
目錄
一,作用
二,基本使用
三,特點
四,應(yīng)用場景
五,系統(tǒng)協(xié)議
六,底層代碼
一,作用
1,公開方法一般都放在.h文件中,如果想隱藏實現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié),可以把這些方法放到協(xié)議中,再讓該類遵守此協(xié)議(一個協(xié)議對應(yīng)一個類)
2,將一些公共方法抽取出來封裝成協(xié)議,任何類想擁有這些方法,只需遵守此協(xié)議即可(一個協(xié)議對應(yīng)多個類)
問題:公共方法為什么不放在父類中?
答:下圖中D類跟E類的公共方法可以放在父類B中,但D類跟G類的公共方法放在父類的父類A中顯然是不合適的,這時協(xié)議就能很優(yōu)雅的解決繼承樹
二,基本使用
1,修飾符
@required:遵守此協(xié)議的類必須實現(xiàn)它修飾的方法(默認(rèn)修飾符)
@optional:遵守此協(xié)議的類可以不實現(xiàn)它修飾的方法
@protocol PersonProtocol <NSObject>
@required
- (void)eat;
@optional
- (void)run;
@end
2,能聲明屬性,但必須在遵守此協(xié)議的類中調(diào)用@syntheszie才能正常使用
// PersonProtocol
@protocol PersonProtocol <NSObject>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@end
// Person
@interface Person : NSObject <PersonProtocol>
@end
@implementation Person
@synthesize name; // 生成get/set方法的實現(xiàn)
@end
// 使用
Person *person = [Person new];
person.name = @"111";
NSLog(@"name---%@", person.name);
// 打印
name---111
3,不能聲明成員變量
三,特點
1,協(xié)議只有方法的聲明,沒有方法的實現(xiàn)
2,遵守協(xié)議只能在類的聲明@interface上,不能在類的實現(xiàn)@implementation上
3,一個協(xié)議可以遵守多個其他協(xié)議
4,一個協(xié)議若遵守了其他協(xié)議,就擁有其他協(xié)議所有方法的聲明
5,一個協(xié)議可以被多個類遵守,一個類可以遵守多個協(xié)議
6,一個類若遵守了某個協(xié)議,就必須實現(xiàn)協(xié)議中@required修飾的方法
7,若父類遵守了某個協(xié)議,子類也就遵守了此協(xié)議
四,應(yīng)用場景
1,不同的類使用統(tǒng)一入口傳遞數(shù)據(jù)(一個協(xié)議對應(yīng)多個類)
// CustomViewProtocol
@protocol CustomViewProtocol <NSObject>
- (void)setData:(id)data;
@end
// CustomView
@interface CustomView : UIView <CustomViewProtocol>
@end
@implementation CustomView
- (void)setData:(id)data {
NSLog(@"view---%@", data);
}
@end
// CustomTableView
@interface CustomTableView : UITableView <CustomViewProtocol>
@end
@implementation CustomTableView
- (void)setData:(id)data {
NSLog(@"tableView---%@", data);
}
@end
// 使用
NSArray *views = @[[CustomView new], [CustomTableView new]];
NSArray *datas = @[@"111", @"222"];
[views enumerateObjectsUsingBlock:^(id _Nonnull obj, NSUInteger idx, BOOL * _Nonnull stop) {
if ([obj conformsToProtocol:@protocol(CustomViewProtocol)]) { // 是否遵守此協(xié)議
[obj setData:datas[idx]];
}
}];
// 打印
view---111
tableView---222
2,面向接口編程:將接口(聲明)和實現(xiàn)分離,對外只暴露接口(一個協(xié)議對應(yīng)一個類)
- 圖解

-
bridge:關(guān)聯(lián)接口和實現(xiàn)
// .h文件
@interface ServerBridge : NSObject
+ (void)bindServer:(id)server andProtocol:(Protocol *)protocol;
+ (id)serverForProtocol:(Protocol *)protocol;
@end
// .m文件
@interface ServerBridge ()
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableDictionary<NSString *, id> *serverStore;
@end
@implementation ServerBridge
- (NSMutableDictionary<NSString *,id> *)serverStore {
if (!_serverStore) {
_serverStore = [NSMutableDictionary new];
}
return _serverStore;
}
+ (instancetype)shared {
static id _bridge = nil;
static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
_bridge = [[self alloc] init];
});
return _bridge;
}
+ (void)bindServer:(id)server andProtocol:(Protocol *)protocol {
if ([server conformsToProtocol:protocol]) {
[[ServerBridge shared].serverStore setValue:server
forKey:NSStringFromProtocol(protocol)];
}
}
+ (id)serverForProtocol:(Protocol *)protocol {
return [[ServerBridge shared].serverStore valueForKey:NSStringFromProtocol(protocol)];
}
@end
-
protocol:對外暴露的接口
@protocol ServerProtocol <NSObject>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *provideData;
- (void)doSomething;
@end
-
server:接口的具體實現(xiàn)
@interface Server () <ServerProtocol>
@end
@implementation Server
@synthesize provideData;
+ (void)load {
[ServerBridge bindServer:[self new]
andProtocol:@protocol(ServerProtocol)];
}
- (NSString *)provideData {
return @"server provide data";
}
- (void)doSomething {
NSLog(@"server do something");
}
@end
-
business:使用接口的業(yè)務(wù)
id<ServerProtocol> server = [ServerBridge serverForProtocol:@protocol(ServerProtocol)];
NSLog(@"%@", server.provideData);
[server doSomething];
// 打印
server provide data
server do something
3,控制鏈?zhǔn)骄幊痰恼{(diào)用順序
// .h文件
@class SQLTool;
@protocol Fromable;
@protocol Whereable;
typedef SQLTool<Fromable>*(^Select)(NSString *string);
typedef SQLTool<Whereable>*(^From)(NSString *string);
typedef SQLTool*(^Where)(NSString *string);
@protocol Selectable <NSObject>
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) Select select;
@end
@protocol Fromable <NSObject>
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) From from;
@end
@protocol Whereable <NSObject>
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) Where where;
@end
@interface SQLTool : NSObject
+ (NSString *)makeSQL:(void(^)(SQLTool<Selectable> *tool))block;
@end
// .m文件
@interface SQLTool() <Selectable, Fromable, Whereable>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *sql;
@end
@implementation SQLTool
- (NSString *)sql {
if (!_sql) {
_sql = [NSString new];
}
return _sql;
}
+ (NSString *)makeSQL:(void(^)(SQLTool<Selectable> *tool))block {
if (block) {
SQLTool *tool = [SQLTool new];
block(tool);
return tool.sql;
}
return nil;
}
- (Select)select {
return ^(NSString *string) {
self.sql = [self.sql stringByAppendingString:string];
return self;
};
}
- (From)from {
return ^(NSString *string) {
self.sql = [self.sql stringByAppendingString:string];
return self;
};
}
- (Where)where {
return ^(NSString *string) {
self.sql = [self.sql stringByAppendingString:string];
return self;
};
}
@end
// 使用
NSString *sql = [SQLTool makeSQL:^(SQLTool<Selectable> *tool) {
tool.select(@"111").from(@"222").where(@"333"); // 不能改變調(diào)用順序
}];
NSLog(@"%@", sql);
// 打印
111222333
五,系統(tǒng)協(xié)議
1,NSObject:根協(xié)議,其他協(xié)議都要遵守它,它提供了很多基本的方法,基類NSObject已經(jīng)遵守此協(xié)議并實現(xiàn)了協(xié)議方法,所以我們可以直接使用這些方法
@protocol NSObject
- (id)performSelector:(SEL)aSelector;
- (BOOL)isKindOfClass:(Class)aClass;
- (BOOL)respondsToSelector:(SEL)aSelector;
...
@end
2,NSCopying:與對象拷貝相關(guān)的協(xié)議,如果想讓某個自定義類具備拷貝功能,那么該類必須遵守此協(xié)議并實現(xiàn)協(xié)議方法
- 聲明
@protocol NSCopying
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone;
@end
- 使用
// Person
@interface Person : NSObject <NSCopying>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@end
@implementation Person
- (id)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {
Person *person = [[Person allocWithZone:zone] init];
person.name = self.name;
return person;
}
@end
// 使用
Person *person1 = [Person new];
person1.name = @"123";
Person *person2 = [person1 copy];
person1.name = @"456";
NSLog(@"%@", person1.name);
NSLog(@"%@", person2.name);
// 打印
456
123
3,NSMutableCopying:讓自定義類具備可變拷貝功能
@protocol NSMutableCopying
- (id)mutableCopyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone;
@end
4,NSCoding:如果想用歸檔存儲某個自定義類對象,那么該類必須遵守此協(xié)議并實現(xiàn)協(xié)議方法
- 聲明
@protocol NSCoding
- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aCoder;
- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aDecoder;
@end
- 使用
// Person
@interface Person : NSObject <NSCoding>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *name;
@end
@implementation Person
- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aCoder {
[aCoder encodeObject:self.name forKey:@"name"];
}
- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)aDecoder {
if (self = [super init]) {
self.name = [aDecoder decodeObjectForKey:@"name"];
}
return self;
}
@end
// 使用
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[super viewDidLoad];
[self save];
[self read];
}
- (NSString *)filePath {
NSString *document = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES).firstObject;
return [document stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Person.data"];
}
- (void)save {
Person *person = [Person new];
person.name = @"111";
[NSKeyedArchiver archiveRootObject:person toFile:self.filePath];
}
- (void)read {
Person *person = [NSKeyedUnarchiver unarchiveObjectWithFile:self.filePath];
NSLog(@"%@", person.name);
}
// 打印
111
5,NSSecureCoding:在NSCoding基礎(chǔ)上增加了安全性
@protocol NSSecureCoding <NSCoding>
@property (class, readonly) BOOL supportsSecureCoding;
@end
六,底層代碼
1,protocol_t結(jié)構(gòu)體
struct protocol_t : objc_object {
const char *mangledName; // 重整的名稱
const char *_demangledName; // 沒有重整的名稱
struct protocol_list_t *protocols; // 遵守的協(xié)議
method_list_t *classMethods; // 類方法
method_list_t *optionalClassMethods; // 可選的類方法
method_list_t *instanceMethods; // 實例方法
method_list_t *optionalInstanceMethods; // 可選的實例方法
property_list_t *_classProperties; // 類屬性
property_list_t *instanceProperties; // 實例屬性
...
}
2,conformsToProtocol:方法
- 類方法和實例方法
+ (BOOL)conformsToProtocol:(Protocol *)protocol {
if (!protocol) return NO;
// 從當(dāng)前類到父類逐個進(jìn)行查找
for (Class tcls = self; tcls; tcls = tcls->superclass) {
if (class_conformsToProtocol(tcls, protocol)) return YES;
}
return NO;
}
- (BOOL)conformsToProtocol:(Protocol *)protocol {
if (!protocol) return NO;
for (Class tcls = self.class; tcls; tcls = tcls->superclass) {
if (class_conformsToProtocol(tcls, protocol)) return YES;
}
return NO;
}
-
class_conformsToProtocol函數(shù)
BOOL class_conformsToProtocol(Class cls, Protocol *proto_gen) {
protocol_t *proto = newprotocol(proto_gen);
if (!cls) return NO;
if (!proto_gen) return NO;
rwlock_reader_t lock(runtimeLock);
assert(cls->isRealized());
// 跟類遵守的協(xié)議逐個進(jìn)行比較
for (const auto& proto_ref : cls->data()->protocols) {
protocol_t *p = remapProtocol(proto_ref);
if (p == proto || protocol_conformsToProtocol_nolock(p, proto)) {
return YES;
}
}
return NO;
}
-
protocol_conformsToProtocol_nolock函數(shù)
static bool protocol_conformsToProtocol_nolock(protocol_t *self, protocol_t *other) {
runtimeLock.assertLocked();
if (!self || !other) {
return NO;
}
if (0 == strcmp(self->mangledName, other->mangledName)) {
return YES;
}
if (self->protocols) {
uintptr_t i;
// 跟協(xié)議遵守的協(xié)議逐個進(jìn)行比較
for (i = 0; i < self->protocols->count; i++) {
protocol_t *proto = remapProtocol(self->protocols->list[i]);
if (0 == strcmp(other->mangledName, proto->mangledName)) {
return YES;
}
// 遞歸調(diào)用
if (protocol_conformsToProtocol_nolock(proto, other)) {
return YES;
}
}
}
return NO;
}
