什么是單例模式

單例模式（也叫單件模式）的作用就是保證在整個應(yīng)用程序的生命周期中，任何一個時刻，單例類的實例都只存在一個（當(dāng)然也可以不存在）。

1 基于類 注意： 加鎖，否則多線程模式會報錯

import time,threading

class Foo(object):
    lock = threading.Lock()
    def __init__(self):
        time.sleep(1)

    @classmethod
    def instance(cls,*args,**kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
            with Foo.lock:
                if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
                    obj = cls(*args,**kwargs)
                    setattr(cls,'_instance',obj)
        return cls._instance

def func(arg):
    obj = Foo.instance()
    print(obj)

for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=func,args=(i,))
    t.start()

2 . 基于new方法,也要加鎖，原理同上

import threading,time
class Singleton(object):
    lock =  threading.Lock()

    def __init__(self):
        time.sleep(1)

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
            with Singleton.lock:
                if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
                    Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls,*args,**kwargs)
        return Singleton._instance

def task(args):
    obj = Singleton()
    print(obj)

for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=(i,))
    t.start()

3. 基于metaclass 加鎖，原理同上

class MyType(type):
    lock = threading.Lock()

    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
            with MyType.lock:
                if not hasattr(cls,'_instance'):
                    cls._instance = super(MyType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instance

class Foo(metaclass=MyType):
    def __init__(self):
        time.sleep(1)

def task():
    obj = Foo()
    print(obj)
for i in range(10):
    t = threading.Thread(target=task,)
    t.start()

總結(jié)：單利模式存在的目的是保證當(dāng)前內(nèi)存中僅存在單個實例，避免內(nèi)存浪費，在Django admin的源碼中，就用到了單例模式?。?！