[1] To judge by “David and Goliath,” Malcolm Gladwell’s favorite word is “we.” In fact, it’s been his favorite word since his first book, “The Tipping Point,” launched his enormously successful career writing about how the world doesn’t necessarily work the way “we” think it does.

launch 開展(活動(dòng)、計(jì)劃等)

例：They should launch their career and become financially independent.

他們必須開始自己的事業(yè)，做到經(jīng)濟(jì)上自我獨(dú)立。

[2] His book “Outliers” was about (among other things) how success requires ingredients that are different from ones “we” normally assume — to wit, talent counts for far less than hard work, luck and background. Before that, “Blink” proposed that one’s first impression turns out to be right surprisingly often — contrary to the belief many of “us” hold. And “David and Goliath”? It’s about the advantages of disadvantages — and the disadvantages ofseeming advantages. Or, as Gladwell puts it: “We have a definition in our heads of what an advantage is — and the definition isn’t right.And what happens as a result? It means that we make mistakes. It means that we misreadbattles between underdogs and giants. It means that we underestimate how much freedom there can be in what looks like a disadvantage.”

count for 有價(jià)值

例：It was an age when the actor and the producer counted for more than the playwright. 在那個(gè)時(shí)代，演員和制片人遠(yuǎn)比劇作家重要。

seeming 表面上的; 貌似的

例：Its seeming complexity has prompted decades of study.

它表面看來的復(fù)雜性引發(fā)了數(shù)十年的研究。

misread 誤解

例：The administration largely misread the mood of the electorate.

該政府大大地誤解了選民的情緒。

underdog 處于劣勢(shì)者

例：America is a society that gives the underdog a chance to rise to the top.

美國(guó)是一個(gè)能給失敗者提供崛起機(jī)會(huì)的社會(huì)。

giant 巨大的，重大的，巨人

例：Newton was an intellectual giant.

牛頓是一個(gè)智力巨人。

underestimate 低估

例：None of us should ever underestimate the degree of difficulty women face in career advancement.

我們誰都不應(yīng)低估婦女在職業(yè)發(fā)展中所面臨的困難程度。

[3] The “we” of course does not include Gladwell. That’s the whole point of a Malcolm Gladwell book. He has delved into the literature; he has interviewed lots of people — scientists, economists, deep thinkers and others who wind up in the book — and he hasdivined meaning and found counterintuitiveconnections that would otherwise elude the rest of us.

delved into 探索，鉆研

例：We delved into the newspaper files to find out the facts.

我們鉆研報(bào)紙合訂本以查明事實(shí)。

wind up 牽扯到，涉及到

例：The U.S. could easily wind up in a crisis over the same lack of credibility.

由于公信力的缺失，美國(guó)也同樣容易陷入危機(jī)。

divine 識(shí)破，發(fā)現(xiàn)

例：At last I divined the truth.

最后我發(fā)現(xiàn)了事情的真相。

counterintuitive 反直覺的

例：It may seem counterintuitive, but experts believe that skipping breakfast actually encourages obesity.

它可能似乎違反直覺，但專家認(rèn)為，不吃早餐實(shí)際上會(huì)引起肥胖。

elude 使困惑；把…難倒

例：Her name eludes me.

她的名字我記不起來了。

[4] Those connections can be quite dizzying. In “David and Goliath,” Gladwell links people who are dyslexic with a hero of the civil rights movement and the citizens of London during the blitz. According to him, they all managed to turn disadvantages into advantages. On the flip side — those whose advantages aren’t so advantageous after all — include students who are not at the top of their Ivy League classes, teachers of extremely small classes and very wealthy parents.

dizzy 眩暈的

例：Her head still hurt, and she felt slightly dizzy and disoriented.

她的頭還在痛，感覺有些眩暈，分不清方向。

dyslexic 閱讀障礙

blitz 空襲

例：In the autumn of 1940 London was blitzed by an average of two hundred aircraft a night.

1940年秋，倫敦平均每晚被兩百架飛機(jī)空襲。

[5] As always, Gladwell’s sweep is breathtaking, and thought-provoking. What it is not, however, is entirely convincing.

breathtaking 令人驚嘆的

例：The house has breathtaking views from every room.

這房子從各個(gè)房間都能看到令人驚嘆的風(fēng)景。

provoke 引發(fā)，喚起

例：When people read my books I provoke some things.

人們閱讀我的書籍的時(shí)候，我激起了一些事情。

[6] You don’t have to be a knee-jerk contrarianto realize that there is a good deal of common sense in Gladwell’s thesis. It’s just that it’s not always as counterintuitive as he makes it out to be. When he writes about the actual example of David and Goliath, he makes the point that David — quick and accurate with the slingshot — was in fact the one with the advantage over Goliath, who was “too big and slow and blurry-eyed to comprehend the way the tables had been turned.” “All these years,” he adds, “we’ve been telling these kinds of stories wrong.” But have we really? It strikes me that many Americans already understand the advantages of the seeming underdog, thanks in part to an example that Gladwell does not include: the way America’s immense military power could not win the Vietnam War, or tameIraq and Afghanistan.

knee-jerk 下意識(shí)的

contrarian 背道而馳者

例：He is by nature a contrarian.

他本質(zhì)上就是個(gè)叛逆的人。

a good deal of 大量的

例：They spent a good deal of money.

他們花了大量的錢。

common sense 常識(shí)

例：I judge it by common sense.

我靠常識(shí)判斷。

immense 巨大的，廣大的

例：There is still an immense amount of work to be done.

還有非常多的工作沒有做。

tame 馴化

例：Lions can never be completely tamed.

獅子永遠(yuǎn)不能被完全馴化。

[7] Similarly, Gladwelldevotes a chapter to people with dyslexia, making the point that the skills they nurture to compensate for their condition can sometimes lead to a life of extraordinary accomplishment. He cites a study — and Gladwell always seems to find the perfect study — by a researcher at City University London that purports to show that “somewhere around a third” of all successful entrepreneurs are dyslexic. (One of Gladwell’s prime examples is David Boies, the well-known lawyer; my wife works for his firm.) But this insight about those with dyslexia also strikes me as fairly common knowledge, documented at least anecdotally in recent years.

devote to 把…用于

例：She has devoted all her time to helping the sick.

她把所有時(shí)間用于照顧病人。

nurture 培養(yǎng)

例：She had always nurtured great ambitions for her son.

她一直在培養(yǎng)她兒子的雄心大志。

compensate 彌補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)償

例：Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health.

失去健康是無法補(bǔ)償?shù)摹?/p>

lead to 導(dǎo)致；通向

例：Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.

吃過多的糖會(huì)引起健康問題。

purport 聲稱

例：a letter that purports to express public opinion.

一封聲稱是表達(dá)了公眾意見的信。

[8] On the other hand, one of the mostunconventional theories in “David and Goliath” is that for certain people, losing a parent early in life can be an advantage. He cites the work of Marvin Eisenstadt, a psychologist who did a study showing that “of the 573 eminent people for whom Eisenstadt could find reliable biographical information, a quarter had lost at least one parent before the age of 10” — and 45 percent had lost a parent before the age of 20. The central figure Gladwell leans on to make this case is a doctor named Emil J. Freireich, who made extraordinary advances against childhood leukemia. The section about Freireich is where Gladwell really starts making the kinds of connections he is famous for. It also illustrates the book’s primary shortcomings.

unconventional 非傳統(tǒng)的

例：He was known for his unconventional behaviour.

他曾因另類行為而出名。

eminent 卓越的; 有名望的

例：an eminent scientist.

一位卓越的科學(xué)家。

figure 人物

例：a leading figure in the music industry.

音樂界一位主要人物。

lean on 依靠 (支持和鼓勵(lì))

例：She leaned on him to help her to solve her problems.

她依靠他幫忙解決問題。

leukemia 白血病

be famous for 以...出名

Beijing is famous for it's history.

北京以它的歷史而聞名。

[9] The chapter starts with Freireich’s childhood, which was marked by his father’s presumed suicide. Then it cuts to the blitz — the eight months of German bombing raids on London during World War II — to alight on a curious fact: up to 40,000 people were killed and 50,000 injured in the attacks, but to the surprise of the British government, people didn’t panic; many, in fact, simply went abouttheir lives. For Gladwell’s purposes, this puzzle is best explained by J. T. MacCurdy, a Canadian psychiatrist who posited that because most people did not experience a bomb going off very close to them, they weren’t traumatized; instead they experienced “excitement with a flavor of invulnerability.” MacCurdy called this group “remote misses.”

alight 意外遇見，偶然碰見

例：to alight on an old photograph

偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)一張舊照片

go about 從事 (常規(guī)活動(dòng))

例：I must go about my business.

我必須忙我自己的事。

posit 假定; 假設(shè)

例：Most religions posit the existence of life after death.

大多數(shù)宗教都假定人死后生命仍存在。

go off (炸彈) 爆炸; (槍) 開擊

例：A few minutes later the bomb went off, destroying the vehicle.

幾分鐘后炸彈爆炸了，摧毀了那輛車。

[10] And what do remote misses have to do with Freireich’s extraordinary achievements? Although it takes a while to get there — with further crosscutting into dyslexia, the life of the civil rights activist Fred L. Shuttlesworth and the work Freireich did on children who had leukemia, putting them through hell to find ways to save them — the answer appears to be that sometimes people who lose a parent early in life can be categorized as remote misses.Their difficult childhoods ultimately give them strengths that many of us lack. On the other hand, Gladwell also acknowledges that many others who lose a parent early on “arecrushed by what they have been through.”

take a while 需要一段時(shí)間

例：Seeking for good editors and writers takes a while.

要找好的編輯和作者要花好些功夫呢。

crush 使精神崩潰

例：Listen to criticism but don't be crushed by it.

聽批評(píng)意見，但不要被它擊垮。

[11] But isn’t that like saying, “Whatever doesn’t kill us makes us stronger”? Some people overcome difficulties. Others don’t. Gladwell can’t really say why Dr. Freireich is in the former category and not the latter. The best he can do is say that “we as a society need people who have emerged from some kind of trauma,” like Freireich, even though that means that many others who have experienced trauma will not recover the way he did. To which the reader is likely to respond, “And . . . ?”

[12] I’ve long admired Gladwell’s work in The New Yorker, which employs many of the same literary techniques but is more persuasive, perhaps, because it is more contained and less ambitious. “David and Goliath,” on the other hand, is at once deeply repetitive and a bewildering sprawl. There are chapters, especially toward the end, whose relation to the rest of the book are hard to ascertain, even with his constant guidance.

contained 克制的，有節(jié)制的

ambitious 有雄心的

例：They were very ambitious for their children.

他們望子成龍心切。

bewildering 令人迷惑的

例：There is a bewildering variety of software available.

各種可供挑選的軟件使人目不暇接。

來自《天天用英語》欄目