寫(xiě)作的整體思路
越簡(jiǎn)單越好。去掉可有可無(wú)的詞,突出自己的內(nèi)容。即使是對(duì)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)很豐富的作者,也要注意文中有多少是可以cut掉的。
寫(xiě)短句子(尤其是對(duì)于初學(xué)者)。比如DNA結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn),“We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)”,僅僅用了14個(gè)單詞就足夠介紹文章中的進(jìn)步以及兩個(gè)下文中需要的技術(shù)點(diǎn)。
連續(xù)的長(zhǎng)句再科學(xué)寫(xiě)作中通常會(huì)confusing。Sometimes you can make a point in one longish sentence instead of two shorter ones, and use fewer words in the process. Variety can add interest, but mostly keep sentences short.用有力度的(punchy)主題句開(kāi)始段落。
主題句應(yīng)該介紹和總結(jié)下文內(nèi)容。你不能將整個(gè)段落壓縮到首句,但是你可以指出下文是什么并創(chuàng)造興趣。
段落結(jié)尾句總結(jié)本段重要的內(nèi)容并set up what follows.避免用很長(zhǎng)的從句作為開(kāi)始。否則讀者需要讀幾遍才能理解。
避免以漫長(zhǎng)的概括(lengthy generalizations)開(kāi)始。
每段一個(gè)idea
可以把復(fù)雜的段落分成幾個(gè)小段,每段三句話左右表達(dá)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。
無(wú)力的加強(qiáng)詞(weak intensifiers)always hurt you.
避免使用“very, interestingly, strikingly, new, novel, excitingly...”。僅僅內(nèi)容本身可以是“interesting, striking,or novel”。 自己盡量使得內(nèi)容有趣/新穎,但是要讓讀者去評(píng)價(jià)它的有趣性以及新穎性。一些詞總是可有可無(wú)的
從你的文章中刪除“fundamentally, certainly, basically”這些可有可無(wú)的詞。仔細(xì)檢查文章,去掉那些可以被刪除的詞。注意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),比如結(jié)果部分通常是過(guò)去時(shí),因?yàn)檫@些實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)阋呀?jīng)做了,結(jié)論用現(xiàn)在時(shí),因?yàn)檫@些結(jié)論is ongoing. Be consistent!
最小化縮寫(xiě)的數(shù)量或者避免它們一起出現(xiàn)。否則讀者不一定能跟上縮寫(xiě)的含義。
什么時(shí)候把數(shù)字拼寫(xiě)出來(lái)?小于10 的數(shù)字以及在句首的數(shù)字。如果句首數(shù)字比較長(zhǎng),rearrange。
避免過(guò)度壓縮文章
文章中要寫(xiě)出必要的信息,從而讓讀者能很好的follow your points. 同樣要用短句子。It is fine to use an occasional sentence as a road map, telling the reader what follows and why. Be a generous guide, while keeping your prose spare and effective.
好的學(xué)術(shù)論文特點(diǎn)
- Accuracy: get the facts straight and convey them without distortion.
- Clarity: your style should facilitate understanding of your meaning, not interfere.
- Brevity (簡(jiǎn)潔): don't waste your reader's time and patience with wasted words. however, if brevity 妨礙clarity,優(yōu)先clear statement of meaning
- Elegance: 讓你的文章容易閱讀,有趣。避免 死氣沉沉的動(dòng)詞,陳詞濫調(diào)以及段落的單調(diào)。(怎么做到??)
如何妙筆生花
Good writing comes from good thinking.
Improving your thinking on a subject will improve your writing about it
Conversely, the process of writing usually helps writers to improve their thinking (at least about the subject of their prose)
Good writing is the product of good re-writing.
What matters most about the first draft is that it gets written.
Your writing will be judged by the quality of the final draft.
Good writing comes from understanding your work from the reader's perspective. A good writer chooses words that are apt and places them in a structure (using word order, grammar and punctuation) that conveys meaning clearly to reader.
To let your reader to understand your meaning with a minimum of confusion and wasted effort.

Part 1: 單詞的選擇和句子結(jié)構(gòu)
- 寫(xiě)好句子的six tips
- 仔細(xì)的選擇主語(yǔ)跟合適的動(dòng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)你的中心思想
盡量尋找is, has, dose之外的動(dòng)詞來(lái)真實(shí)的描述the action. "effect" 有點(diǎn)空洞,盡量用能展現(xiàn)出具體影響的詞來(lái)表達(dá)。
| 常用詞 | 替代詞 |
|---|---|
| affect | involve, entail, require, imply, necessitate, shape, form, mold, manipulate, model, change, alter, modify, vary, transform, adjust, influence, have an impact on, have a bearing on, impinge on |
| increase | add to, augment, boost, amplify, enhance, improve, enlarge, raise, swell(膨脹), multiply |
| decrease (vt) | reduce, cut, diminish, deplete(耗盡), drain, lower, exhaust, tire out, wear out, fatigue(使疲勞), weaken, consume, use up |
| decrease(vi) | decline, dwindle(減?。? shrink, drop off, fall, wear out, fail |
| injure | damage, harm, hurt, break, wound(使受傷), impair, destroy, devastate(毀滅), hinder |
| help | promote, encourage, advance, foster, assist, improve, aid, facilitate, support, serve, relieve, sustain, maintain, preserve, retain, save, care for, amend(改善) |
- 省略掉不需要的單詞和空洞的短語(yǔ)
- 使用definite, specific, and concrete language,避免使用抽象的和技術(shù)性的語(yǔ)言(包括縮寫(xiě))。
- 盡可能使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和active constructions.
- 保持相關(guān)的詞在一塊,主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該跟它的動(dòng)詞很接近,修飾詞應(yīng)該和它的被修飾對(duì)象很接近。
- Express coordinated ideas in a similar form. 結(jié)構(gòu)上的并列可以加強(qiáng)內(nèi)容上的并列。
Writing tips for peer-reviewed journal articles
Getting started
- 同時(shí)writing and revising does not work!
科學(xué)論文有四個(gè)要素:relevance, structure, style, and accuracy. 前兩個(gè)通過(guò)集體討論以及建立大綱來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn);后兩個(gè)在revising時(shí)做。
1. Relevance
首先考慮內(nèi)容!
- What is relevant?
- 你真的考慮過(guò)你的結(jié)果并和共同作者討論過(guò)嗎?
- 你的假設(shè)是什么?
- 你的結(jié)果對(duì)已有的知識(shí)有什么貢獻(xiàn)?
- the broader implications 是什么?
頭腦風(fēng)暴是寫(xiě)好文章關(guān)鍵的一步。簡(jiǎn)單的寫(xiě)出方法和結(jié)果還不夠,你的“value-added benefit”在你從你結(jié)果中得出的結(jié)論。期刊編輯想知道你的文章給科學(xué)領(lǐng)域帶來(lái)什么新知。
Brainstorming Your paper
召集所有共同作者,將數(shù)據(jù)放在一個(gè)大表上,準(zhǔn)備好咖啡,通過(guò)頭腦風(fēng)暴讓科研更有趣。
注意
- 每篇文章應(yīng)該始于討論一個(gè)科學(xué)問(wèn)題。找到文獻(xiàn)中的gap是什么,為什么解決這個(gè)gap很重要,why does it matter?
- 假設(shè)要清晰的闡明;
- 每個(gè)結(jié)果應(yīng)該和一個(gè)結(jié)論捆綁起來(lái)。這防止你展示不相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。(prevent you from irrelevant data)
- 每個(gè)結(jié)論都應(yīng)該被討論。再次提醒:不要展示不切題的,不相干的材料或者討論。
- 問(wèn)自己,我的結(jié)論回答了最初的假說(shuō)嗎?這是結(jié)論部分的基石。文章應(yīng)該形成閉環(huán),向讀者展示你在引言中提到的問(wèn)題已經(jīng)被回答了。
- 文章最后應(yīng)該以有啟發(fā)的討論結(jié)尾,不要范范的說(shuō)“more research needs to be done on this problem”。
2. Structure
先寫(xiě)大綱!
- 不要mix up sections. 比如結(jié)果不應(yīng)該在討論之后。
- 不要在不同的部分簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)信息,比如不要簡(jiǎn)單的在文章中重復(fù)圖表的信息。
3. Style
保持段落合理。每一段==一個(gè)idea。先寫(xiě)中心句,然后寫(xiě)支撐中心句的話。使用簡(jiǎn)單句(減少錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量,idea聽(tīng)起來(lái)不復(fù)雜,讓同行更容易理解)
使用正確的動(dòng)詞形態(tài)
- 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)描述已經(jīng)發(fā)出來(lái)的結(jié)果
- 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)歸屬科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)到一個(gè)特定的研究者或者課題組
- 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)描述你做了什么
- 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)引用文章中表格、圖片和推導(dǎo)出的公式。
- 用一般將來(lái)時(shí)描述將要做什么。
4. Accuracy
大部分情況下,你是唯一一個(gè)可以檢查數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性的人,要經(jīng)常做這個(gè)技術(shù)校對(duì)。
- 檢查significant digits
- 檢查所有的數(shù)字都是正確的,比如小數(shù)的位數(shù)和單位文中保持統(tǒng)一;
- 檢查任何統(tǒng)計(jì)量是正確顯著的;
Write right first time (Action Learning)
沒(méi)有努力的寫(xiě)作,讀起來(lái)通常沒(méi)有樂(lè)趣。
Action learning→寫(xiě)作(閉環(huán)不斷refine的過(guò)程)
doing some writing, reading and thinking about what has been written, reviewing it to see which
parts work and which parts don't, deciding what needs to be changed, and then repeating the cycle by
making a new draft.
it is important to understand that action learning is about taking action in the real world. The real world is the world of others and, when action learning comes to writing, it does so as a group process so that the written
words are tested in the real world of readers. It is that external testing that forces a clarity and rigour on the written word that can otherwise be elusive.
Many of us think that we learn from our actions but, in reality, we just oscillate between "plan" and "act". Action learning helps writers both to get out of the starting blocks quicker and to stumble less often, so read on.
Ten simple rules for structuring papers (20170928)
Rules 1- 4: Principles
寫(xiě)作的根本目的是為了溝通,寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候要一直想著讓讀者更容易讀懂。
1. Rule 1: 文章關(guān)注一個(gè)central contribution,也就是寫(xiě)在題目中的內(nèi)容
- 只傳達(dá)一個(gè)中心的信息,注意是一個(gè)!一個(gè)!不要貪多。
- 早點(diǎn)想好題目,不斷的返回來(lái)看它,不僅僅有助于文章的寫(xiě)作,也有助于設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)或者開(kāi)發(fā)理論。
2. Rule2: Write for flesh-and-blood human beings who do not know your work
- 像設(shè)計(jì)師一樣思考,對(duì)文章中每個(gè)要素思考你想讓讀者看了有什么樣的效果,并努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)它;
- 讀者通常只能記得很少的items,對(duì)開(kāi)始和結(jié)束的部分比中間的部分印象深刻。盡力減少讀者在同一時(shí)刻需要記住的條目數(shù)量。
3. Stick to the context-content-conclusion (C-C-C) scheme
- 在whole paper scale,引言建立了context,結(jié)果是content,討論帶來(lái)了結(jié)論
- 在paragraph scale,第一個(gè)句子定義了context,中間提出供讀者考慮的content,最后一句提供了需要記住的結(jié)論。
4. Optimize your logical flow by avoiding zig-zag and using parallelism
- 避免zig-zag. 僅僅中心思想應(yīng)該被多次提到,其它每個(gè)主題只在一個(gè)地方出現(xiàn),最小化主題的變化。相關(guān)的句子和段落應(yīng)該放在一起,不要被不相關(guān)的材料打斷。
- 使用parallelism。平行的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該以平行的形式傳達(dá),eg:如果有三個(gè)獨(dú)立的原因?yàn)槭裁次覀兏蛴趯?duì)結(jié)果的A理解而不是B理解,用相同的格式表達(dá)這三條原因,從而讓讀者專(zhuān)注于內(nèi)容(讀者對(duì)格式已經(jīng)了解)。不要用不同的單詞來(lái)指代相同的內(nèi)容。
Rules 5-8: 一篇文章的要素
文章中的每個(gè)部分有不同的objectives,因此每部分應(yīng)用C-C-C結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候會(huì)有一些不同,從而分別實(shí)現(xiàn)各自的objectives。
5. Tell a complete story in the abstract
摘要必須有效的傳達(dá)文章的全部信息。
Context 必須傳達(dá)給讀者本文將填充什么樣的gap。第一句通過(guò)引入本研究適合什么樣的領(lǐng)域來(lái)讓讀者確定方向;然后context is narrowed直到它到達(dá)本研究將要回答的開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題。成功的Contex部分會(huì)通過(guò)傳達(dá)已有的文獻(xiàn)的gap和為什么補(bǔ)這個(gè)gap重要來(lái)突出本文的重要性。
Content 首先描述用于填補(bǔ)gap所用的方法,然后present the meat---your executive summary of the results.
Conclusion 解釋results來(lái)回答context部分末尾提出的問(wèn)題。通常還有一句來(lái)突出這個(gè)conclusion如何推動(dòng)領(lǐng)域前進(jìn)了一步。
這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)避免了常犯的錯(cuò)誤:在讀者準(zhǔn)備理解結(jié)果前就談?wù)摻Y(jié)果。好的摘要通常要refine很多次來(lái)確保結(jié)果fill the gap就像a key fits its lock.
6. Communicate why the paper matters in the introduction
- 引言突出當(dāng)前方法存在的gap以及為什么其重要。通常通過(guò)一系列連續(xù)的段落以一種清晰的方式說(shuō)明what is lacking,隨后是一個(gè)段落總結(jié)本文做了什么來(lái)fill the gap.
- 以gaps的前進(jìn)作為一個(gè)例子:第一段寫(xiě)細(xì)胞分化是一個(gè)重要的主題,但是目前沒(méi)有弄清什么會(huì)觸發(fā)分化。第二段寫(xiě)對(duì)于一個(gè)特定的細(xì)胞類(lèi)型,比如星形細(xì)胞,解釋關(guān)于分化什么是不知道的(a subfield gap)。第三段提供線索一個(gè)特定的基因可能導(dǎo)致星形細(xì)胞分化,并說(shuō)明這個(gè)假設(shè)未經(jīng)過(guò)驗(yàn)證。gap statement 設(shè)置好了讀者對(duì)本文要講什么的期望。
- 引言的每一段都服務(wù)于developing the gap的目的。每一段首先讓讀者確立主題方向(a context sentence of two)隨后解釋相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)(content)中已經(jīng)知道的,最后寫(xiě)關(guān)鍵的“unknown”部分(conclusion)。
- 引言不應(yīng)該包含beyond the motivation of the paper的文獻(xiàn)綜述。這個(gè)關(guān)注gap的結(jié)構(gòu)讓讀者更容易評(píng)價(jià)文章潛在的重要性,僅僅需要評(píng)價(jià)the claimed gap的重要性即可。
- 引言的最后一段比較特別,它緊湊的總結(jié)了結(jié)果,填充了你剛剛建立的gap。跟摘要有如下的不同:不需要展示context,it is somewhat more specific about the results,并且僅僅簡(jiǎn)要的previews the conclusion of the paper.
7. Deliver the results as a sequence of statements, supported by figures, that connect logically to support the central contribution
- 結(jié)果部分需要讓讀者相信本文中心的claim是受數(shù)據(jù)和邏輯的支持的。
- 在文章大綱準(zhǔn)備階段,審視邏輯結(jié)構(gòu):你的結(jié)果如何支持你的claim,并convert this into a sequence of declarative statements that become the headers of subsections within the results section (and/or the titles of figures).
- Figure的titles, legends特別重要。Figure的名字應(yīng)該傳達(dá)分析的結(jié)論,圖例應(yīng)該解釋how is was done.
- Results部分的第一段比較特別,通常總結(jié)解決問(wèn)題的整個(gè)方法, along with any key innovative methods that were developed.
- 隨后的每一段starts with 一兩句話,建立起這一段要回答的問(wèn)題。比如:“To verify that there are no artifacts。。?!?,“We next tested whether A is work”; 段落的中間展示數(shù)據(jù)和logic that pertain to the question, 最后一句解答問(wèn)題。比如“it may conclude that none of the artifacts were detected.”
8. Discuss how the gap was filled, the limitations of the interpretation, and the relevance to the field
- 討論部分解釋文章的結(jié)果如何filled the gap,描述文章如何推動(dòng)了領(lǐng)域的前進(jìn)。這通常通過(guò)概括結(jié)果、討論limitations,揭示本文central contribution可能促進(jìn)將來(lái)的進(jìn)步。討論部分的第一段比較特別,因?yàn)榇蟛糠肿x者會(huì)略過(guò)results的大部分,因此這一段至少讓讀者知道那部分的主旨。
- 討論部分的每一段通常start by describing an area of weakness or strength of the paper. 通常跟相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的方法對(duì)比來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)方法的好壞。Discussion paragraphs often conclude by describing a clever, informal way of perceiving the contribution。
Rules 9-10: Process
文章的一些方面影響要更大一些,因此花時(shí)間要多一些。此外,多聽(tīng)聽(tīng)周?chē)藢?duì)文章的意見(jiàn)來(lái)不斷的refine文章。選擇正確的方式makes writing papers easier and more effective.
9. Allocate time where it matters: Title, abstract, figures, and outlining
- a scientific claim潛在的central logic是最重要的。 it is useful to formalize the logic of ongoing experimental efforts (e.g., during lab meetings) into an evolving document of some sort that will ultimately steer the outline of the paper。
- 根據(jù)每部分的重要性分配時(shí)間:title, abstract and figures 是被看的最多的地方,而methods部分是被看的最少的地方。
- 做一個(gè)大綱。by planning text before producing it 可以更有效的利用時(shí)間。對(duì)每個(gè)planned paragraph 寫(xiě)一個(gè)informal sentence。It is often useful to start the process around descriptions of each result—these may become the section headers in the results section.
10. Get feedback to reduce, reuse, and recycle the story
- 不要過(guò)分拘泥于寫(xiě)作,在大部分情況下,不要整個(gè)段落以及重新寫(xiě)要比不斷的修改能更快的產(chǎn)生好的文章。
- 有很多跡象能說(shuō)明文章寫(xiě)的不夠好(如下表)。比如作者不能在幾分鐘內(nèi)給讀者描述文章整個(gè)的大綱,那么你需要進(jìn)一步distill your story.
- 多讓同事讀讀你的文章,給你反饋。積極的接受反饋,尤其是別人指出邏輯上的不足。
寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文的建議
把草稿寫(xiě)出來(lái)
- 先寫(xiě)outline,給introduction,materials and methods, results, discussion and Figure legends通過(guò)小標(biāo)題列出要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)。要注意整篇文章想表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。每部分要有所體現(xiàn)。
- 逐步建立圖表的final versions. 避免用紅色和綠色。
- 寫(xiě)materials and methods。完成這部分后,文章的experimental部分應(yīng)該就清晰了。
- 寫(xiě)results。對(duì)每個(gè)figure依次討論,并以簡(jiǎn)要的總結(jié)結(jié)尾,同時(shí)留下detailed interpretation for the Discussion section.
- 寫(xiě)discussion。第一段通常是對(duì)文章主要發(fā)現(xiàn)的總結(jié),另外的段落expand on the interpretation and 跟之前工作的關(guān)系。不要僅僅重復(fù)結(jié)果部分,而是要關(guān)注類(lèi)似如下的問(wèn)題:
what can we do now that we have this new data?
what gap in previous knowledge is now filled?
what surprises did we encounter? - 返回去寫(xiě)introduction。保持相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)短,解釋為什么本文的研究的問(wèn)題是重要的。同時(shí)把參考文獻(xiàn)加上。可以用endnote,給每篇文章建立一個(gè)單獨(dú)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。
- 給導(dǎo)師或者同行看,直到文章變得很容易閱讀以及要點(diǎn)清晰明了。
文章中的內(nèi)容必須要統(tǒng)一,審稿人很在意這點(diǎn),比如“Fig.”, “Fig” and “Figure”在一篇文章中要保持一致。參考文獻(xiàn)格式要一致。
一些詞的使用
Theory. 當(dāng)你說(shuō)theory的時(shí)候,聽(tīng)眾可能聽(tīng)成guess,即使它有實(shí)驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證。嘗試說(shuō)explanation or our best understanding or a tried and tested way of making sense of the facts。
Significant. 當(dāng)你說(shuō)一個(gè)significiant result的時(shí)候,聽(tīng)眾將認(rèn)為你說(shuō)的是important。嘗試說(shuō)it's very unlike this result could just be chance, or we are confident of these findings.
risk. 當(dāng)你說(shuō)risk的時(shí)候,聽(tīng)眾可能理解為danger or bad thing,根據(jù)你想表達(dá)的從chance or possibility or potential中選擇。
determine. 當(dāng)你說(shuō)something determines something else, 你可能mean 這是很多影響因素中的一個(gè),但是人們會(huì)認(rèn)為你在談?wù)揷omplete control. 更安全的說(shuō)法是influence or affect.
predict. 當(dāng)你說(shuō)something predicts something else,聽(tīng)眾會(huì)假設(shè)this means forecasting the future, 但你可能僅僅是想表達(dá)a correlation regardless of time. 更安全的說(shuō)法是**the first thing tells us about or suggests or implies the other
basic. 可以刪去就刪去
briefly. 寫(xiě)的簡(jiǎn)短就行,不要特地寫(xiě)個(gè)briefly說(shuō)明
certainly. 這是在invite skepticism(懷疑),刪去!
concurrent means overlapping in time, while simultaneous means at the same instant.
fundamentally 刪去這類(lèi)可有可無(wú)的詞。
impact. 不必要的新詞,推薦influence
utilize. 有毒的詞。跟use比沒(méi)任何特別。
very. 典型的weak intensifier. 見(jiàn)到就刪。
避免如下空洞的短語(yǔ)
| Empty phrase | Equivalent |
|---|---|
| a majority of | most |
| a number of | many |
| as a consequence of | because |
| due to the fact that | because |
| in view of the fact that | because |
| for the reason that | because |
| on account of | because |
| on the basis of | because |
| owing to the fact that | because |
| are the same opinion | agree |
| at the present (moment) | now |
| despite the fact that | although |
| during the course of | during, while |
| fewer in number | fewer |
| for the purpose of | for |
| has the capability of | can |
| in all case | always, invariably |
| in connection with | about, concerning |
| in my opinion it is not an unjustifiable assumption that | I think |
| in order to | to |
| it is clear that | clearly |
| it is often the case that | often |
| it is worth pointing out that | note that |
| it may, however, be noted that | but |
| lacked the ability to | could not |
| large numbers of | many |
| prior to | before |