How Good Are?Your Opinions?
To me truth is precious. . . . I should rather be right and stand alone than?to run with the multitude and be wrong. . . . The holding of the views?herein set forth has already won for me the scorn and contempt and?ridicule of some of my fellow men. I am looked upon as being odd,?strange, peculiar. . . . But truth is truth and though all the world reject?it and turn against me, I will cling to truth still.
----Charles Silvester de Fort
The quotation is from a booklet he wrote in 1931.
很喜歡開篇這段對(duì)真理的堅(jiān)持。
如何把握追求真理與固執(zhí)己見的度呢?什么時(shí)候要挑戰(zhàn)他人的意見呢?
In the context of critical thinking, the term opinion refers to expressions of judgment rather than to expressions of taste.
作者提到這要看情況。如果是關(guān)于個(gè)人喜好品味的taste,是無意義的爭(zhēng)論。Vive la différence! 如果是客觀的探討jugement才是值得的。比如討論電影,好不好看是個(gè)人品味,但是如果是關(guān)于美學(xué)的判斷,則值得探討。
在不傷害他人的情況下,每個(gè)人都有權(quán)持有自己的自由意見。即使地球是圓的,你也可以選擇相信地球是平的。比如一對(duì)父母相信神會(huì)另孩子起死回生,就讓孩子死了,這樣就是過失殺人了。
We are free to act on our opinions only as long as, in doing so, we do not?harm others.
Opinions Can Be Mistaken
人們總是容易犯錯(cuò)的,即使他們努力進(jìn)行客觀判斷。比如同樣的咖啡,顏色不同使得人們對(duì)其做出了不同的功效判斷。
Opinions on Moral Issues
道德上的對(duì)錯(cuò)更是主觀的,但我們可以根據(jù)三個(gè)方面做出更適宜的道德選擇。
1)obligations:責(zé)任義務(wù)(契約精神)。行為上的限制,要求我們做或者不做某事。
2)ideal: 理念美德?notions of excellence, goals that?bring greater harmony within ourselves and with others.讓我們?cè)诘赖聜惱砩汐@得尊重
3)consequences:后果?行為造成自己和他人的影響。
Even Experts Can Be Wrong
專家也會(huì)犯錯(cuò)。
Kinds of Errors
1.大多數(shù)人類的天性使得我們會(huì)犯錯(cuò) 比如草率判斷、對(duì)復(fù)雜情況的過于簡(jiǎn)單的估計(jì)
2.涉及個(gè)人習(xí)慣、態(tài)度、信仰 (對(duì)種族 信仰的偏見)
3.人類交流以及語言限制造成的誤解
4.年齡造成的主流價(jià)值觀
更容易犯錯(cuò)的人:
1.不主動(dòng)思考,很少reason,像身邊的人一樣隨大流
2.讓沖動(dòng)感性而非理性控制他們的生活。只有為了堅(jiān)持他們的偏見的時(shí)候,他們才會(huì)reason
3.不全面看問題,只與單一類型人相處,讀單一的書,從單一角度看問題
4.執(zhí)著于已形成的觀點(diǎn),不檢驗(yàn)、反思、改變
Informed Versus Uninformed Opinion
雖然專家會(huì)犯錯(cuò),但是遇到某一領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)問題時(shí),咨詢專家還是個(gè)好選擇,因?yàn)樗麄兡芸紤]更全面,直覺更敏銳。我們咨詢專家并非為了得到完全正確的答案,而是利用專家的專業(yè)提升問題解決的效率。
No one can know everything about everything; there is?simply not enough time to learn. Consulting those who have given their?special attention to the field of knowledge in question is therefore a mark?not of dependence or irresponsibility but of efficiency and good sense.
另外,在表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)上,觀點(diǎn)的陳述可以只要一兩句,但是支持的細(xì)節(jié)需要全面。
Forming Opinions Responsibly
1. Understand how opinions are formed.你是持續(xù)在感知的,審查問題(而不是被動(dòng)的讓想法控制你),思考所有可能的解決方法(而不是思考支持某個(gè)意見的信息),決定最理性的意見(而不是非理性的決定了)。
2. Resist the temptation to treat your opinions as facts.要非常警惕,你自己產(chǎn)生的想法就像你的孩子一樣,你可能難以割舍,情感會(huì)控制理智。此時(shí)要批判性思考你的每一個(gè)想法。
3. Monitor your thoughts to prevent the uncritical default mode from taking charge.
follow the advice of the ancient Greek philosopher?Epictetus: “Be not swept off your feet by the vividness of the impression, but say, ‘Impression, wait for me a little. Let me see what you?are and what you represent. Let me try [test] you.’