L6-U1-P3-1 Listening : Depression & Treatment 1?抑郁癥及治療 1
Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.
杰克是一名精神科醫(yī)生，這意味著他治療有精神問題的人。
He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.?
他已經(jīng)治療病人多年，并使用了多種治療方法。
Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications.?
有時他只是傾聽并與病人交談，有時他會使用藥物。
These medications affect the brain in many different ways.?
這些藥物以多種不同的方式影響大腦。
As a?psychiatrist is a doctor who treats?people who?have mental problems.
As a?psychiatrist,?he treats people who have mental problems.
He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.
These medications affect the brain in many different ways.
Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.
杰克是一名精神科醫(yī)生，這意味著他治療有精神問題的人。
He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.?
他治療病人已有多年，并使用了多種治療方法。
Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications.?
有時他只是傾聽并與病人交談，有時他會使用藥物。
These medications affect the brain in many different ways.?
這些藥物以多種不同的方式影響大腦。
Over the years, Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all.?
多年來，杰克發(fā)現(xiàn)有些患者經(jīng)過治療有所好轉(zhuǎn)，而另一些則毫無改善。
In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected.?
在某些情況下，患者對治療的反應與預期截然相反。
Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why these treatments didn't work.?
幾年前，他有一位年輕病人向他揭示了這些治療為何無效。
The patient's name was Bob.?
這位病人名叫鮑勃。
He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help.?
他第一次來找杰克尋求幫助時年僅20歲。
The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.?
他來的原因是他曾試圖自殺。
What did Jack know about the effects in different treatment?----In some cases they produced opposite effects from what he expected.
If Bob hadn’t attempted suicide…He wouldn’t have come to see Jack.
The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.
If he hadn’t attempted suicide, he wouldn’t have come to see Jack.
He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help.
Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world.
鮑勃極其聰明，就讀于世界頂尖大學之一。
However, he was often extremely depressed.?
然而，他時常陷入極度抑郁。
Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol.?
由于抑郁，他開始吸毒并酗酒。
It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol that nearly killed him.?
正是藥物與酒精的過量攝入險些奪去他的生命。
His roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob unconscious in their dormitory room.?
室友在宿舍發(fā)現(xiàn)鮑勃昏迷不醒時，立刻撥打了急救電話。
What nearly killed him?----He took an overdose of drugs and drank too much alcohol.
It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol that nearly killed him.
He took drugs and drank a lot?because of his depression.?
Bob was?extremely?smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world.
Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital, he took time off from school to get help.
鮑勃康復出院后，便從學校請假接受治療。
That was when he came to the clinic where Jack practices medicine.?
那時他來到了杰克工作的診所。
At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with antidepressant medications.?
起初，杰克嘗試用抗抑郁藥物治療鮑勃。
He also used conversation and recommendations to help him rethink his life and memories.?
他還通過交談和建議，幫助他重新思考自己的人生和記憶。
After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately.?
幾個月后，鮑勃開始好轉(zhuǎn)，但程度有限。
Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively.?
盡管他配合治療，但仍然持續(xù)消極思考。
He also continued to go through periods of depression.?
他也繼續(xù)經(jīng)歷抑郁發(fā)作期。
As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.?
結果，他無法返回學校。
Why wasn't Bob able to return to school?----His treatment wasn't working .
After a few months, Bob began to?improve, but only moderately.Though?he cooperated with the?treatment, he?continued?to think negatively. He also continued to go?through?periods of depression. As a result, he wasn't?able?to return to school.
Had the treatment been successful, he probably would have returned to school.
He was still?going?through?periods of depression.
Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively.
L6-U1-P3-2 Listening : Depression & Treatment 2抑郁癥及治療 2
Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new.
由于治療效果不佳，杰克嘗試了一種新方法。
He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain.?
他決定使用腦部掃描來觀察鮑勃的大腦內(nèi)部。
Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning.?
腦部掃描是一種觀察大腦內(nèi)部、了解其運作方式的手段。
What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.?
掃描結果顯示出的鮑勃的情況至關重要。
They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated.?
它們顯示他的大腦以一種無人預料到的方式受損了。
There was significant damage to the front part of his brain.?
他大腦的前部有嚴重的損傷。
An injury in this part of the brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling.?
大腦這個部位的損傷可能導致抑郁和負面情緒。
It can also contribute to feelings of anger and rage.?
它也可能導致憤怒和暴怒的情緒。
The fact that his brain was injured unbalanced explained why the treatments hadn't worked.?
他的大腦受損失衡這一事實解釋了為什么之前的治療沒有效果。
What did the brain scan show ?His brain was damaged.
Why did he use?brain scans?—?None of his other?treatments were?working.
(1) Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new.
(2) He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain.?
(3) Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning.?
(4) What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.?
The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked.
腦部掃描顯示出了為什么藥物和其他治療方法沒有效果。
They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury.?
它們之所以失敗，是因為沒有針對大腦損傷進行治療。
After discussing the injury with Bob and his parents, they concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.?
在與鮑勃和他的父母討論過損傷情況后，他們得出結論，損傷的原因是踢足球。
In fact, Jack knew of quite a few soccer players who had suffered head injuries from playing that sport.?
事實上，杰克知道有不少足球運動員因從事這項運動而遭受頭部損傷。
Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.?
多次用頭頂堅硬的足球會損傷大腦。
Why hadn't the other treatments worked?----They didn't address the brain injury.
They concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.
If he hadn’t played soccer, his brain wouldn’t have been injured.
The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked.
With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury.
根據(jù)這個新信息，杰克使用了一種新藥來治療損傷。
Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months was close to full recovery.?
漸漸地，鮑勃好轉(zhuǎn)了，幾個月后接近完全康復。
He no longer had any signs of depression, and was finally able to return to school.?
他不再有任何抑郁的跡象，并最終能夠返回學校。
Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with honors, and entered a famous law school.?
最終，鮑勃以優(yōu)異成績從大學畢業(yè)，并進入了一所著名的法學院。
How did Jack know which?medication to use to help Bob recover?—?He chose it because it designed to treat the part of the brain that had been injured.
From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life.
從這次經(jīng)歷中，杰克意識到腦部成像讓他得以拯救鮑勃的生命。
If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself.?
如果沒有這些掃描，鮑勃最終可能會自殺身亡。
Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment.?
檢測并治療他大腦前部的損傷是他治療過程中的關鍵一步。
Jack now believes that brain scans can be an important tool for psychiatrists.?
杰克現(xiàn)在相信，腦部掃描可以成為精神科醫(yī)生的重要工具。
An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling, can work.?
一個受損的大腦必須在其損傷被治愈后，其他治療方法，如維生素、藥物或心理咨詢，才能發(fā)揮作用。
From treating Bob, what had Jack realized ?-The brain scans had allowed him to save Bob's life.
An injured brain?must?be healed?before other treatments,?such as vitamins, drugs or counseling,can?work.
He used brain scans to look inside Bob’s brain to see how it was functioning.
What was the key step in his treatment?—?Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step.
From thisexperience, Jack?realized?that the brain imaginghadallowed?him to save Bob's life. If it?hadn't?been for thescans, Bob would have?ended?upkillinghimself.Detectingand treating the?injury?to the front part of his brain was the?keystepin his treatment.
He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob’s brain.
There was significant damage to the front part of his brain.
What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.
L6-U1-P3-3 Dialogue : New Policy of a Company?公司新政策
W: We've got a real problem on our hands.
女：我們眼下遇到大麻煩了。
W: We are getting a lot of complaints.?
女：我們收到大量投訴。
M: About the proposed new policy??
男：是關于那項擬議的新政策嗎？
W: Yes,people think it's an invasion of privacy.?
女：是的，人們認為這侵犯了隱私。
M: Don't they agree that regular exercise and staying in shape is good for everyone??
男：難道他們不同意定期鍛煉、保持體型對每個人都有益嗎？
W: Sure, they agreed.?
女：當然，他們同意這點。
W: But they don't think we have the right to use an app to track how much they exercise.?
女：但他們認為我們無權用應用程序追蹤他們的運動量。
M: Using the app is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.?
男：使用這個應用程序是確保我們員工獲得足夠鍛煉的唯一方法。
What is the state of the new policy?— It hasn't been put into effect yet.
M: This new policy will reduce our health costs and improve productivity, which helps everyone.
男：這項新政策將降低我們的醫(yī)療成本并提高生產(chǎn)力，這對每個人都有好處。
W: That's not how they see it.?
女：他們可不這么看。
W: This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots.?
女：這種規(guī)定讓人感覺自己像機器人。
W: They have no freedom anymore.?
女：他們再也沒有自由了。
W: Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on the wrist means they have no privacy.?
女：要求每個人手腕上都戴上這樣的智能設備，意味著他們沒有隱私。
M: Well, if you put it that way, I can see the problem.?
男：嗯，如果你這么說，我能看出問題所在了。
What would the policy require employees to do?----wear a smart device on their wrist .
Requiring?everyone to?wear?a smart device like this on their wrist?means?they have no?privacy.
This kind of?regulation?makes?people?feel like?robots.
We're getting a lot of complaints.
Its purpose is to reduce health costs and improve productivity.
M: However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits.
男：然而，我看不到其他改變?nèi)藗兞晳T的方法。
M: This is just a friendly reminder.?
男：這只是一個友好的提醒。
W: It's more than a reminder.?
女：這不僅僅是一個提醒。
W: It makes things public, and puts pressure on people to meet the requirements.?
女：它讓事情公開化，并給人們施加壓力去滿足要求。
W: It will force people to work out even when they don't want to.?
女：它會迫使人們即使不想鍛煉也得鍛煉。
W: There won't be any choice.?
女：將沒有任何選擇余地。
M: No, it doesn't have to be that way.?
男：不，不一定非要那樣。
M: We can still be flexible.?
男：我們?nèi)匀豢梢造`活處理。
W: That's not the point.?
女：問題不在這兒。
W: People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do.?
女：人們討厭公司知曉他們一舉一動的想法。
W: It's bad enough that they have to communicate with each other at night and on the weekends.?
女：他們不得不在晚上和周末互相聯(lián)系已經(jīng)夠糟糕的了。
How would the APP put pressure on everyone ？---The data would be public and rank everyone's activities .
M: What if we make the use of the app an option?
男：如果我們讓使用這個應用程序成為一種選擇呢？
W: If you do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it.?
女：即使那樣做，仍然會給人們帶來使用它的壓力。
W: I think it's best that we get rid of this idea.?
女：我認為我們最好放棄這個想法。
W: I'm all for standards, but what about freedom, and creativity??
女：我完全支持標準，但自由和創(chuàng)造力呢？
W: If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.?
女：如果我們推行這項政策，我想我們會失去一些最優(yōu)秀的人才。
What does she think would happen if they made the use of the APP an option? ----She thinks it wouldn't make any difference.?
What if we make the use of the app an option?
If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.
It will force people to work out even when they don't want to.?
W: There are other ways to deal with health issues.
女：處理健康問題還有其他方法。
M: Such as... What's your suggestion??
男：比如……你有什么建議？
W: Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.?
女：給請病假少的人額外假期。
M: No... That wouldn't work.?
男：不……那行不通。
M: It will put pressure on people to come to work sick and get everyone else sick too.?
男：這會迫使人們帶病上班，然后把病傳染給其他人。
M: If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.?
男：如果有人生病，我寧愿他們待在家里。
What was her suggestion?— To give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.
If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.
There are other ways to deal with health issues.
Even if it were an option, it would still put pressure on people to use it.
W: Then here is a radical idea.
女：那么這里有一個大膽的想法。
W: Why not let your department managers handle it??
女：為什么不讓你部門經(jīng)理來處理這件事呢？
W: They are the ones who decide on promotions and bonuses.?
女：他們才是決定晉升和獎金的人。
W: Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous.?
女：以政策的形式把一切都固定下來可能非常危險。
M: OK, I'll consider it.?
男：好的，我會考慮的。
M: For now, I'll give up the idea of using this app.?
男：目前，我將放棄使用這個應用程序的想法。
M: Please let people know that we are listening to them.?
男：請讓大家知道我們在傾聽他們的意見。
M: We do care about our employees.?
男：我們確實關心我們的員工。
W: I will, I'm sure people will appreciate it.?
女：我會的，我相信大家會感激的。
W: It shows that you have faith in them.?
女：這表明你對他們有信心。
M: Thanks, I appreciate your advice.?
男：謝謝，我很感激你的建議。
What is he going to consider ?----He's going to consider letting the department managers deal with the health policy .
I'm sure people will appreciate it.
Please let people know that we are listening to them.
Using the APP is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.
L6-U1-P3-4 Reading : Preventing Injuries 預防傷害
Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health. However, before engaging in them,it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people. Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.This?consists?of increasing your heart?rate?and the blood?flow?to all parts of your body.A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.
Using the?proper?equipment is?essential, especially in contact sports.To?protect?the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly?reduce?the incidence of concussions.Concussions are?caused?when the soft, jello-like brain?slams?into?the hard human skull.Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious?consequences.
Compression sportswear is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries.?More and more athletes are using them because their use can also?speed?up muscle?recovery?when an injury?occurs. Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue.?Doctors believe that fatigue is an important?warning?sign that the body has?reached?its limit. When?fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself.
Therefore?it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can?prevent?serious injuries from occurring. Understanding Injuries and the body's reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise. The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery. Once an injury occurs, it's too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time.For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal.
The main point of the article is ...It's important to understand injuries and how they occur .
Which of the following is not a way to reduce the risk of injury ?---ignoring the pain .
An activity is strenuous if it...requires great effort .
To reduce the incidence of something happening means...to reduce its frequency.
Compression sportswear is another?way?to?reducethe risk of injury,especially?muscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can also?speed?up muscle?recovery?when an injury?occurs.
Another?contributing?factor in sports injuries is fatigue. Doctors believe that fatigue is an important?warning?sign that the body has?reached?its limit. When?fatigued?it is more difficult for the body to protect itself.Therefore?it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first?sign?of fatigue. Rest periods, even for?professional?athletes, can?prevent?serious injuries from occurring.
(1) Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health.
(2) However, before engaging in them, it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people.
(3) Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.
(4) This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body.
(5) A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.
Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.
A fatal accident or injury is one that causes death.
L6-U1-P2-5 Reading : Blood Pressure and Stroke血壓與中風
A large international study has found that ten risk factors?account for?90 percent of all theriskof stroke.Of that list, five risk factors usually?related to lifestyle are responsible?for a full 80 percent of stroke risk. According to the researchers these risk factors - high blood pressure,smoking,abdominal obesity, diet and physical activity - are modifiable and can be controlled.
The findings come from a study of 3,000 people who had had strokes and an equal number of healthy individuals with no history of stroke. The study also includes a brain scan of all participating stroke survivors, according to the researchers.
Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor,accounting?for one-third of all strokerisk.Blood pressure, it was noted, plays amajor?role in both forms of stroke: ischemic,the most common form(caused by?blockage?of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic or bleeding stroke, in which?a blood vessel in the brain bursts.
Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to?control?it include increasing?physical?activity and reducing salt?intake.The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well.High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.
Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies.But this is the first stroke risk study to?include?both low-and middle-income?participants?in developing countries.The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.This?highlights?the need for health?authorities?in those countries to develop strategies toreduce?high blood pressure, salt?intake?and other risk factors.
What is the most common form of stroke?blockage of a brain blood vessel
What does the study confirm?The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.
According to this article,... lifestyle factors are responsible for most strokes.
Which of the following is not the risk factor for stroke?---high intake of fish and fruits .
To be associated with something means...to be linked to it in some way.
Someone's lifestyle is their habits and manner of living.
A large international study has?found?that ten risk factors?account for?90 percent of all the?risk?of stroke. Of that list, five risk factors usually?related?to lifestyle are?responsible?for a full 80 percent of stroke risk.
Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake. The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well. High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.
(1)?Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies.
(2)?But?this is the first stroke risk study to?include?both low-and middle-income?participants?in developing countries.
(3)?The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.
(4)This?highlights?the need for health?authorities?in those countries to develop strategies to?reduce?high blood pressure, salt?intake?and other risk factors.
The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke .
Health authorities need to developed strategies to reduce high blood pressure.
High blood pressure accounts for one third of all stroke risk.
