Economist 上專題的第二部分
Learning and earning
學習與收入
But even though technology may not destroy jobs in aggregate, it does force change upon many people. Between 1996 and 2015 the share of the American workforce employed in routine office jobs declined from 25.5% to 21%, eliminating 7m jobs. According to research by Pascual Restrepo of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the 2007-08 financial crisis made things worse: between 2007 and 2015 job openings for unskilled routine work suffered a 55% decline relative to other jobs.
但是盡管技術的革新沒有給全部工作崗位帶來毀滅，至少促使許多人去尋求改變。在 1996 到 2015 年間，美國勞動市場上一般性辦公崗位所占的比例從 25.5% 減少到 21% ，七百萬的工作崗位因此消失。麻省理工學院 (MIT) 的 Pascual Restrepo 研究指出，2007-2008 年間的經(jīng)濟危機更是加重了這一現(xiàn)象，在 2007 到 2015 年間，相較于其他工作崗位，不需要專業(yè)技能的工作崗位減少了 55 %。
In many occupations it has become essential to acquire new skills as established ones become obsolete. Burning Glass Technologies, a Boston-based startup that analyses labour markets by scraping data from online job advertisements, finds that the biggest demand is for new combinations of skills—what its boss, Matt Sigelman, calls “hybrid jobs”. Coding skills, for example, are now being required well beyond the technology sector. In America, 49% of postings in the quartile of occupations with the highest pay are for jobs that frequently ask for coding skills (see chart). The composition of new jobs is also changing rapidly. Over the past five years, demand for data analysts has grown by 372%; within that segment, demand for data-visualisation skills has shot up by 2,574%.
在許多職位上，由于舊的職業(yè)技能變得過時，對于新技能的學習正在成為必須。Burning Glass Technologies ，一家位于波士頓采集分析網(wǎng)絡上工作廣告的新公司的老板 Matt Sigelman 認為，緊缺的工作崗位所急需的是組合技能，他稱之為混合工作。以編程為例，這類工作所需求的技能遠遠超過了技術方面。在美國，前四分之一的高薪崗位中的 49% 需要掌握編程技能。新工作的組合需求同樣正在快速變化。在過去的五年中，對于數(shù)據(jù)分析師的需求增長了 372% ，而在其中，對于數(shù)據(jù)視覺化技能則增長了 2574%。
A college degree at the start of a working career does not answer the need for the continuous acquisition of new skills, especially as careerspans are lengthening. Vocational training is good at giving people job-specific skills, but those, too, will need to be updated over and over again during a career lasting decades. “Germany is often lauded for its apprenticeships, but the economy has failed to adapt to the knowledge economy,” says Andreas Schleicher, head of the education directorate of the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries. “Vocational training has a role, but training someone early to do one thing all their lives is not the answer to lifelong learning.”
在職業(yè)生涯開始階段的一個學士學位并不能滿足對于工作崗位上新技能的需求，特別是當工作年限還在增加的時候。假期培訓給人們提供了一個良好的專業(yè)技能培訓機會，但是這種培訓在職業(yè)生涯中同樣需要反復進行。OECD，一個多數(shù)富裕國家的俱樂部，它的教育委員會長 Andreas Schleicher 指出：“德國因其學徒制度廣受贊譽，但同樣不能滿足只是經(jīng)濟時代的需求，假期培訓很重要，但在一個人的人生中盡可能早的去接受培訓并不是終生學習的答案?！?/p>
