高二黨看過來,希望對你有幫助……

高二上學(xué)期英語語法總結(jié)

Grammar focus語法重點

1.The simple passive form of the infinitives.

不定式被動態(tài)的一般形式的內(nèi)涵及用法。

2.Four functions of the infinitives used as subject,attribute,object and adverbial.用作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的不定式的四種功能的用法。

本單元的語法項目是不定式的被動式,具體講解如下:

①當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示動作的承受者時,不定式一般用被動形式。不定式被動形式在句中可作主語、表語、狀語、補語等。如:

To be obeyed was natural to her.她生性讓別人聽命于她。(作主語)

The problem remained to be solved.這個問題還有待解決。(作表語)

It needs not to be said that they are very happy together.

不必說他們在一起非常幸福。(作賓語)

There were plans to be made at once.要立即制定計劃。(作定語)

He has returned only to be sent away again.

他回來以后又被打發(fā)走了。(作狀語)

The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted.

船長命令升旗。(作賓語補足語)

The book is intended to be read and not to be torn.

這書是供人閱讀的而不是供人撕毀的。(作主語補足語)

②在某些句子中,不定式雖表被動,但仍用主動形式。如:

What is to pay?要付多少錢?

The reason is not far to seek.道理很淺顯。

He gave me some books to read.他給了我一些書讀。

We found the report easy to understand.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些報告很容易懂。

不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的功能和用法講解如下:

由于不定式有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特點,所以它在句中可做主語、表語、賓語、定語、同位語、狀語、補語等。但由于時間關(guān)系,今天我只把不定式作主語、定語、賓語和狀語的用法講解一下。

1)作主語。如:

To see is to believe.眼見為實。

To serve the people is our duty.為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)。

在日常英語中,常用it作為語法上的主語,即形式主語,而將真正的主語放在后面。

It is our duty to serve the people.為人民服務(wù)是我們的職責(zé)。

2)作賓語。如:

I couldn't afford to buy a new car.我買不起汽車。

Have you decided to marry him?你決定嫁給他嗎?

有些動詞常常跟不定式作賓語,它們是:want,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continue,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,remember,begin,decide,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,expect,desire等。

另外,在一些復(fù)合賓語中,常用it代表不定式作為形式賓語,而將真正的賓語不定式放在后面。如:

I thought it right to do this test.我認為做這項實驗是對的。

3)作定語。通常都置于被修飾名詞或代詞之后。如:

This is the best way to solve this problem.

這是解決這個問題的最好辦法。

I have a lot of work to do.我有許多工作要做。

如果不定式和它所修飾的詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,且這個不定式是不及物動詞,則它后面需有必要的介詞。如:

He is a good comrade to work with.他是一個很好共事的同志。

There is nothing to think about.沒什么值得考慮的。

4)作狀語,表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。如:

He went home to see his parents.他回家看望父母。(表目的)

I turned the radio down so as not to disturb you.

我把收音機音量調(diào)小,以免打擾你。(表目的)

The problem is too hard to understand.

這問題太難了,理解不了。(表結(jié)果)

What have I done to make you unhappy?

我做了什么事使你不高興?(表結(jié)果)

I'm glad to hear the news.聽了這消息,我很高興。(表原因)

I was surprised to see him there.

我真想不到會在那里見到他。(表原因)

Grammar focus語法重點

The past participle used as attribute and predicative

用作定語和表語的過去分詞

本單元的語法項目是過去分詞作定語、表語。它們的用法講解如下:

1)過去分詞作定語。如果是及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,過去分詞與被修飾詞有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,且表完成的狀態(tài);如果是不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,過去分詞與被修飾詞在邏輯上沒有主被動關(guān)系之說,所以不及物動詞的過去分詞只表完成的狀態(tài)。但有些表示思想感情的過去分詞如astonished,disappointed,excited,frightened,interested,pleased,surprised,tired,worried等既不表主動,又不表完成。此外,作定語的過去分詞如果是單詞,一般放在被修飾詞的前面;作定語的過去分詞如果是動詞短語,一般放在被修飾詞的后面。如:

We need more qualified teachers.我們需要更多的合格老師。

He stepped carelessly on some broken glass.

他不小心踩到了碎玻璃上了。

The letter written by my brother is on the desk.

我兄弟寫的信在桌子上。

The TV set made in China are good quality.

中國制造的電視機質(zhì)量很好。

You can drink boiled water,not boiling water.

你可以喝白開水,但不可以喝沸騰的水。

From his disappointed look,I knew he didn't pass the examination.

從他的失望表情看,我知道他沒通過考試。

2)作表語,過去分詞作表語,多表示主語的狀態(tài)。如:

This machine part is broken.這個機器零件壞了。

He looked very excited.他看起來很激動。

有些過去分詞實際上已被看成形容詞了,常見的有:delighted,disappointed,discouraged,drunk,amused,astonished,hurt,interested,crowded,tired,satisfied,pleased,surprised,worried,excited,married,puzzled,upset等。

Grammar focus語法重點

The Past Participle used as Object Complement

用作賓補的過去分詞

本單元的語法項目是過去分詞作賓補,你能把它的用法講解一下嗎?

師:過去分詞作賓補,與前面的賓語有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系且表動作的完成。

1)作表感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞的賓補,它們是:see,hear,watch,feel,find,think等

We hear the music played by the band.我們聽了樂隊演奏這首樂曲。

I found her greatly changed.我發(fā)現(xiàn)她變化很大。

Everybody thought the battle lost.人人都認為這場戰(zhàn)役輸?shù)袅恕?/p>

2)作使役動詞的賓補,它們是:make,keep,leave,have,get,help等

When you speak,you have to make yourself understood.

說話時要讓人聽懂。

Please keep us informed of the latest development.

請隨時向我們通報事態(tài)的最新發(fā)展。

I must get my bike repaired.我必須請人修自行車。

3)作表希望或要求的動詞的賓補,它們是:want,like,wish,prefer,need,declare,report,order,acknowledge等。這種用法與不定式的被動形式作賓補基本相同。

I don't want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.

我不要你們?nèi)魏稳藸可娴匠舐勚腥ァ?/p>

The viewers wish the serial film(to be)continued.

觀眾們希望這部系列片繼續(xù)下去。

She needs the work(to be)done before tomorrow.

他要此項工程明天以前完成。

Grammar focus語法重點

The Past Participle used as Adverbial

用作狀語的過去分詞

本單元課文中出現(xiàn)了許多過去分詞作狀語的句子,您能把這一語法現(xiàn)象講解一下嗎?

師:無論過去分詞作狀語還是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語,分詞的邏輯主語都要和主句的主語一致。過去分詞與主句的主語應(yīng)是被動關(guān)系。過去分詞作狀語,表示時間、原因、讓步或伴隨等,這種過去分詞通常相當(dāng)于狀語從句。下面我將舉例說明。

1)表時間

(When the metal is)Heated,the metal expands.加熱后,這種金屬會膨脹。(The couple took good care of the baby while(the couple was)occupied by their work.這對夫婦一邊工作,一邊很好地照顧這個嬰兒。

像第二句那樣當(dāng)強調(diào)實踐概念時,過去分詞之前可用連詞when,while。

2)表原因

(As he was)Greatly surprised,he couldn't say a word.

他大吃一驚,一時說不出話來。

(Because she was)Scolded by the teacher,the girl felt unfair.

那姑娘因受老師責(zé)備,而憤憤不平。

3)表讓步

Even if(I were)invited,I wouldn't go.即使受邀請,我也不愿去。

Though(they were)defeated again and again,they went on fighting.盡管一再遭受挫敗,他們?nèi)匀焕^續(xù)戰(zhàn)斗。

4)表伴隨

He stared at me(he was)astonished.他兩眼瞪著我,驚恐萬狀。

Einstein walked along the street,(he was)lost in thought.愛因斯坦漫步街頭,沉浸在思索中。

Grammar focus語法重點

Noun Clauses introduced by relating pronoun“that”

由關(guān)系代詞“that”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

本單元的語法項目是關(guān)聯(lián)詞“that”引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句,你能把它的內(nèi)涵及用法講解一下嗎?

that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,本身沒有什么意思,它只起一個連接作用。①that引導(dǎo)主語從句時,一般不可省略,且可把that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句放在后面,前面用it代替that從句;當(dāng)然,當(dāng)主句用了被動語態(tài)或是一般疑問句時多用it作形式主語;如主句是感嘆句時,必須用it作形式主語,把that從句放在后面。②引導(dǎo)及物動詞的賓語從句時,在不引起歧義的情況下,that可以省略;that很少引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句(中學(xué)階段常見的能引導(dǎo)that從句的介詞有:except、but、in等),如介詞引導(dǎo)that從句作賓語,常常在其后加it,在加that從句作賓語。③that從句作表語從句,一般不可省略。④that從句作同位語從句,一般不可省略。請看下列例句:

That we shall be late is certain.=It is certain that we shall be late.

我們要晚了,這是確定無疑的。

It is said that he's got married.聽說他結(jié)婚了。

How strange it is that the children are so quiet!

真奇怪孩子們?nèi)绱税察o。

He told me(that)he would come to Gu'an the next day.

他告訴我第二天他來固安。

He did come here in that he had another thing to do.

他沒來是因為他有其他事要做。

You can depend on it that he is a millionaire.

你就放心吧,他是百萬富翁。

The fact is that he doesn't understand English at all.

事實上他根本不懂英語。

I know the fact that the doesn't understand English at all.

我知道他根本不懂英語(那個事實)。

如何區(qū)別 where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句與狀語從句

? 1.where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時,where 是關(guān)系副詞,在從句中作地點狀語,其前面有表示地點的先行詞,where 引導(dǎo)的從句修飾先行詞。例如:

? The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here.

? 我買這本書的那個書店離這里不遠。

? This is the house where I lived two years ago.

? 這就是我兩年前住的那所房子。

? We will start at the point where we left off.

? 我們將從上次停下來的地方開始。

? 2.where 引導(dǎo)狀語從句時,where 是從屬連詞,where 引導(dǎo)的從句修飾主句的謂語動詞,where 前面沒有表示地點的先行詞。例如:

? Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet.

? 武漢位于長江和漢江的匯合處。

? Mark a mark where you have any doubts or questions.在有疑問的地方做一個記號。

? I found my books where I had left them.我在我原來放書的地方找到了我的書。

? 有時,where 引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句兼有抽象條件含義,可放在主句的前面,而 where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句則不能。例如:

? Where there is a will,there is a way.(諺語)有志者事竟成。

? Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方就有生命。

? 3.在有些情況下,where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可轉(zhuǎn)換為 where 引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句。例如:

? A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert.( = A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert.)在以前曾是沙漠的地方蓋起了一幢高樓。

? Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often.( = Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.溫暖而多雨的地方最適合于竹子生長。

Grammar focus語法重點

Noun Clauses Introduced by Question Words

由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

[講解]由疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句多作主語從句、賓語從句或表語從句,偶爾也作同位語從句。在作上述從句時,其句型結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該采用以下兩種:

1.疑問詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞 + 其他

2.本身是主語的疑問詞 + 謂語動詞 + 其他

不管采用哪種句型,其詞序總是正裝的,即主語必須置于謂語動詞前面。

[例句]

1)What you need is more practice.(主語從句)

2)What is hard is to do good all one's life and never do anything bad.(主語從句)

3)I can't imagine when we will be able to travel in space.(動詞賓語從句)

4)This reminded me of what he had once told us.(介詞賓語從句)

5)The problem is whether robots will be smarter than humans.(表語從句)

6)Scientists have not found answers to the question why there is no life on Mars.(同位語從句)

Grammar focus語法重點

虛擬語氣

語氣是一種動詞形式,表示說話人對某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。英語中共有三種語氣:陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。本單元所講的是虛擬語氣。

虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個事實,而只是一種愿望、假設(shè)、懷疑、建議、猜測、可能或純粹的空想等。

本單元要學(xué)習(xí)關(guān)于虛擬語氣的以下三個用法:

1.虛擬語氣在一般現(xiàn)在時的條件句和主句中的謂語動詞的形式如下:

從? 句 主? 句

過去式(be用were) would + 動詞原形

[例句]

1)If I knew German,I would read Das Capital in the original.

要是我懂德文,我就讀《資本論》的原文。

2)If he were here now,everything would be all right.

要是他現(xiàn)在在這兒,一切就都沒問題了。

3)How nice it would be if I could stay a bit longer!

2.虛擬語氣在wish后的賓語從句中的應(yīng)用。

如果該賓語從句表示一般現(xiàn)在時,其動詞一律用其過去式形式,be用were;如果該從句表示一般過去時,其動詞形式要用:had + 過去分詞;如果該從句表示現(xiàn)在進行時,其動詞形式要用were/was + 現(xiàn)在分詞;如果該從句表示一般將來時,其動詞形式要用:would/could + 動詞原形。

[例句]

1)I wish I were/was as strong as you.

2)I wish I remembered his phone number.

3)I wish I had not forgotten his address the other day.

4)How I wish it weren't/wasn't raining now!

5)I wish he would try again.

3.虛擬語氣在含有as if引導(dǎo)的從句中的動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句中的動詞形式相同。

1)He acts as if he were/was an expert.

2)It seems as if it were/was spring.

3)They are talking as if they had been friends for years.

Grammar focus語法重點

Subjunctive Mood in the Past Tense and the Future Tense

一般過去時與一般將來時中的虛擬語氣

[ ]表示過去情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中謂語動詞的主要形式如下:

從? 句 主? 句

had + 過去分詞 would have + 過去分詞

[例句]

1.If we had left a little earlier,we would have caught the train.

2.If I hadn't taken your advice,I would have made a bad mistake.

3.You wouldn't have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.

[ ]表示將來情況的虛擬條件句的主句與從句中的謂語動詞的主要形式如下:

從? 句 主? 句

were to/should + 動詞原形 would + 動詞原形

[例句]

1.If I were to study at Harvard University next year,I would major in biology.

2.If he were to/should travel on Mars in the future,he would drive a space wagon all over it.

注:在虛擬條件中,有時可以把表示假設(shè)的從屬連詞if省掉不用,在此語境中,就把從句中的助動詞had,should或were移至其主語前,如:

1.Had we made enough preparations,we might have succeeded in doing the experiment.

2.Were they to act like that again,we would/should criticize them severely.

3.Should we fail again next time,we wouldn't lose courage.

Grammar focus語法重點

Inversion 倒裝

主語與謂語有兩種順序:一是主語在前,這和漢語是一致的,稱為自然語序或正裝語序。反之,如果謂語的全部或一部分置于主語之前,就是倒裝語序。

產(chǎn)出倒裝語序主要有兩個原因:語法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求;第二種則是修辭上措辭和安排的需要。下面就是按兩種要求講授本單元有關(guān)倒裝語序的知識。

1.主謂倒裝

A)凡表方位、方向或時間的副詞或介詞詞組處于句首時往往引起主謂倒裝。如:

1)There exist different opinions on this question.

關(guān)于這個問題存在著不同的意見。

2)Here comes the old lady.那位老太太來了。

3)Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.

我們期待的時刻到來了。

4)Up went the arrow into the air.

颼的一聲箭射上了天空。

5)Now comes your turn.現(xiàn)在輪到你了。

6)Through the air hurtled a jet-plane.

呼地一聲在天空中飛過一架噴氣式飛機。

B)否定詞置于句首,引起部分倒裝(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞移至主語前),如:

1)Never before has our country been so prosperous.

我們的國家從來沒有這樣繁榮昌盛。

2)Hardly did I think it possible.我?guī)缀跽J為這是不可能的。

3)On no account should we follow blindly.我們決不應(yīng)盲從。

C)“only + 狀語”置于句首引起部分倒裝,如:

1)Only after a bitter struggle was the aim achieved.

只有在艱苦斗爭之后這一目標(biāo)才得以實現(xiàn)。

2)Only in this way can we hope to improve the situation there.

只有用這種方式我們才有可能改善那里的局勢。

D)省略了if的虛擬條件句中要用部分倒裝,如:

1)Should anyone phone me,tell him to call me again in two hours' time.

萬一有人給我打電話,叫他兩小時以后再給我打。

2)Had I been informed earlier,I might not have bought the air ticket.

要是早點通知我,我就可能不買那機票了。

2.表語倒裝

當(dāng)表語置于句首,其系動詞也就隨之移至主語前形成完全倒裝,如:

1)Near the southern end of the village was a large apple orchard.

靠近村子南頭是一個很大的蘋果園。

2)Among its exhibits are computers and mobile phones made in China.

在展品中有中國制造的電腦和手機。

3)Their grandparents are very warm-hearted,as are their parents.

他們的祖父母是非常熱心的人,他們的父母也一樣。

Grammar focus語法重點

Ellipsis省略

在有些英語句子中,某些成分被省略掉了,這樣的句子稱為省略句(Elliptical Sentences)。一般說來在上下文已經(jīng)交待清楚的情況下,可以省略那些已經(jīng)提到的或不言而喻的部分。

省略是避免重復(fù)、突出重要內(nèi)容和使上下文緊密連接的一種語言手段。

省略可出現(xiàn)于簡單句、并列復(fù)合句和主從復(fù)合句中。

一、常被省略的部分

1.省略主語

Beg your pardon?請再說一遍。(省略I)

2.省略謂語或謂語的一部分

He is a doctor and his wife a teacher.

他是醫(yī)生,他妻子是老師。(省略is)

I will do the best I can.我將盡力而為。(省略do)

3.省略表語

表語的省略指的是:在主系表句子中,回答其問句時省略表語。這種省略已成固定格式,如果不省略反而不成句子習(xí)慣。There be句型的回答以及其反意問句的后半部分也要用省略式。

—Are you hungry?你餓嗎?

—Yes,I am.(hungry).我餓。

4.省略賓語

This is the book(that)you're looking for.

5.主語和謂語(系動詞)一起省略

—What would you like to eat?—你要吃什么?

—(I would like)Rice and meat.—米飯和肉。

6.在if,when,though,as if等引導(dǎo)的從句中,如果其謂語動詞是be,可將主語一起省略。Don't speak while(you are)eating.吃飯時別說話。

7.一般疑問句的省略回答中動詞只用系動詞、情態(tài)動詞、助動詞

Can you swim?Yes,I can/No,I can't.

8.只保留一個主要句子成分,其余全部省略。

What did you get?A book.(保留賓語)

Wait!(保留謂語)

9.the reason why,the time when等限定性定語從句中可省略關(guān)系副詞。

This is the place(where)we came last month.

這就是我們上個月來過的地方。

That was the reason(why)he had not arrived on time.

這就是他沒按時到達的原因。

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