英語(yǔ)聽力提高并非僅僅“聽力”提高，它代表著英語(yǔ)發(fā)音、詞匯、詞組、習(xí)語(yǔ)、文化思維等綜合能力的全面提高。
初級(jí)者練聽力時(shí)，應(yīng)盡力避免“先去思考所聽句子的漢語(yǔ)意思”的潛意識(shí)行為；相反，要沉浸于所聽句子的句型與發(fā)音。
第一遍聽力時(shí)，集中注意原文的句型即句子結(jié)構(gòu)，再帶入具體事物（實(shí)義詞）的發(fā)音（暫不管整個(gè)句子的翻譯），下意識(shí)鍛煉“聽出連讀、略讀等音變”的能力。
記住了，語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)就是聽說(shuō)讀寫！聽到了，然后學(xué)說(shuō)話，然后才是慢慢認(rèn)字、讀和寫。
廢話少說(shuō)！下面就從語(yǔ)言學(xué)理論里的小trick入手，直擊快速提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)、聽力的tips吧~
Tip 1
語(yǔ)音學(xué)(Phonetics)切入
為什么說(shuō)中文和說(shuō)英文聲音不一樣？
因?yàn)橹形暮陀⑽牡陌l(fā)音方式 (manner of articulation) 是不同的。中文的發(fā)音方式叫 Frontoral pronunciation（前口腔發(fā)音-發(fā)聲位置高，輕快明亮）；
而英文的發(fā)音方叫 Posterior oral pronunciation（后口腔發(fā)音-發(fā)聲位置低，磁性厚實(shí)）這也是為什么外國(guó)人說(shuō)話時(shí)會(huì)"張大口"和"震搖下巴"。
So, they are totally different!
所以如果你想讓你的發(fā)音（不僅僅是口語(yǔ)，乃至整個(gè)聲線的改善）更“native”一點(diǎn)的話，你可以去模仿外國(guó)人說(shuō)話（還有助于唱歌），多練習(xí)氣泡音（Vocal Fry）
*A chart of English consonants
輔音發(fā)音方式及部位
*Tongue positions of the cardinal vowels
*元音的劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
The criteria of vowel description
①? 舌頭抬起的高度(前央后)
the part of the tongue that is raised--front, center or back
②? 舌頭最高部分的位置(高中低)
the height of the tongue--high, middle, low
③? 嘴的開合度(合、半合、半開、開)
the opening of the mouth--close, semi-close, semi-open, open
④? 唇的圓展度(圓唇、非圓唇)
the shape of the lips--rounded,unrounded
⑤? 發(fā)音的長(zhǎng)度(緊、松)
the length of the sound--tense, lax
*研究詞的發(fā)音規(guī)律很重要！在聽力練習(xí)中，即便聽到‘陌生’詞匯，也可以通過(guò)模仿著發(fā)音拼出整個(gè)單詞哦~
Tip 2
音系學(xué)(Phonology)切入
*Assimilation rule 同化規(guī)則
The rule that assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar is called assimilation rule.
指能使一個(gè)音帶上它相鄰音的部分或所有特征，因而使得這兩個(gè)音變得相似的音系規(guī)則。
Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries, as shown by the following:
同化可以越過(guò)音節(jié)和詞的界限發(fā)生,如下所示：
you can [n] → [?] keep them
five past [fa?vpa:st] → [ fa?fpa:st]
has to [h?zt?] → [h?st?]
edge to edge [ed?t?ed?] → [et?t?ed?]?
as prescribed [?zpr?'skra?bd] → [?spr?'skra?bt]
lose heart[lu?zhɑ?t] → [lu?shɑ?t]
(這里p和h的發(fā)音分別為/p/和/h/，都屬于 voiceless consonant 清輔音，所以連讀時(shí)其前/z/的發(fā)音應(yīng)變成相應(yīng)的清輔音/s/)
精短例句：
The trick is how dowe do that, responsibly, sustainably and in ways that make fish farmers’ money.? [k?z]
Many of the foods that can contain trans fats are American favorites, they are sort of as comfort food,a lot of people eat a great deal of these foods. [s?? t? f?s]
Large companies compete in an expanding gaming market. [? n? neks]
所以，在練習(xí)聽力時(shí)，一定要掌握好音變規(guī)律才能快速反應(yīng)并聽出準(zhǔn)確的英文句子哦~
當(dāng)然，口語(yǔ)訓(xùn)練中音變更是重中之重，
I miss you? [?]
Could you go with me? [d?]
如音系學(xué)派下的Deletion rule省略規(guī)則
Meat ball → [mi?b??l]
A good guy → [ɡ?ɡa?]
(兩個(gè)Stops爆破音在一起，第一個(gè)爆破要失去~)
Tip 3
語(yǔ)義學(xué)(Semantics)切入
日常聽力中最大的攔路虎當(dāng)屬那些同音異義詞(Homonymy-the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound orspelling, or in both)，或者一些發(fā)音很相似的詞語(yǔ)，這個(gè)時(shí)候除了普通的詞匯積累，更需要鍛煉的是對(duì)某一特定語(yǔ)境(context)下出現(xiàn)的高頻詞的聯(lián)想力，無(wú)論是提升英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)、聽力，對(duì)語(yǔ)境敏感性的訓(xùn)練都必不可少。
那么，聽力中需要留意積累的Homonymy有哪些？
Complete homonyms (完全同音同形異義詞):
Eg.
Ball [b??l] n. 球；舞會(huì)
Match [m?t?] n. 火柴；比賽；相配的人（或物）；
Homophones (同音異義詞)：
Eg.
[d??(r)] dear; deer
[s?n] son; sun
Homographs (同形異義詞):
Eg.
Lead [li:d] v. 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)；致使；[led] n. 鉛
Tear [?t??] n. 眼淚 [?t??] v. 撕掉，扯下
還有一些讀音相似的單詞，如general [?d?enr?l] vs. journal [?d???nl] 等都是需要留意，小心入坑噠！
英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)、聽力所需詞匯量并不多，難度亦不大；但越是簡(jiǎn)單越不可忽略！
至于語(yǔ)境敏感性的培養(yǎng)，在日常聽力與口語(yǔ)練習(xí)中，初級(jí)者應(yīng)下意識(shí)對(duì)某些詞組進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)(Semantic field)分類。
What is semantic field?
“詞可以在一個(gè)共同概念的支配下結(jié)合在一起形成一個(gè)語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)”，也就是類概念(the genus)與種概念(the species)之間的關(guān)系。
Eg.
<rank system>: captain (大尉); lieutenant(中尉); commander(中校); mate (大副)
<pleasurable emotion>: joy, happiness, gaiety, enjoyment
<instrument>: flute, clarinet, trumpet
“Flute”, “clarinet” and “trumpet” bring out their semantic field and “instrument” is the superordinate 上義詞(the general item/the upper term) of these lower terms.
或者通俗來(lái)舉例，當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)一篇聽力文章的傾向或某個(gè)口語(yǔ)環(huán)境探討的話題可能與“國(guó)際消費(fèi)電子展(International Consumer Electronics Show)”有關(guān)，那么你所需要培養(yǎng)的語(yǔ)境敏感性就是要根據(jù)這種傾向與環(huán)境‘應(yīng)激式’聯(lián)想出一系列相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)如，technology products, manufacturer, display, automobile, electronics, smart watch…
也就是做到胸有成詞。
所以說(shuō)，積累聽力詞匯并不是靠單純的背與記，要能實(shí)現(xiàn)該詞匯相應(yīng)的associative meaning(關(guān)聯(lián)意義)與thematic meaning(主題意義).
"Thematic meaning refers to what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis."
Tip 4
語(yǔ)用學(xué)(Pragmatics)切入
聽力口語(yǔ)中非積累不可為的莫過(guò)于習(xí)語(yǔ)(idiom)和固定搭配(collocation)啦
Idiom is a set phrase with semantic unity and structuralstability, such as:
Do sb. Brown 使某人上當(dāng)
In the same boat 處境相同
Cold comfort 簡(jiǎn)直不起作用的安慰
而對(duì)固定搭配的記憶實(shí)際上是為了通過(guò)了解mutual expectancy ofwords (詞語(yǔ)的共現(xiàn)）實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)判，減輕聽力難度，與培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)境敏感性異曲同工。
精短例句：
So unless we actually sit and put in place 落實(shí)到位 strategies to achieve what we need to achieve in 50 years, it will be 2063 and we will be still talking about the same thing.
Cookies, cakes, pies and pastries, a lot of those prepared foods have the trans fats to increase the shelf life 保質(zhì)期.
初級(jí)者不用特意尋找單詞書背誦，聽力詞匯只需在日常聽力訓(xùn)練中對(duì)沒(méi)能聽出的詞匯進(jìn)行分析分類記憶。
Tip 5
語(yǔ)調(diào)(Intonation)切入
語(yǔ)調(diào)原為音系學(xué)一部分，這里單獨(dú)拎出來(lái)講是因?yàn)樗此坪敛黄鹧?，一旦‘?huì)用’起來(lái)效果有如天助~
切勿小瞧它在口語(yǔ)聽力中的作用哦~
何以為調(diào)？
When pitch tress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:
當(dāng)音調(diào)、重音和音長(zhǎng)被融合在句子里而不是在單個(gè)詞語(yǔ)里時(shí)，它們的集合就被稱為語(yǔ)調(diào)。英語(yǔ)中一般有三種常用語(yǔ)調(diào)：
Falling tone (matter-of-fact statement);
降調(diào)(陳述事實(shí))
Rising tone (doubts or question);
升調(diào)(懷疑或提問(wèn))
The fall-rise tone (implied message).
先降后升(暗示)
根據(jù)語(yǔ)調(diào)，我們可以對(duì)一個(gè)不需要形態(tài)斷句的句子進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)音‘?dāng)嗑洹?，使你的發(fā)音聽來(lái)更專業(yè)哦~
那么，到底如何實(shí)現(xiàn)完美的發(fā)音‘停頓’呢？
請(qǐng)關(guān)注下期實(shí)踐拔高篇《一心二用，英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)、聽力雙提升》
