What the world’s sixth most populous state can teach other developing countries

Jan 4th 2018?

WHEN Pakistan’s schools attract global attention, it is often as a?backdrop?to violence. In October 2012 a masked gunman from the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan boarded a school bus and shot Malala Yousafzai in the head, neck and shoulder. Two years later, and six days after Ms Yousafzai received the Nobel peace prize, terrorists from the same umbrella group killed 141 people, nearly all pupils, at an army-run school in Peshawar, one of the deadliest attacks on a school in any country. According to the Global Terrorism Database kept by the University of Maryland, 867 educational institutions were attacked by Islamists between 2007 and 2015, often because these places had the?temerity?to teach science—or worse, educate girls.

Such attacks have added to problems that schools in Pakistan, the world’s sixth-most-populous country, share with those in other poor states—irrelevant curriculums, high rates of dropout as children(especially girls) get older, and woeful teaching. Yet the?spectre?of violence may have obscured another development: the emergence of Pakistan as perhaps the world’s largest laboratory for education reform.

backdrop: the setting or conditions within which something happens

temerity: the quality of being confident and unafraid of danger or punishment especially in a way that seems rude or foolish

the spectre of (something): something bad that might happen in the future?

Pakistan has long been home to a flourishing market of low-cost private schools, as parents have given up on a?dysfunctional?state sector and opted instead to pay for a better alternative.In the province of Punjab alone the number of these schools has risen from 32,000 in 1990 to 60,000 by 2016. (England has just 24,000 schools,?albeit?much bigger ones.)

More recently, Pakistani policymakers have begun to use these private schools to provide state education. Today Pakistan has one of the largest school-voucher schemes in the world. It has outsourced the running of more government-funded schools than any other developing country. By the end of this year Punjab aims to have placed 10,000 public schools—about the number in all of California—in the hands of entrepreneurs or charities. Although other provinces cannot match the scope and pace of reforms in Punjab, which is home to 53% of Pakistanis, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are implementing some similar changes on a smaller scale.

albeit: even though; although

因為公立學校很差，家長們開始把孩子送去一些學費更低但教學質(zhì)量更高的私立學校，所以政府已經(jīng)開始在這些私立學校使用“公立教育”。

The results are promising—and they hold lessons for reformers in other countries. One is that “public-private partnerships” can improve children’s results while costing the state less than running schools itself. A paper published in August by the World Bank found that a scheme to subsidise local entrepreneurs to open schools in 199 villages increased enrolment of six- to ten-year-olds by 30 percentage points and?boosted test scores. Better schools also led parents to encourage their sons to become doctors not security guards, and their daughters to become teachers rather than housewives.

Other new research suggests that policymakers can also take simple steps to fix failures in the market for low-cost private schools. For example, providing better information for parents through standardised report cards, and making it easier for entrepreneurs to obtain loans to expand schools, have both been found to lead to a higher quality of education.

試點結(jié)果很好：第一“公私合作辦學” 花更少的錢，提高了孩子的成績；第二可以讓政策制定者用更簡單的方法來改錯

Another, related lesson is that simply spending more public money is not going to transform classrooms in poor countries. The bulk of spending on public education goes on teachers’ salaries, and if they cannot teach, the money is wasted. A revealing recent study looked at what happened between 2003 and 2007, when Punjab hired teachers on temporary contracts at 35% less pay. It found that the lower wages had no?discernible?impact on how well teachers taught.

Such results reflect what happens when teachers are hired corruptly, rather than for their teaching skills. Yet the final and most important lesson from Pakistan is that politicians can break the link between political?patronage?and the classroom. Under Shahbaz Sharif, Punjab’s chief minister, the province has hired new teachers on merit, not an official’s say-so. It uses data on enrolment and test scores to hold local officials to account at regular high-stakes meetings.

還有一點好處就是這些公款花在了刀刃上，而不是腐敗上！

discern: to come to know, recognize, or understand(something)

discernable impact

patronage: money and support that is given to an artist, organization, etc.

Must try harder

Shifting from “the politics of patronage” to “the politics of performance”, in the words of Sir Michael Barber, a former adviser to the British government who now works with the Punjabis, would transform public services in poor countries. Pakistan’s reforms have a long way to go. But they already have many lessons to teach the world.

巴基斯坦的教育改革，已經(jīng)有太多好的方面讓世界學習的了

總結(jié)：教育改革，不是“不能做和做不到”，是看想不想去做而已

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Results

Lexile?Measure: 1300L - 1400L

Mean Sentence Length: 21.97

Mean Log Word Frequency: 3.23

Word Count: 703

這篇文章的藍思值是在1300-1400L， 適合英語專業(yè)大四的水平學習，應該是經(jīng)濟學人里屬于中等難度，英語專業(yè)八級第四篇閱讀也差不多這個級別

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