[Selenium+Chrome使用總結(jié)]加載Flash、禁用JS腳本、滾動(dòng)頁(yè)面至元素、縮放頁(yè)面

前言

前幾周做了個(gè)使用Selenium的項(xiàng)目,踩了好多好多好多的Selenium的坑,越來(lái)越感覺(jué)他作為一個(gè)第三方庫(kù),對(duì)于Chrome的操作實(shí)在是有局限。另外,推薦大家一個(gè)Selenium之外的操作瀏覽器的選擇:puppeteer(https://github.com/GoogleChrome/puppeteer),是來(lái)自谷歌的庫(kù)。它解決了很多在Selenium里很難解決的問(wèn)題,比如手機(jī)頁(yè)面截全屏。

好了,收回來(lái),Selenium很多難解決的問(wèn)題,我們要首先想到從JS腳本出發(fā),畢竟Selenium還是支持驅(qū)動(dòng)瀏覽器運(yùn)行JS腳本的。

這篇文章的內(nèi)容主要是Selenium日常開(kāi)發(fā)中會(huì)遇到的坑,以Java代碼為主,當(dāng)然Python的小伙伴不用擔(dān)心,這里所有的解決方案都是可以在Python中通用的。

Selenium

主要參考

Selenium使用總結(jié)(Java版本):

https://juejin.im/post/5c13880ef265da610f639c3c

Selenium準(zhǔn)備

chromedriver各版本鏡像:

https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/

chromedriver版本與chrome客戶端對(duì)應(yīng)支持關(guān)系:

https://npm.taobao.org/mirrors/chromedriver/2.46/notes.txt

最新版本截圖:

----------ChromeDriver v2.46 (2019-02-01)----------
Supports Chrome v71-73
Resolved issue 2728: Is Element Displayed command does not work correctly with v0 shadow DOM inserts [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue  755: /session/:sessionId/doubleclick only generates one set of mousedown/mouseup/click events [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2744: Execute Script returns wrong error code when JavaScript returns a cyclic data structure [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 1529: OnResponse behavior can lead to port exhaustion [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2736: Close Window command should handle user prompts based on session capabilities [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 1963: Sending keys to disabled element should throw Element Not interactable error [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2679: Timeout value handling is not spec compliant [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2002: Add Cookie is not spec compliant [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2749: Update Switch To Frame error checks to match latest W3C spec [[Pri-3]]
Resolved issue 2716: Clearing Text Boxes [[Pri-3]]
Resolved issue 2714: ConnectException: Failed to connect to localhost/0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1:15756. Could not start driver. [[Pri-3]]
Resolved issue 2722: Execute Script does not correctly convert document.all into JSON format [[Pri-3]]
Resolved issue 2681: ChromeDriver doesn't differentiate "no such element" and "stale element reference" [[Pri-3]]

----------ChromeDriver v2.45 (2018-12-10)----------
Supports Chrome v70-72
Resolved issue 1997: New Session is not spec compliant [[Pri-1]]
Resolved issue 2685: Should Assert that the chrome version is compatible [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2677: Find Element command returns wrong error code when an invalid locator is used [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2676: Some ChromeDriver status codes are wrong [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2665: compile error in JS inside of WebViewImpl::DispatchTouchEventsForMouseEvents [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2658: Window size commands should handle user prompts [[Pri-2]]
Resolved issue 2684: ChromeDriver doesn't start Chrome correctly with options.addArguments("user-data-dir=") [[Pri-3]]
Resolved issue 2688: Status command is not spec compliant [[Pri-3]]
Resolved issue 2654: Add support for strictFileInteractability [[Pri-]]

Selenium 滾動(dòng)至元素

滾動(dòng)至元素參考:

https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_28734889/article/details/77933401

實(shí)現(xiàn)代碼片段:

// 獲取元素
WebElement element = webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector(elementsCss));

// 獲取元素左上坐標(biāo)值
Point elementPoint = element.getLocation();
int documentScrollTop = elementPoint.getY();

// 將頁(yè)面根據(jù)元素滾動(dòng)至合適位置
jsExecutor.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0," + documentScrollTop + ")");

Selenium等待:顯示,隱式

參考:

https://huilansame.github.io/huilansame.github.io/archivers/sleep-implicitlywait-wait

強(qiáng)制等待

sleep(3)  # 強(qiáng)制等待3秒再執(zhí)行下一步

隱性等待

隱形等待是設(shè)置了一個(gè)最長(zhǎng)等待時(shí)間,如果在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)網(wǎng)頁(yè)加載完成,則執(zhí)行下一步,否則一直等到時(shí)間截止,然后執(zhí)行下一步。注意這里有一個(gè)弊端,那就是程序會(huì)一直等待整個(gè)頁(yè)面加載完成,也就是一般情況下你看到瀏覽器標(biāo)簽欄那個(gè)小圈不再轉(zhuǎn),才會(huì)執(zhí)行下一步。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(30)  # 隱性等待,最長(zhǎng)等30秒
driver.get('https://huilansame.github.io')

print driver.current_url
driver.quit()

需要特別說(shuō)明的是:隱性等待對(duì)整個(gè)driver的周期都起作用,所以只要設(shè)置一次即可,我曾看到有人把隱性等待當(dāng)成了sleep在用,走哪兒都來(lái)一下…

顯性等待

顯性等待,WebDriverWait,配合該類的until()和until_not()方法,就能夠根據(jù)判斷條件而進(jìn)行靈活地等待了。它主要的意思就是:程序每隔xx秒看一眼,如果條件成立了,則執(zhí)行下一步,否則繼續(xù)等待,直到超過(guò)設(shè)置的最長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,然后拋出TimeoutException。

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.implicitly_wait(10)  # 隱性等待和顯性等待可以同時(shí)用,但要注意:等待的最長(zhǎng)時(shí)間取兩者之中的大者
driver.get('https://huilansame.github.io')
locator = (By.LINK_TEXT, 'CSDN')

try:
    WebDriverWait(driver, 20, 0.5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located(locator))
    print driver.find_element_by_link_text('CSDN').get_attribute('href')
finally:
    driver.close()

Selenium定位元素后偏差

這是一個(gè)奇怪的問(wèn)題,之所以會(huì)出現(xiàn)這個(gè)坐標(biāo)偏差是因?yàn)閣indows系統(tǒng)下電腦設(shè)置的顯示縮放比例造成的,location獲取的坐標(biāo)是按顯示100%時(shí)得到的坐標(biāo),而截圖所使用的坐標(biāo)卻是需要根據(jù)顯示縮放比例縮放后對(duì)應(yīng)的圖片所確定的,因此就出現(xiàn)了偏差。

解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題有三種方法:

1.修改電腦顯示設(shè)置為100%。這是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法;

2.縮放截取到的頁(yè)面圖片,即將截圖的size縮放為寬和高都除以縮放比例后的大小;

3.修改Image.crop的參數(shù),將參數(shù)元組的四個(gè)值都乘以縮放比例。

Selenium加載Flash

看服務(wù)報(bào)告pc端截圖重構(gòu)內(nèi)ChromeUtil.java如何使用

問(wèn)題答案里提供了很多解決思路:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/52185371/allow-flash-content-in-chrome-69-running-via-chromedriver

網(wǎng)上方案:

prefs.put("profile.default_content_setting_values.plugins", 1);
prefs.put("profile.content_settings.plugin_whitelist.adobe-flash-player", 1);
prefs.put("profile.content_settings.exceptions.plugins.*,*.per_resource.adobe-flash-player", 1);

經(jīng)測(cè)試Chrome65+無(wú)法使用,無(wú)效。

方法一

基本思路:通過(guò)Selenium自動(dòng)訪問(wèn)chrome單個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)的設(shè)置頁(yè),操作元素,始終允許加載flash。

image.png

讓Selenium自動(dòng)選擇下面的按鈕


image.png

這個(gè)操作的Demo代碼:

package util;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

import java.io.File;
import java.net.URL;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

public class ChromeUtil {

    /**
     * 格式化url進(jìn)入該url設(shè)置頁(yè)
     * @param url
     * @return
     */
    private static String _base_url(String url){
        if (url.isEmpty()){
            return url;
        }

        try {
            URL urls = new URL(url);
            return String.format("%s://%s",urls.getProtocol(),urls.getHost());
        }catch (Exception e){
            return url;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 元素選擇
     * @param driver
     * @param element
     * @return
     */
    private static WebElement _shadow_root(WebDriver driver, WebElement element){
        return (WebElement)((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("return arguments[0].shadowRoot", element);
    }

    /**
     * 允許網(wǎng)頁(yè)的flash運(yùn)行,chrome67版本可行,75版本提示升級(jí)flash
     * @param driver
     * @param url
     */
    public static void allow_flash(WebDriver driver, String url) {
        url = _base_url(url);
        driver.get(String.format("chrome://settings/content/siteDetails?site=%s",url));
        WebElement webele_settings = _shadow_root(driver,(((ChromeDriver)driver).findElementByTagName("settings-ui")));
        WebElement webele_container = webele_settings.findElement(By.id("container"));
        WebElement webele_main = _shadow_root(driver,webele_container.findElement(By.id("main")));
        WebElement showing_subpage = _shadow_root(driver,webele_main.findElement(By.className("showing-subpage")));
        WebElement advancedPage = showing_subpage.findElement(By.id("advancedPage"));
        WebElement settings_privacy_page = _shadow_root(driver,advancedPage.findElement(By.tagName("settings-privacy-page")));
        WebElement pages = settings_privacy_page.findElement(By.id("pages"));
        WebElement settings_subpage = pages.findElement(By.tagName("settings-subpage"));
        WebElement site_details = _shadow_root(driver,settings_subpage.findElement(By.tagName("site-details")));
        WebElement plugins = _shadow_root(driver,site_details.findElement(By.id("plugins")));
        WebElement permission = plugins.findElement(By.id("permission"));
        Select sel = new Select(permission);
        sel.selectByValue("allow");
    }

    /**
     * @param args
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", Constants.PATH_Dict.DRIVER_PATH.getValue());
        WebDriver webDriver = null;
        try {
            // 初始化webDriver
            ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
            // options.addArguments("--headless"); // 無(wú)頭模式
            // options.addArguments("--no-sandbox"); // Linux關(guān)閉沙盒模式
            // options.addArguments("--disable-gpu"); // 禁用顯卡
            webDriver = new ChromeDriver(options);
            webDriver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1300, 800));
            String url = "https://shanghai.fang.anjuke.com/";

            // 獲取重定向后網(wǎng)址再打開(kāi)Flash權(quán)限
            webDriver.get(url);
            allow_flash(webDriver,webDriver.getCurrentUrl());
            webDriver.get(url);
            Thread.sleep(1 * 60 * 1000);


        } catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if(webDriver != null) {
                webDriver.quit();
            }
        }
    }
}

方法二

在chrome設(shè)置里將所有網(wǎng)站加入flash白名單,但實(shí)測(cè)selenium會(huì)打開(kāi)新的chrome,不讀取通用設(shè)置,類似無(wú)痕窗口,有空再試試。

總結(jié)

  • 全局flash加載的設(shè)置按鈕在selenium不起作用
  • 使用pref加載也沒(méi)有用

禁止javascript

禁止運(yùn)行javascript還是可以通過(guò)pref的:

HashMap<String, Object> chromePrefs = new HashMap<>(2);
chromePrefs.put("profile.managed_default_content_settings.javascript", 2);
options.setExperimentalOption("prefs", chromePrefs);

Selenium調(diào)整網(wǎng)頁(yè)縮放大小

運(yùn)行js

document.body.style.zoom='0.5'
最后編輯于
?著作權(quán)歸作者所有,轉(zhuǎn)載或內(nèi)容合作請(qǐng)聯(lián)系作者
【社區(qū)內(nèi)容提示】社區(qū)部分內(nèi)容疑似由AI輔助生成,瀏覽時(shí)請(qǐng)結(jié)合常識(shí)與多方信息審慎甄別。
平臺(tái)聲明:文章內(nèi)容(如有圖片或視頻亦包括在內(nèi))由作者上傳并發(fā)布,文章內(nèi)容僅代表作者本人觀點(diǎn),簡(jiǎn)書(shū)系信息發(fā)布平臺(tái),僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)服務(wù)。

相關(guān)閱讀更多精彩內(nèi)容

友情鏈接更多精彩內(nèi)容