【導(dǎo)讀】如果把中國的省份看成一個(gè)國家，那么其中的一些“國家”的貿(mào)易逆差真是高得嚇人。由此可以預(yù)見，地區(qū)發(fā)展不均的現(xiàn)狀還將持續(xù)很久。
Internal trade
國內(nèi)貿(mào)易
It’s a continent, actually
這可是在同一片土地上
China’s external imbalances are as nothing compared with its internal ones
相比國內(nèi)的貿(mào)易不平衡，外貿(mào)不均衡簡直小意思
Feb 8th 2014 | HONG KONG AND YINCHUAN | From the print edition
NINGXIA, an autonomous region in China’s north-west, is home to 6.3m people. About a third of them are Muslims, descendants of travellers along the Silk Road. The region is keen to revive the kind of trade networks that created its unique ethnic mix, so that it can diversify an economy which relies too much on coal, metals and chemicals.
中國西北的寧夏回族自治區(qū)擁有630萬居民，其中三分之一是穆斯林。他們是過去絲綢之路上旅人的后裔。自治區(qū)渴望讓創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)今獨(dú)特民族融合景致的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)復(fù)興，進(jìn)而使經(jīng)濟(jì)走向多元化，擺脫過度依賴煤炭，冶金，化工的現(xiàn)狀。
In that regard Ningxia is hoping to sell nutritious goji berries to people worried about their bodies, certified halal foods to Muslims worried about their souls, and fine red wines to people relaxed about both. If these schemes succeed, they will help Ningxia to close its big trade gap with the rest of the world—and the rest of the country.
有鑒于此，寧夏希望能向擔(dān)心身體健康的人兜售營養(yǎng)的枸杞，向擔(dān)心靈魂純潔的穆斯林售賣經(jīng)過認(rèn)證的清真食品。如果有人兩樣都不擔(dān)心，那就賣高級(jí)紅酒給他們吧。若是這些方案能夠成功，那便有助于寧夏來填補(bǔ)其與國際，以及國內(nèi)其他地方的貿(mào)易差額。
China trades more goods across its international borders than any other country. Its provinces also trade a lot with each other, but this trade is far from balanced. If each of China’s provinces were treated as an independent economy, they would record enormous trade deficits and surpluses with the rest of the country and the world (see chart).
中國是全球外貿(mào)總額第一的國家，而且國內(nèi)的省際貿(mào)易也很發(fā)達(dá)。不過國內(nèi)貿(mào)易非常不均衡。如果把每個(gè)省看做一個(gè)獨(dú)立的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，那這個(gè)世界上就會(huì)出現(xiàn)更多數(shù)額龐大的貿(mào)易順差與逆差。（見圖表）
The biggest deficit, in absolute terms, in 2012 was recorded by the central province of Henan, out of which China’s civilisation sprang and into which flowed goods and services worth a net 580 billion yuan ($96 billion). In relative terms, however, the widest deficits appear in China’s western provinces. Ningxia’s deficit amounted to almost 40% of its GDP, bigger than the current-account deficit of any actual country. Even wider trade gaps were recorded in Qinghai, Yunnan and Tibet.
2012年，中部省份河南創(chuàng)造了絕對數(shù)額上最大的逆差。河南是中國文明的發(fā)源地。當(dāng)年向河南輸入的商品服務(wù)凈額（輸入減輸出）為5800億元（960億美元）。不過從相對數(shù)額來看，還是西北部省份的逆差更大。寧夏的貿(mào)易逆差大約占了GDP的40%，這可比世界上任何國家的經(jīng)常賬戶逆差都高。青海，云南，西藏諸省的逆差甚至比寧夏更高。
These deficits reflect the government’s “Go West” campaign, an effort to invest in the infrastructure of the west. Net “imports” from the rest of China and beyond allow poor provinces to spend more on consumption and investment than they earn. Ningxia’s investment rate was 89% of GDP in 2012. In Tibet, the “roof of the world”, the investment rate was through the ceiling at 101% of GDP.
逆差是政府的“西部大開發(fā)”戰(zhàn)略，投資西部基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的一種反映。哪怕這些貧窮省份收入很低，但這些的凈“進(jìn)口”使得他們可以相比收入投資、消費(fèi)更多。2012年，寧夏的投資額占到了GDP的89%。在世界屋脊“西藏”，投資率甚至高達(dá)GDP的101%。
Signs of investment are everywhere in Ningxia’s capital, Yinchuan. Foreign firms are helping to build a posh hotel and mall, shaped like a flying dragon, which will attract international brands. But not everything is imported. The coal, piled around the dormitories where the labourers live and cook, is local.
在寧夏省會(huì)銀川，到處都有投資的印記。外國公司幫助建造了造型如飛龍的豪華酒店與購物中心，會(huì)吸引諸多國際品牌。不過并不是所有都是進(jìn)口的。勞工們在工棚里飲食居住。而工棚周圍堆起的那些煤，是本土貨。
From the print edition: China
附注：理解貿(mào)易順差逆差的意義需要一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)以及國際貿(mào)易知識(shí)。簡單來說，文中西北省份的貿(mào)易逆差問題，就是出口總額低于進(jìn)口，貨幣流出。各區(qū)域逆差成因比較復(fù)雜，不絕對是壞事，逆差本身有助于理解某地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)。
