第一部分 考研真題精選

一、 填空題

1. Chomsky proposes that the course of language acquisition is determined by a(n)____ language faculty.

【中山大學2018研】

【答案】innate

【解析】喬姆斯基認為語言習得的過程是由人的內(nèi)在語言機制決定的。

2. ____ refers to the role language plays in communication (e.g. to express ideas, attitudes) or in particular social situations (e.g.religious, legal).【北二外2016研】

【答案】Function

【解析】本題考查語言學中對“語言的功能”的定義。功能指的是語言在溝通中(例如表達觀點、態(tài)度)或在特定社交場合(如宗教、法律)中所起的作用。

3. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the ____ it is associated with.【人大2007研】

【答案】meaning

【解析】索緒爾認為符號的形式或聲音與其意義之間沒有邏輯聯(lián)系，所以兩者之間的關系是任意的。

4. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The utterance of these sentences is or is a part of the doing of an action. They are called____.【大連外國語學院2008研】

【答案】performative

【解析】施為句是用來做事的，既不陳述事實，也不描述情況，且不能驗證其真假。

5. Phonetics is the study of ____ sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.【北京郵電大學2015研】

【答案】speech

【解析】本題考查語音學和音系學的含義。語音學研究語音的發(fā)生、傳遞和感知。音系學研究的是語言的語音系統(tǒng)。換句話說，音系學研究的是說話人為表達意義而系統(tǒng)地選擇語音的方法。

6. A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with ____ of words.【中山大學2017研】

【答案】combinations

【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimalunits of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

7. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ____ and performance.【人大2006研】

【答案】competence

【解析】語言能力指理想的語言使用者關于語言規(guī)則的語言知識，語言應用指語言交際中關于語言規(guī)則知識的實際使用。

8. When a word appears in a variety of forms depending on its grammatical role in the sentence we say that it undergoes____.【中山大學2018研】

【答案】inflection

【解析】屈折變化是指通過添加屈折詞綴，如數(shù)，人稱，限定性，體和格等來表示某詞語法關系的變化。

9. ____ is said of the study of development of language and languages over time.【北二外2016研】

【答案】Diachronic

【解析】本題考查歷時性的定義。語言的歷時性指語言隨時間的延續(xù)而引發(fā)的變化。語言的歷時性是相對于語言的共時性而言的，共時性語言學是研究理論上處于一個時點的語言，描寫語言的一個“狀態(tài)”，不管正在發(fā)生哪些變化。

10. When air is forced out of the lungs, it causes the ____ to vibrate.

【中山大學2018研】

【答案】vocal folds

【解析】語音產(chǎn)生是以氣流為能量來源的。在大多數(shù)情況下，氣流源自肺部，氣流從肺中壓出，引起聲帶的振動。

11. ____ is the study of speech sounds that the human voice is capable of creating whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning. The first focuses on chaos while the second focuses on order.【北京郵電大學2016研】

【答案】Phonetics

【解析】本題考查語音學和音系學的含義。語音學研究語音的發(fā)生、傳遞和感知。音系學研究的是語言的語音系統(tǒng)。換句話說，音系學研究的是說話人為表達意義而系統(tǒng)地選擇語音的方法。

12. When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ____ function.【北二外2015研】

【答案】phatic

【解析】本題考查語言的寒暄功能。寒暄功能是語言最基本的一項功能。人們用寒暄語來營造一種氣氛或保持社會聯(lián)系而非交流信息。人們使用寒暄語就是為了緩和談話雙方的關系，同時使談話雙方從心理上得到滿足。

13.? Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of____principally transmitted by vocal sounds.

【中山大學2017研】

【答案】symbols

【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

14. Syntax is the study of how words combine to make sentences. The order of words in sentences varies from language to language. English language, for instance, generally follows a ____ order,as in the sentence “The dog (subject) bit (verb) the man (object)."【北京郵電大學2016研】

【答案】SVO

【解析】本題考查英語句子的語序。英語句子的基本語序是主謂賓結構。

15. ____is the name for oppositeness relation.【北二外2015研】

【答案】Antonymy

【解析】本題考查反義的語義關系。反義關系就是相反的語義關系。

16.? Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas,_ must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the_ and the signified.

【北京郵電大學2015研】

【答案】sounds, signifier

【解析】本題考查關于語言作為符號系統(tǒng)的觀點。他認為語言是一個符號系統(tǒng)，聲音只有作為該符號系統(tǒng)的一部分才能被視作語言。符號包括兩方面，能指和所指。

17. A ____ condition is a condition that must apply before an utterance can constitute a speech act.【中山大學2017研】

【答案】felicity

【解析】Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. These conditions are called felicity conditions.

18. The most serious defect concerns the use of semantic markers like (Human) and (Male), which,more usually called semantic components are elements of an artificial ____.【北京郵電大學2014研】

【答案】metalanguage

【解析】本題考查成分分析的弊端。通過語義特征來進行成分分析的一大弊端是這些意義特征使用的是人工化的元語言，元語言本身的含義也需進一步解釋。

19. ____refers to the way that a word has a form appropriate to the number or gender of the no unor pronoun it relates to.

【中山大學2017研】

【答案】Agreement

【解析】Agreement or concord is defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another., shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).

20. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into ____ words and words.

【南開大學2007研】

【答案】lexical, grammatical解析】從詞所表達的意義劃分，詞可分為詞匯詞和語法詞。

21. When we consider how language has changed over time we are looking at it from a point of view.

【中山大學2017研】

【答案】diachronic

【解析】When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. It focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.

22. The sound [p] can be described with “____, bilabial, stop”.【北二外2015研】

【答案】voiceless

【解析】本題考查音系學的相關知識。

[p]的語音特征可以被描述為清輔音，雙唇音，塞音。

23. A______typically contains a consonant or set of consonants followed by a vowel followed by another consonant or set of consonants.【中山大學2018研】

【答案】syllable

【解析】音節(jié)是超音段研究中的一個重要單位。音節(jié)必須有一個“節(jié)核”或者“韻峰”，通常由元音來承擔，但有時也可以由具有成音節(jié)特征的輔音來起節(jié)核的作用，通常在節(jié)核的前后還可以有輔音叢的出現(xiàn)。

24. The is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.【北二外2015研】

【答案】morpheme

【解析】本題考查詞素的含義。詞素是最小的音義結合體，其最大的特點是不能再被分割為更小的音義結合體。意思或語法功能的最小單位。

25. The type of stress which distinguishes words such as /'transpot/ from /tran'pot/ is known asstress.【中山大學2018研】

【答案】word

【解析】單詞重音是指一個單詞內(nèi)部重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)的語調模式。

26. A__ refers to each position in a tree diagram in TG where lines meet. In each of these positions is a symbol for a grammatical category.【中山大學2018研】

【答案】constituent

【解析】成分，作為一個術語，指的是用于句子結構分析的一個語言單位，它是一個比其更大的語言單位的一部分。幾個成分共同構成一個結構體。

27.? According to Saussure, ____ refers to the concrete utterances of a speaker.【北二外2016研】

【答案】parole

【解析】本題考查言語的概念。根據(jù)索緒爾的觀點，言語指的是語言的實際應用，是具體的個人的動態(tài)的語言現(xiàn)象，不同于語言，語言是全民的、概括的、有限的、靜態(tài)的系統(tǒng)知識。

28. Voicing refers to the ____ of the vocal folds.【北二外2016研】

【答案】vibration

【解析】本題考查輔音發(fā)音過程中的清濁特征的定義。若發(fā)音過程中，聲帶振動，則為濁輔音，反之則為清輔音。

29. ____is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.【南開大學2007研】

【答案】Morphophonology

【解析】形態(tài)音系學是語言學的一個分支，主要研究形態(tài)學與音系學的關系。

30. By____,we mean the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.【北二外2014研】

【答案】duality

【解析】二重性是指兩層結構的屬性。底層結構是上層結構的組成成分，每層都有自身的組合規(guī)則。

31. Edward Sapir (1884-1939), American linguist and anthropologist, studied linguistics and anthropology at Columbia University with the noted anthropologist and ethnologist Franz Boas.His idea on language thought was later developed by his student, B. L. Whorf, and known as the Sapir-Whorf.【北京郵電大學2016研】

【答案】Hypothesis

【解析】本題考查薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說。該假說是由薩丕爾和沃爾夫兩人提出的關于語言和人的思維之間的關系。

32. The sound [k] can be described with“ ____velar stop/plosive".【北二外2014研】

【答案】voiceless

【解析】[k]屬于清輔音，爆破音，軟腭音。

33. ____words are often avoided because they are unacceptable in many social situations.

【中山大學2018研】

【答案】Taboo

【解析】禁忌語是指在某些情況下避免使用令人難堪的詞。禁忌語或者是完全避免使用，或者是用委婉語代替。

34. ______concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer.

【北二外2014研】

【答案】Perlocutionary act

【解析】取效行為是通過說話完成或通過說話所產(chǎn)生的行為，是由話語所帶來的結果和變化。

35. It is generally agreed that linguistics should include at least five parameters, namely,phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic and____.【北京郵電大學2015研】

【答案】pragmatic

【解析】本題考查語言學的五個主要方面。語言學的五個主要方面關注語音音系，形態(tài)，句法，語義和語用。

36. ____is the degree of force used in producing syllable.【北二外2014研】

【答案】Stress

【解析】重音是指在音節(jié)發(fā)音時所用的力度。

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