農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)化技術(shù)是指將目的基因插入到經(jīng)過改造的T-DNA區(qū),借助農(nóng)桿菌的感染實(shí)現(xiàn)外源基因向植物細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移與整合,然后通過細(xì)胞和組織培養(yǎng)技術(shù),再生出轉(zhuǎn)基因植株的技術(shù)。

Ti 質(zhì)粒有兩個(gè)區(qū)域:
①T-DNA 區(qū)(是質(zhì)粒上能夠轉(zhuǎn)移整合入植物受體基因組并能在植物細(xì)胞中表達(dá)從而導(dǎo)致冠癭瘤的發(fā)生,且可通過減數(shù)分裂傳遞給子代的區(qū)域)和 Vir區(qū)(編碼能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn) T-DNA 轉(zhuǎn)移的蛋白)。
T-DNA 長度為 12-24kb 之間,兩端各有一個(gè)含 25hp 重復(fù)序列的邊界序列,在整合過程中左右邊界序列之間的 T-DNA 可以轉(zhuǎn)移并整合到宿主細(xì)胞基因組中,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)只有邊界序列對(duì) DNA 的轉(zhuǎn)移是必需的,而邊界序列之間的T-DNA 并不參與轉(zhuǎn)化過程,因而可以用外源基因?qū)⑵涮鎿Q。
②Vir 區(qū)位于 T-DNA 以外的一個(gè)35kb 內(nèi),其產(chǎn)物對(duì) T-DNA 的轉(zhuǎn)移及整合必不可少。農(nóng)桿菌侵染植物首先是吸附于植物表面?zhèn)?,受傷植物分泌的酚類小分子化合物可以誘導(dǎo) Vir 基因的表達(dá)。Vir 產(chǎn)物能誘導(dǎo) Ti 質(zhì)粒產(chǎn)生一條新的 T-DNA 單鏈分子。此單鏈分子從 Ti 質(zhì)粒上脫離后,可以與 Vir 產(chǎn)物 VIRD2蛋白共價(jià)結(jié)合,并在 VIRD4 和 VIRB 等蛋白的幫助下從農(nóng)桿菌進(jìn)入植物細(xì)胞的染色體中。
③ Con區(qū)(regions encoding conjugations)
該區(qū)段上存在著與細(xì)菌接合轉(zhuǎn)移的有關(guān)基因(tra),調(diào)控Ti質(zhì)粒在農(nóng)桿菌之間的轉(zhuǎn)移。冠癭堿能激活tra基因,誘導(dǎo)Ti質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)移, 因此稱之為接合轉(zhuǎn)移編碼區(qū)。
④ Ori區(qū)(origin of replication)
該區(qū)段基因調(diào)控Ti質(zhì)粒的自我復(fù)制, 故稱之為復(fù)制起始區(qū)。
T-DNA 轉(zhuǎn)移整合進(jìn)受體基因組中有兩種方式,一種是同源重組,利用片段間的同源性定向置換掉目的基因,是進(jìn)行基因功能研究的重要方法(基因定向敲除或替換)。而另一種方式是異常重組,即 T-DNA 的整合插入是隨機(jī)無規(guī)則的。
T-DNA 轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制
首先AS誘導(dǎo)膜蛋白VirA 形成復(fù)合物,使VirG 磷酸化,激活Vir 區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)錄出核酸內(nèi)切酶VirD1 和VirD2,2 種內(nèi)切酶分核酸內(nèi)切酶VirD1 和VirD2,2 種內(nèi)切酶分別在 LB 和RB 的第3 個(gè)堿基和第4 個(gè)堿基之間進(jìn)行切割,并持續(xù)發(fā)揮作用。T-DNA 的被切割片段從Ti 質(zhì)粒中釋放出來,產(chǎn)生單鏈DNA 分子(T 鏈),這些分子在其5'端共價(jià)連接到VirD2 形成共價(jià)復(fù)合物(VirD2-T 鏈),緊接著與VirD5、VirE3、VirE2等蛋白結(jié)合形成T-DNA 復(fù)合體,同時(shí),VirD4 與VirB 形成T4SS-VirB/D4 通道復(fù)合體,進(jìn)而形成T4 細(xì)胞通道,T 復(fù)合體在VirF 蛋白的輔助下通過T4 細(xì)胞通道進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞,在宿主細(xì)胞內(nèi)發(fā)生分解,T 鏈在VirD2 的牽引下作為線性非置換片段進(jìn)入宿主細(xì)胞核,整合到宿主基因組中,因此能在宿主中穩(wěn)定存在和遺傳。


雙元載體系統(tǒng)(二元系統(tǒng))
雙元載體由含有T-DNA 的多功能克隆質(zhì)粒和含有Vir 區(qū)的Ti 衍生質(zhì)粒構(gòu)成,均位于根癌農(nóng)桿菌內(nèi),前者負(fù)責(zé)在大腸桿菌和根癌農(nóng)桿菌內(nèi)進(jìn)行復(fù)制和運(yùn)載T-DNA 邊界內(nèi)的DNA 序列(目的基因及標(biāo)記基因),后者提供反式毒性區(qū)功能,催動(dòng)T-DNA 的轉(zhuǎn)移。

常用的雙元載體有pBI-121、pBNI19、pGreen、pCAMBIA系列等,通常以這幾種載體為基本骨架通過更換啟動(dòng)子、更換抗性基因、重組進(jìn)目的基因等方式構(gòu)建出適用的雙元載體。
除常用骨架外,通常利用glaA、gpdA、cbh、trpC 等啟動(dòng)子啟動(dòng)目的基因,并以潮霉素磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶基因?yàn)闃?biāo)記基因。
由于雙元表達(dá)載體分為兩部分,所以選擇載體需要與膿桿菌適配!
技術(shù)優(yōu)勢:

1.查詢雙元載體
參考文獻(xiàn):T-DNA Binary Vectors and Systems
- 查詢ATMT技術(shù)成功轉(zhuǎn)化的真菌種類
參考文獻(xiàn):根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)真菌遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的研究及應(yīng)用
應(yīng)用案例1. Target-gene replacement and randominsertional mutants
文獻(xiàn):1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation: An efficient tool for insertional mutagenesis and targeted gene disruption in Harpophora oryzae
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Beauveria bassiana using an herbicide resistance gene as a selection marker
As the fluorescent cassette was lost after the homologousrecombination event, gene knockout mutants could be distin-guished from transformants with random insertion in the aid offluorescence microscope (Fig. 4A).

Figure legend: (A) Two types of transfomants after ATMT. The GFP cassette will be degraded in the putative gene deletion mutants because of the homologous recombination event. However, the GFP cassette still remains in the random insertional transformants.
應(yīng)用案例2.過表達(dá)和敲除菌株
文獻(xiàn):mro-miR-33在綠僵菌產(chǎn)孢中的作用

應(yīng)用案例3.敲除綠僵菌Mest1基因
文獻(xiàn):1. Insertion of an esterase gene into a specific locust pathogen (Metarhizium acridum) enables it to infect caterpillars
For targeted deletion of Mest1, the 59 and 39 flanking regions of the Mest1 ORF were amplified by PCR from Mr2575 genomic DNA, and then subcloned into the XbaI and SpeI sites of the binary vector pBarGFP . The gene disruption construct (pBarGFPMest1) was then transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens AGL-1 for targeted gene disruption by homologous recombination as described previously.

文獻(xiàn): Insects defend against fungal infection by employing microRNAs to silence virulence-related genes
Target gene deletion mutants were constructed using a conventional gene targeting method by homologous recombination. The 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the sec2p and C6TF were PCR amplified, and cloned into XbaI and EcoRV sites of the binary vector pBarGFP, respectively (5). The gene deletion constructs (pBarGFP-sec2p, pBarGFP-C6TF) were separately transformed into A. tumefaciens AGL-1 for targeted gene deletion in B. bassiana by homologous recombination (4). For gene deletion mutant screening, replacement-specific PCR was performed with specific primer pairs (Table S3) for each gene.

Figure legend: (A) Schematic representation of a target B. bassiana gene and the plasmid pBarGFP that was used for gene disruption via homologous recombination. The primer pairs FP1 and RP1 were used to amplify WT genome DNA fragment, FP2 and RP2 were used to verify the deletion mutants.
參考文獻(xiàn):
根癌農(nóng)桿菌介導(dǎo)真菌遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的研究及應(yīng)用
根瘤農(nóng)桿菌專題
農(nóng)桿菌的T-DNA是如何整合進(jìn)植物基因組的?
遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的基本知識(shí)(四)——植物遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化的載體系統(tǒng)