarious activities