2019年教師招聘英語學(xué)科專業(yè)知識考點梳理

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第一部分詞法

考點十一情態(tài)動詞

一、情態(tài)動詞的用法

1.?can?用法?

①表示能力，與be?able?to同義，但can只用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時，be?able?to可用于各種時態(tài)。

I can do it on myself.

注：Can?you?…????Yes,?I?can?/?No,I?can’t.?

②表示允許、請求，用could比can?語氣更加委婉客氣，常用于could?I?/you?…..?句型中，若表示同意時，用can回答而不用could。

Could?I?borrow?the?book???Yes, you can. /No,?you?can’t?.?

③表示推測，意為“可能”，常用于否定句或疑問句中（can’t表示一定不是）

Can?it?be?true???會是真的嗎？

It?can’t?be?true. 不可能是真的。

2.?may?用法?

①表示許可或征求對方的許可（=can），常與第一人稱連用。

May?I?….??

Yes, you?may. /Yes, please.

No,?you?can’t?/?mustn’t?.?

②表推測，意為“可能、也許”。常用于肯定句中。

Maybe?he?knows?the?news?.=?He?may know?the?news.??

3.?must用法?

①表示義務(wù)，意為“必須”（主觀意志）。?We?must?do?everything?step?by?step.

Must?I?….??

Yes,?you?must?/?No,?you?needn’t(don’t?have?to?).?

②mustn’t?表禁止、不允許。???You?mustn’t?talk?to?her?like?that.?

③表示推測，意為“想必、準(zhǔn)是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑問句中must改為can。

He?must?be?ill.?He?looks?so?pale.????

She’s?wearing?a?diamond?necklace.?She?must?have?a?lot?of?money.???

4.need用法?

need既可用作情態(tài)動詞，也可用作實義動詞。用作情態(tài)動詞時，主要否定句或疑問句中。用作實義動詞時，可用于各種句式。?

①用作情態(tài)動詞，用于否定句和疑問句中。

■ Need?I?….??Yes?,?you?must?/?No,?you?needn’t?.??

■ need?+?do?sth?.?變否定句：needn’t?do?sth??變疑問句：Need?sb?do?sth???

②用作實義動詞

■ need?+?to?do?sth?.????We?need?to buy some?school?things.

變否定句：don’t?/doesn’t?/didn’t?+need?to?do?sth.?

變疑問句：Do?/?Does?/Did?sb?+?need?to?sth??

???????????Yes?,?…?do/?does?/?did????

No,?sb?don’t?/?doesn’t?/didn’t?.?

■ 當(dāng)主語是物時，sth?+?need?+?doing?sth?=??sth?+need?to?be?done?.?

The?table?needs?painting?.???=The?table?needs?to be repaired.?

5.had?better?用法?

①had?better?+?動詞原形??=?It’s?best?to?do?sth?.?最好做某事

②had?better?not?+動詞原形???最好不要做某事

?We?had?better?not play the?computer?games?.?

6.must?與have?to用法

①一般情況下，兩者可互換。must?=?have?to

②must?“必須，應(yīng)該”表示說話人的主觀看法，即說話人認(rèn)為必須干某事。（內(nèi)在原因；?have?to?意為“必須，不得不”，強調(diào)客觀需要，即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。（外界原因）。??

7.?shall用法

①shall用于第一、第三人稱構(gòu)成的疑問句，表示征求對方意見或請求指示

Shall we begin our lesson? ??

②shall用于第二、第三人稱陳述句中，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾、威脅、規(guī)定、必然性。

He shall be punished.（威脅）

All payments shall be made in cash. (規(guī)定)

8.should用法

①表示責(zé)任或義務(wù)，意為“應(yīng)該”、“應(yīng)當(dāng)”，這時它可以和ought to, be supposed to互換使用。

You should（= ought to）tell your mother about it at once.

②表示有較大可能實現(xiàn)的猜測、推論，通常譯為“可能”

They should be home by now, I think. ?

③用在suggest，propose, arrange, plan, decide, advise, order, demand, request, desire, insist 等表示“建議”、“要求”、“命令”、“決定”、“安排”、“計劃”、“主張”的動詞后面接的賓語從句中，要使用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞形式為（should）do，這里的 should 也可以省略。

I suggest that you （should ）have enough rest before the exam.

9.ought to用法

①表示勸告或建議，意為“應(yīng)該”=should。如：

You ought to be stricter with him. ?

②表示推測，意為“可能……”，“應(yīng)該……”。

He ought to be home by now. ?

二、情態(tài)動詞后跟完成式的用法

1.can / could + have done

在肯定句中表示“本來可以做而實際上沒有做某事”，是虛擬語氣；在疑問句或否定句中表示對過去行為的懷疑或不肯定, 表示推測。

You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.

He can’t have been to that town.

Can he have got the book?

2.may / might +?have done

表示對過去行為的推測。不能用于疑問句中，沒有虛擬語氣的用法。might所表示的可能性比may小。

He may not have finished the work .

3.must +?have done

用于肯定句中，表示對過去行為的推測。意為“一定、想必”。其疑問、否定形式用can，can’t代替。?

You must have seen the film Titanic.

He must have been to Shanghai.

4.should +?have done

①用于肯定句中，表示對過去行為的推測。He should have finished the work by now。

②表示“本應(yīng)該做而實際上沒有做某事”，其否定式表示某種行為本不該發(fā)生卻發(fā)生了?？梢耘cought to +?have done互換。

You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didn’t.)

She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.

5.need +have done ???

表示“本需要做而實際上沒有做某事”，其否定式表示“本來不必做而實際上做了某事”。

You needn’t have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.

考點十二非謂語動詞

一、動詞不定式

1.動詞不定式作賓語

①在動詞want?,hope,would?like,decide,wish,?choose,try?,need等后常用動詞不定式作賓語。

?I?hope?to hear from?you?soon?.?

②【慣用句式】think/find?/feel?/make?it?+?adj?+?to?do?sth??

He?found?it?difficult?to get to?sleep.?

③stop?to?do?sth?/?stop?doing?sth??

stop?to?do?sth?停下來去做某事????

stop?doing?sth?停止正在做的事?

After?working?for?a?long?time?,?He?has?to?stop?to have a?rest?.?

He?was?very?tired?,?so?he?had?to?stop?working.

2.動詞不定式作賓補

①帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞有：ask?/?like?/would?like?/teach?/tell?/want?/help?+sb?+to?do?sth??

Please?ask?him?to come quickly.?

②省掉to的不定式作賓補的動詞有：

let?/make?/?hear?/see?/notice?/have/watch+sb?+do?sth??

【注意】省掉to的不定式的句子變被動語態(tài)時，需要還原to?.

He?made?the?baby?stop crying?.?

The?baby?was?made?to stop crying.?

3.動詞不定式作主語?

①動詞不定式用作句子的主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

②常用it作形式主語，而將不定式放在句子后面。

To?do?sth?+謂語動詞+adj?/n?=?It?+謂語動詞+adj?/?n?+?to?do?sth??

To?get?an?injection?is?a?little?painful?.?

It is a?little?painful?to get an?injection?

4.動詞不定式作定語?

動詞不定式作定語放在被修飾詞之后??Please give me something to drink.

【注意】若構(gòu)成的不定式的動詞為不及物動詞時，其后加上相應(yīng)的介詞。

I?want?a?pen?to?write?with.?

5.動詞不定式與疑問詞連用——疑問詞+?to?do?sth

在賓語從句中，若主從句的主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+to?do?sth

Can?you?tell?me?how?I?can?get?to?the?hospital???

Can?you?tell?me?how to get to the?hospital.?

6.動詞不定式作狀語?

①動詞不定式可作目的狀語

He?came?here?to get his?book.?

②動詞不定式可作原因狀語

表語形容詞（sorry/sad/happy/?glad?/afraid/?pleased）后與動詞不定式連用作原因狀語

He?was?glad?to see?his?wife.?

③動詞不定式可作結(jié)果狀語

He returned home to find his father dead. ?

7.動詞不定式作表語??be?+?to?do?sth??

注：動詞不定式作表語可以和主語的位置互換，且常表將來。

Her?wish?is?to become a?doctor?.?=To become a doctor is?her?wish?.?

8.動詞不定式的否定形式??

在動詞不定式的前面加not?.

He?told?me?not to stay?here?.?

二、動名詞

1.動名詞作主語

動名詞可以在句中作主語，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。

Playing with fire is dangerous. ?

2.動名詞作表語

動名詞可以在句中作表語，此時的動名詞可以和主語調(diào)換位置。?

My hobby is collecting stamps. = Collecting stamps is my hobby.

3.動名詞作定語

動名詞作定語，一般表示用途。

There are a lot of swimming pools in the city.

4.動名詞作賓語

I enjoy listening to music. ?

He is fond of playing basketball.

【注意】need, want, require, deserve,demand作“需要”講時，其后用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。

The flowers need watering/to be watered.

5.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

動名詞前可以加一個物主代詞或名詞所有格來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語，構(gòu)成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

Nixon's visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations.

I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon．

三、現(xiàn)在分詞

1.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語

現(xiàn)在分詞作定語常放在被修飾詞之前，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語要放在被修飾詞的后面，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。

A?sleeping?baby?=?a?baby?who?is?sleeping

Did?you?know?the?man?talking?to?Mr?Li?=?Did?you?know?the?man?who?was?talking?to??Mr?Li??

2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，可作時間、條件、結(jié)果、原因和伴隨狀語，表示正在進行的或主動的動作,此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。

Seeing the police, he made a run for the exit.

He?came?into?the?classroom?,carrying?a?book.

3.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補

賓語與作賓補的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的發(fā)出者

Soon they could see the sun rising from the east.

4.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語

現(xiàn)在分詞作表語多表示主語的特征, 如amusing, interesting, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等

The story is quite interesting. ?這個故事很有趣。

四、過去分詞

1.過去分詞作表語

過去分詞作表語已經(jīng)形容詞化

The window is broken.

2.過去分詞作定語

單一的過去分詞作定語，要放在被修飾詞的前面；過去分詞短語作定語要放在被修飾詞的后面，相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。

fallen leaves

Have?you?ever?read?any?books?written?by?Luxun??

=Have?you?ever?read?any?books?that were written?by?Luxun??

3.過去分詞作狀語

過去分詞作狀語時，可作時間、條件、原因和伴隨狀語，表示被動的和完成的動作。此時分詞的邏輯主語就是主句的主語。

Given more time, we would certainly have finished the job much better.

The professor sat there，surrounded by a lot of students.

4.過去分詞的作賓補

賓語與作賓補的過去分詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，即賓語是過去分詞動作的承受者

He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.

b: