@[toc]
1. 迭代器
我們以后不會自己去寫迭代器,只要學會使用迭代器就可以了。
1.1 迭代器的作用
如果有這樣的需求,展示列表中的所有數(shù)據(jù)。
實現(xiàn)方法:① while+索引+計數(shù)器;② 迭代器
<kbd>迭代器</kbd>:對可迭代對象(序列類型,如str/list/tuple/dict/set)中的元素進行逐一獲取。表象:具有next方法且每次調(diào)用都獲取可迭代對象中的元素(從前到后一個一個獲?。?/p>
1.2 迭代器的使用
① 列表轉(zhuǎn)換成迭代器方法一:<kbd>v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</kbd>,<kbd>val = iter(v)</kbd>(使用內(nèi)置函數(shù)iter)
# coding:utf-8
v = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
print(v, type(v))
'''
<list_iterator object at 0x000001EF6A0E95F8> <class 'list_iterator'>
'''
② 列表轉(zhuǎn)換成迭代器方法二:<kbd>v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]</kbd>,<kbd>val = v.__ iter__ ()</kbd>(使用__ iter__ 方法)
# coding:utf-8
v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
# val = iter(v)#內(nèi)部會調(diào)用__iter__方法
v2 = v.__iter__()
while True:
val = v2.__next__()
print(val)
③ 迭代器獲取每個值:反復調(diào)用<kbd>val.__ next __()</kbd>(val是迭代器對象)
# coding:utf-8
v = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
val1 = v.__next__()
val2 = v.__next__()
val3 = v.__next__()
val4 = v.__next__()
val5 = v.__next__()
val6 = v.__next__()
print(val1, val2, val3, val4, val5, val6)
'''
1 2 3 4 5 6
'''
# coding:utf-8
v = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
while True:
try:
val = v.__next__()
print(val)
except Exception as e:
break
④ 直到報錯:StopIteration錯誤
# coding:utf-8
v = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
while True:
val = v.__next__()
print(val)
'''
1
2
3
4
5
6
StopIteration
'''
1.3 for循環(huán)與迭代器
for循環(huán)的內(nèi)部使用的是迭代器:
# coding:utf-8
v = ['thanlon', 'kiku']
'''
1. for循環(huán)內(nèi)部會將v1轉(zhuǎn)換成迭代器
2. 內(nèi)部反復執(zhí)行“迭代器.__next__()”方法,一個個取值
3. 取完值不報錯
'''
for item in v:
print(item)
'''
thanlon
kiku
'''
1.4 可迭代對象
① 可以被for循環(huán)且對象中具有iter()方法,還要返回一個迭代器(或生成器),
v = [1, 2, 3]
result = v.__iter__() # 有__iter__方法,且返回迭代器對象(result),所以v是迭代器對象
print(result) # result = <list_iterator object at 0x000001E11CB795C0>
② 可以被for循環(huán)
1.5 可迭代對象與迭代器之間關(guān)系
可迭代對象可以轉(zhuǎn)換成迭代器。
2. 生成器
2.1 生成器函數(shù)
① 函數(shù):
def func():
return 'thanlon'
func()
② 生成器函數(shù)
如何判斷是生成器函數(shù):內(nèi)部是否包含yield
# 生成器函數(shù)(內(nèi)部是否包含yield)
def func():
print('f1')
yield 1
print('f2')
print('f2')
yield 2
print('f3')
print('f3')
print('f3')
yield 3
print('f4')
print('f4')
print('f4')
print('f4')
print('f4')
# 函數(shù)內(nèi)部代碼不會被執(zhí)行,返回一個生成器對象
v = func()
print(v, type(v))
'''
<generator object func at 0x0000021BC91F5570> <class 'generator'>
'''
生成器是可以被for循環(huán)的,一旦開始循環(huán)內(nèi)部代碼就會開始執(zhí)行:
# 生成器函數(shù)(內(nèi)部是否包含yield)
def func():
print('f1')
yield 1
print('f2')
print('f2')
yield 2
print('f3')
print('f3')
print('f3')
yield 3
print('f4')
print('f4')
print('f4')
print('f4')
print('f4')
v = func()
for item in v:
print(item)
'''
f1
1
f2
f2
2
f3
f3
f3
3
f4
f4
f4
f4
f4
'''
2.2 yield from
從當前生成器跳到另一個生成器。
# coding:utf-8
def func():
yield 3
yield 4
def func2():
yield 1
yield 2
yield from func()
yield 5
result = func2()
for item in result:
print(item)
# coding:utf-8
def func():
return 3
def func2():
yield 1
yield 2
yield from func()
yield 5
result = func2()
for item in result:
print(item)
'''
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
'''
# coding:utf-8
# 使用可迭代的列表類型
def func():
return [3, 4]
def func2():
yield 1
yield 2
yield func()
yield 5
result = func2()
for item in result:
print(item)
'''
1
2
[3, 4]
5
'''
# coding:utf-8
def func():
return [3, 4]
def func2():
yield 1
yield 2
# yield func() # 把[3, 4]當作整體拿過來
yield from func() # 把[3,4]拆開拿過來
yield 5
result = func2()
for item in result:
print(item)
'''
1
2
3
4
5
'''
2.3 生成器例子
# coding:utf-8
def func():
return 1
if 1 != 1:
yield 2
yield 3
v = func()
print(v, type(v))
'''
<generator object func at 0x000001D3974F5570> <class 'generator'>
'''
# coding:utf-8
def func():
while True:
yield 1
val = func()
print(val) # <generator object func at 0x000002CC842C5570>
for item in val:
print(item)
# coding:utf-8
def func():
count = 1
while True:
yield count
count += 1
val = func()
print(val)
for item in val:
print(item)
# coding:utf-8
def func():
return 1
yield 2
yield 3
val = func()
for item in val:
print(item) # 由于return的作用,無內(nèi)容
# coding:utf-8
def func():
yield 2
return 111
yield 3
val = func()
for item in val:
print(item)
'''
2
'''
# coding:utf-8
def func():
count = 1
while True:
yield count
count += 1
if count == 101:
return
val = func()
for item in val:
print(item)
'''
打印1~100
'''
2.4 生成器總結(jié)
函數(shù)中如果存在yield(注意與return無關(guān)),那么這個函數(shù)就是一個生成器函數(shù)。調(diào)用一個生成器函數(shù)會返回一個生成器對象,生成器只有被for循環(huán)時,生成器函數(shù)內(nèi)部的代碼才會被執(zhí)行,生成器每次循環(huán)都會獲取yield返回的值。
2.5 生成器應用示例
① 讀取文件案例:分批讀取文件,將文件的內(nèi)容返回給調(diào)用者
# coding:utf-8
def func():
cursor = 0
while True:
f = open('log.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8')
f.seek(cursor)
data_list = []
for i in range(5): # 每次讀5條
line = f.readline()
if not line:
return
data_list.append(line)
cursor = f.tell() # 獲取當前游標位置
f.close()
for row in data_list:
yield row
for item in func():
print(item)
② redis源碼示例:
安裝第三方模塊Redis:<kbd>pip install redis</kbd>
import redis
conn = redis.Redis(host='……')
# scan_iter()是一個生成器函數(shù)
conn.scan_iter()
def scan_iter(self, match=None, count=None):
"""
Make an iterator using the SCAN command so that the client doesn't
need to remember the cursor position.
``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
"""
cursor = '0'
while cursor != 0:
# 每次取100條數(shù)據(jù)
# cursor:取完之后的游標位置
# data:本次取出來的100條數(shù)據(jù)
cursor, data = self.scan(cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count)
for item in data:
yield item
2.6 生成器補充
① 生成器的兩個作用:
- 生成數(shù)據(jù)
- 迭代
② 生成器是特殊的迭代器
生成器有next方法:
# coding:utf-8
def func():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
v = func() # v是生成器(對象)
# print(v, type(v)) # <generator object func at 0x0000023986405570> <class 'generator'>
# print(dir(v)) # 查看生成器v中都有哪些方法,dir(v)返回列表
for i in dir(v):
print(i)
'''
__class__
__del__
__delattr__
__dir__
__doc__
__eq__
__format__
__ge__
__getattribute__
__gt__
__hash__
__init__
__init_subclass__
__iter__
__le__
__lt__
__name__
__ne__
__new__
__next__
__qualname__
__reduce__
__reduce_ex__
__repr__
__setattr__
__sizeof__
__str__
__subclasshook__
close
gi_code
gi_frame
gi_running
gi_yieldfrom
send
throw
'''
且每次調(diào)用都獲取生成器對象中的元素:
# coding:utf-8
def func():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
v = func() # v是生成器(對象),也是特殊的迭代器對象
result = v.__next__()
print(result)
result = v.__next__()
print(result)
result = v.__next__()
print(result)
'''
1
2
3
'''
③ 生成器是特殊的可迭代對象:生成器中有iter方法
# coding:utf-8
'''
把v當做可迭代對象
'''
def func():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
v = func()
result = v.__iter__()
print(result)
'''<generator object func at 0x00000237F7135570>'''
如果一個對象有iter()方法且返回一個迭代器稱這個對象是可迭代對象。如果一個對象,它有iter()方法,它返回一個生成器,它也是可迭代對象。