CompletableFuture特別是對微服務架構而言,會有很大的作為。舉一個具體的場景,電商的商品頁面可能會涉及到商品詳情服務、商品評論服務、相關商品推薦服務等等。獲取商品的信息時(/productdetails?productid=xxx),需要調用多個服務來處理這一個請求并返回結果。這里可能會涉及到并發(fā)編程,我們完全可以使用Java 8的CompletableFuture或者RxJava來實現(xiàn)。
使用demo
public List<String> findPriceExecutorsCompletableFuture(String product){
Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(Math.min(shops.size(), 100));
List<CompletableFuture<String>> priceFuture = shops.stream()
.map(shop -> CompletableFuture
.supplyAsync(()-> String.format("%s price is %.2f", shop.getName(), shop.getPrice(product)), executor))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
return priceFuture.stream().map(CompletableFuture::join).collect(Collectors.toList());
}
https://my.oschina.net/u/3703858/blog/1799785
建議如下:
- 如果你進行的是計算密集型的操作,并且沒有I/O,那么推薦使用Stream接口,因為實現(xiàn)簡單,同時效率也可能是最高的
- 反之,如果你并行的工作單元還涉及等待I/O的操作(包括網絡連接等待).那么使用CompletableFuture是靈活性更好,你可以像前面討論的那樣,依據等待/計算,或者W/C的比率設定需要使用的線程數
Future Callable例子:
public void renderPage(CharSequence source) {
List<ImageInfo> info = scanForImageInfo(source);
//創(chuàng)建Callable,它代表了下載所有的圖片
final Callable<List<ImageData>> task = () ->
info.stream()
.map(ImageInfo::downloadImage)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
// 將下載任務提交到executor
Future<List<ImageData>> images = executor.submit(task);
// renderText(source);
try {
// 獲得所有下載的圖片(在所有圖片可用之前會一直阻塞)
final List<ImageData> imageDatas = images.get();
// 渲染圖片
imageDatas.forEach(this::renderImage);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// 重新維護線程的中斷狀態(tài)
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
// 我們不需要結果,所以取消任務
images.cancel(true);
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
throw launderThrowable(e.getCause()); }
}
CompletableFuture
CompletableFuture類實現(xiàn)了CompletionStage和Future接口。Future是Java 5添加的類,用來描述一個異步計算的結果,但是獲取一個結果時方法較少,要么通過輪詢isDone,確認完成后,調用get()獲取值,要么調用get()設置一個超時時間。但是這個get()方法會阻塞住調用線程,這種阻塞的方式顯然和我們的異步編程的初衷相違背。
為了解決這個問題,JDK吸收了guava的設計思想,加入了Future的諸多擴展功能形成了CompletableFuture。
CompletionStage是一個接口,從命名上看得知是一個完成的階段,它里面的方法也標明是在某個運行階段得到了結果之后要做的事情。
1、進行變換
public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn,Executor executor);
首先說明一下已Async結尾的方法都是可以異步執(zhí)行的,如果指定了線程池,會在指定的線程池中執(zhí)行,如果沒有指定,默認會在ForkJoinPool.commonPool()中執(zhí)行,下文中將會有好多類似的,都不詳細解釋了。關鍵的入參只有一個Function,它是函數式接口,所以使用Lambda表示起來會更加優(yōu)雅。它的入參是上一個階段計算后的結果,返回值是經過轉化后結果。
例如:
@Test
public void thenApply() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "hello").thenApply(s -> s + " world").join();
System.out.println(result);
}
結果為:
hello world
2、進行消耗
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
thenAccept是針對結果進行消耗,因為他的入參是Consumer,有入參無返回值。
例如:
@Test
public void thenAccept(){
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "hello").thenAccept(s -> System.out.println(s+" world"));
}
結果為:hello world
3、對上一步的計算結果不關心,執(zhí)行下一個操作
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRun(Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor);
thenRun它的入參是一個Runnable的實例,表示當得到上一步的結果時的操作。
例如:
@Test
public void thenRun(){
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "hello";
}).thenRun(() -> System.out.println("hello world"));
while (true){}
}
4、結合兩個CompletionStage的結果,進行轉化后返回
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn);
public <U,V> CompletionStage<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn,Executor executor);
它需要原來的處理返回值,并且other代表的CompletionStage也要返回值之后,利用這兩個返回值,進行轉換后返回指定類型的值。
例如:
@Test
public void thenCombine() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "hello";
}).thenCombine(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "world";
}), (s1, s2) -> s1 + " " + s2).join();
System.out.println(result);
}
5、結合兩個CompletionStage的結果,進行消耗
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action);
public <U> CompletionStage<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,BiConsumer<? super T, ? super U> action, Executor executor);
它需要原來的處理返回值,并且other代表的CompletionStage也要返回值之后,利用這兩個返回值,進行消耗。
例如:
@Test
public void thenAcceptBoth() {
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "hello";
}).thenAcceptBoth(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "world";
}), (s1, s2) -> System.out.println(s1 + " " + s2));
while (true){}
}
6、在兩個CompletionStage都運行完執(zhí)行
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);
不關心這兩個CompletionStage的結果,只關心這兩個CompletionStage執(zhí)行完畢,之后在進行操作(Runnable)。
例如:
@Test
public void runAfterBoth(){
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s1";
}).runAfterBothAsync(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s2";
}), () -> System.out.println("hello world"));
while (true){}
}
7、兩個CompletionStage,誰計算的快,我就用那個CompletionStage的結果進行下一步的轉化操作
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Function<? super T, U> fn,Executor executor);
我們現(xiàn)實開發(fā)場景中,總會碰到有兩種渠道完成同一個事情,所以就可以調用這個方法,找一個最快的結果進行處理。
例如:
@Test
public void applyToEither() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s1";
}).applyToEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "hello world";
}), s -> s).join();
System.out.println(result);
}
8、兩個CompletionStage,誰計算的快,我就用那個CompletionStage的結果進行下一步的消耗操作。
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action);
public CompletionStage<Void> acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other,Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor);
例如:
@Test
public void acceptEither() {
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s1";
}).acceptEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "hello world";
}), System.out::println);
while (true){}
}
9、兩個CompletionStage,任何一個完成了都會執(zhí)行下一步的操作(Runnable)
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action);
public CompletionStage<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,Runnable action,Executor executor);
例如:
@Test
public void runAfterEither() {
CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s1";
}).runAfterEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s2";
}), () -> System.out.println("hello world"));
while (true) {
}
}
10、當運行時出現(xiàn)了異常,可以通過exceptionally進行補償。
public CompletionStage<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable, ? extends T> fn);
例如:
@Test
public void exceptionally() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
if (1 == 1) {
throw new RuntimeException("測試一下異常情況");
}
return "s1";
}).exceptionally(e -> {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
return "hello world";
}).join();
System.out.println(result);
}
11、當運行完成時,對結果的記錄。這里的完成時有兩種情況,一種是正常執(zhí)行,返回值。另外一種是遇到異常拋出造成程序的中斷。這里為什么要說成記錄,因為這幾個方法都會返回CompletableFuture,當Action執(zhí)行完畢后它的結果返回原始的CompletableFuture的計算結果或者返回異常。所以不會對結果產生任何的作用。
public CompletionStage<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action);
public CompletionStage<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action);
public CompletionStage<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> action,Executor executor);
例如:
@Test
public void whenComplete() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
if (1 == 1) {
throw new RuntimeException("測試一下異常情況");
}
return "s1";
}).whenComplete((s, t) -> {
System.out.println(s);
System.out.println(t.getMessage());
}).exceptionally(e -> {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
return "hello world";
}).join();
System.out.println(result);
}
結果:
null
java.lang.RuntimeException: 測試一下異常情況
java.lang.RuntimeException: 測試一下異常情況
hello world
12、運行完成時,對結果的處理。這里的完成時有兩種情況,一種是正常執(zhí)行,返回值。另外一種是遇到異常拋出造成程序的中斷。
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn);
public <U> CompletionStage<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T, Throwable, ? extends U> fn,Executor executor);
例如:
出現(xiàn)異常時
@Test
public void handle() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
//出現(xiàn)異常
if (1 == 1) {
throw new RuntimeException("測試一下異常情況");
}
return "s1";
}).handle((s, t) -> {
if (t != null) {
return "hello world";
}
return s;
}).join();
System.out.println(result);
}
結果:hello world
未出現(xiàn)異常時
@Test
public void handle() {
String result = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "s1";
}).handle((s, t) -> {
if (t != null) {
return "hello world";
}
return s;
}).join();
System.out.println(result);
}
結果為:s1
上面就是CompletionStage接口中方法的使用實例,CompletableFuture同樣也同樣實現(xiàn)了Future,所以也同樣可以使用get進行阻塞獲取值,總的來說,CompletableFuture使用起來還是比較爽的,看起來也比較優(yōu)雅一點。
處理自定義異常
1、創(chuàng)建原子對象保存異常對象
final AtomicReference<BizException> foundException = new AtomicReference<>();
...
final CompletableFuture<String> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
try {
//todo 業(yè)務邏輯
} catch (BizException e) {
foundException.set(e);
}
}
return "OK";
});
...
if(foundException.get() != null){
throw foundException.get();
}
2、使用CompletionException
List<CompletableFuture<Object>> futures =
tasks.stream()
.map(task -> CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> businessLogic(task)))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
try {
List<Object> results = futures.stream()
.map(CompletableFuture::join)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
} catch (CompletionException e) {
throw e.getCause() instanceof BusinessException?
new BadRequestException("at least one async task had an exception"): e;
}
摘自: http://www.itdecent.cn/p/6f3ee90ab7d3
https://leokongwq.github.io/2017/01/17/java8-CompletableFuture.html
https://www.jdon.com/idea/java/java-8-completablefuture-vs-parallel-stream.html