101 Defenses: How the Mind Shields Itself
by Jerome S. Blackman
ISBN: 978-0415946957
口欲期（0-3歲）
Oral Phase (0 to 3 years)
1、投射：你將自己的東西歸結在別人身上。
- Projection (Freud, 1894; Willick, 1993)—You attribute your own stuff to another person.
2、內射：你形成一個他人的影像。
- Introjection (Freud, 1917; A.Freud, 1936, 1992; Sandler, 1960; Meissner, 1970; Volkan, 1976)—You form an image of another person.
3、幻覺：你看見或聽到一些你試圖不去思考的東西——愿望、意見、幻覺或者批評——不具有現(xiàn)實檢驗。
- Hallucination (Garma, 1969; Arlow & Brenner, 1964)—You see or hear what you are trying not to think about—wishes, comments, fantasies, or criticisms—with no reality testing.
肛欲期（1.5-3歲）
Anal Phase (1.5 to 5 years)
4、投射性認同：
- Projective Identification (Kernberg, 1975)—Three common ways this term is used:
Ａ：投射了如此多的你自己在另一個人身上以至于你對他產生巨大的曲解。
a. Projecting so much of yourself onto someone else that you massively distort him or her.
Ｂ：刺激他人使他產生如你的不愉快情感。（苦難的戀愛伴侶）【注：“misery loves company”似乎應譯為“不幸者總想找個伴兒”更為妥當】
b. Stimulating in someone else your unpleasant affects (“misery loves company”).
C：刺激他人使他產生如你的不愉快情感，加上表現(xiàn)得像那個曾經使你感覺如此糟糕的人一樣。
c. Stimulating in someone else your unpleasant affects, plus acting like the person who had made you feel so bad.
5、投射性指責：你因為自己的問題而不公正地指責他人。
- Projective Blaming (Spruiell, 1989)—You unfairly blame somebody else for your problem.
6、否認：假定你自己已經感知到了現(xiàn)實，現(xiàn)實感是有功能的，否認有四個種類。
- Denial (A.Freud, 1936; Moore & Rubinfine, 1969)—Assumes you’ve perceived reality (reality sense is functional):
A：本質否認：即使有大量的證據證實其存在仍對現(xiàn)實加以否認。
a. Denial per se: Disavowal of a reality in spite of overwhelming evidence of its existence.
B：行為上的否認：通過行為象征性地表達出：那個令人厭惡的事實并非真的。
b. Denial in deed: Behavior that symbolically says, “That nasty reality isn’t true!”
C：幻想中的否認：堅持錯誤的信念那么你就不必看到現(xiàn)實。
c. Denial in fantasy: Maintaining erroneous beliefs so you won’t have to see the reality.
D：言語上否認：使用一些特殊的字眼使你自己相信現(xiàn)實的虛假性。
d. Denial by words: Using special words to convince yourself of the falsity of a reality.
7、失區(qū)別（自體-客體融合）：你變成了他人要你成為的那個人。
- Dedifferentiation (Self-Object Fusion) (Mahler, 1968)—You become whatever someone else wants you to be.
8、分裂：你把某些看成是完全敵對的，而把另外的人看成是完全可愛的?；蛘吣悻F(xiàn)在痛恨你愛過的魔鬼。
- Splitting (Kernberg, 1975)—You see certain people as purely hostile (McDevitt, 1985), and others as purely loving. Or, you now hate the devil you loved.
9、泛靈論：你把人的屬性賦予非人類實體上。
- Animism (Freud, 1913; Mahler, 1968)—You give human qualities to nonhuman entities.
10、去生命化：你所看到的那個人不是人類，所以你不需要擔憂。
- Deanimation (Mahler, 1968)—The person you see isn’t human, so you don’t have to worry.
11、反向形成：你感覺到的是反的。
- Reaction-Formation (A.Freud, 1936; Gorelik, 1931)—You feel opposite (e.g., so nice you can’t tell you’re angry).
12、撤銷與儀式：你違背自己的超我?；蛘咦鲆患屪约簝染蔚氖拢笥昧硗庖环N象征性的行為懲罰自己來贖罪。
- Undoing and Rituals—You go against your conscience (superego). Or you do what you feel guilty about and atone by punishing yourself in another symbolic act.
13、情感隔離：你沒有覺察到情感的感覺。
- Isolation (of Affect) (C.Brenner, 1982a)—You are unaware of the sensation of affects.
14、外化：你認為“社會”會批評你，而事實上是你感覺到內疚。
- Externalization (Glover, 1955)—You think “Society” will criticize you, but actually you feel guilty.
15、轉向自身：你對某人感到生氣，但是卻反而攻擊自己。
- Turning on the Self (Freud, 1917; A.Freud, 1936)—You’re angry at someone, but attack/kill yourself instead.
16、消極主義：你拒絕合作，并且居高臨下的對待他人。
- Negativism (Levy & Inderbitzin, 1989)—You refuse to cooperate, and treat other people condescendingly.
17、分隔：你阻止自己進行聯(lián)結。
- Compartmentalization (Freud, 1926)—You inhibit yourself from making connections.
18、敵意的攻擊：你進入爭斗狀態(tài)以掩飾不愉快的感受。
- Hostile aggression (Symonds, 1946; McDevitt, 1985)—You get into fights to hide unpleasant feelings.
第一生殖器期（2-6歲）
First Genital Phase (2 to 6 years)
19、置換：你對一個人有某種感受，但是把它轉移到了另外的人或情況上面。
- Displacement (Freud, 1900a; Arlow & Brenner, 1964)—You feel one way toward a person, but shift it to another person or situation.
20、象征化：你賦予心理功能的某些方面不合理的涵義。
- Symbolization (Freud, 1900a; Arlow & Brenner, 1964)—You give irrational meaning to some aspect of mental functioning.
21、凝縮：你把完全不同的相近的想法焊接到一塊兒。
- Condensation (Freud, 1900a; Arlow & Brenner, 1964)—You weld together disparate ideas that are contiguous.
22、幻想形成或者白日做夢：你有意識地想象一個憂愁或者愉悅的情境，并且知道那是一個幻想。
- Illusion Formation or Daydreaming (Raphling, 1996)—You consciously visualize a scene that is upsetting or pleasant, and know it’s a fantasy.
23、搪塞：你為了一個原因而故意撒謊。
- Prevarication (Karpman, 1949)—You lie on purpose, for a reason.
24、虛構：你在沒有意識到的情況下撒了謊，以緩解低自尊感。
- Confabulation (Spiegel, 1985; Target, 1998)—You lie without knowing it, to relieve lowered self-esteem.
25、壓抑：你忘記了沒有想忘記的想法。
- Repression (Freud, 1923; Arlow & Brenner, 1964)—You forget thoughts without wanting to.
26、否定性幻覺：你對于就發(fā)生在你面前的令人憂愁的事件視而不見。
- Negative Hallucination (Wimer, 1989)—You don’t see something upsetting that’s right in front of you.
27、力比多退行：你對性和獨立自強感到害怕，所以你反過來變得依賴（口欲）或者頑固（肛欲）。
- Libidinal Regression [Psychosexual Regression] (Freud, 1905, 1926)— You are afraid of sex and assertiveness, so you become dependant (oral) or stubborn (anal) instead.
28、自我退行：這個術語有三種使用方式
- Ego Regression—Three ways this term is used:
A：對功能造成干擾：你的自我功能或者自我力量停止發(fā)揮作用，以至于你無法感受到某些不愉快的事情。
a. Interference with a function: Your ego function or ego strength stops working, so you can’t feel something unpleasant.
B：倒退回較早的防御機制：你開始使用出現(xiàn)于發(fā)展早期階段的防御機制。
b. Reversion to earlier defense mechanisms: You start using defense mechanisms that arose in an early stage of development.
C：無能的防御活動：你的防御未能關閉感情，而這種失敗通過懲罰你來減輕內疚感。
c. Inefficient defensive operations: Your defenses fail to shut off affect, and the failure relieves guilt by punishing you.
29、現(xiàn)實退行：你把注意力放在早年的時光以便不去想到當下的沖突。
- Temporal Regression—You focus on earlier times to not think about current conflict.
30、形態(tài)學退行：你通過做夢來回避痛苦的現(xiàn)實。
- Topographic Regression (Arlow & Brenner, 1964)—You dream to avoid painful reality.
31、壓制：你故意試圖忘記。
- Suppression (Werman, 1985)—You purposely try to forget.
32、與幻想認同：你表現(xiàn)的像你喜愛的英雄一樣。
- Identification with a Fantasy—You act like your favorite hero or heroine.
33、與父母潛意識或意識中的幻想認同：你做你父母禁止的事情，把他們墮落的愿望付諸行動，然后受到懲罰。
- Identification with Parents’ Unconscious or Conscious Wishes/Fantasies (Johnson & Szurek, 1952)—You do as your parents forbid, act out their corrupt wishes, and get punished.
34、與理想形象或客體認同：你像某個你認為偉大的人一樣思考和行動。
- Identification with the Ideal Image or Object (Jacobson, 1964)—You think and act like someone you think is great.
35、與攻擊者認同：你以虐待的方式對待一個人，因為有人曾經用虐待的方式對待過你。這保護你免于感覺到憤怒。
- Identification with the Aggressor (A.Freud, 1936)—You act abusive to a person because someone has acted abusive to you. This protects you from feeling angry.
36、與受害者認同：你通過允許或者尋找自己的守著來變現(xiàn)得像另外一個人，你這樣做事作為一種救贖的愿望或者是為了竭力擺脫你自己的憤怒或內疚。
- Identification with the Victim (MacGregor, 1991)—You act like someone else by either allowing or seeking victimization. You do this as a rescue wish or to fight off your own anger or guilt.
37、與喪失的客體認同：你表現(xiàn)的像一個失去了所愛的人一樣，如果你保存紀念品而且從來沒有去哀傷，那么你已經得了“確實的病態(tài)哀悼”。
- Identification with the Lost Object (Freud, 1917)—You act like a lost loved one. If you keep souvenirs and never grieve, you’ve got “established pathological mourning” (Volkan, 1987a).
38、與內射物認同：你使一個內射物成為你超我的一部分。
- Identification with the Introject (Sandler, 1960)—You make an introject part of your superego.
39、對攻擊者的誘惑：你以性或者諂媚的方式誘惑某個人以緩解恐懼。
- Seduction of the Aggressor (Loewenstein, 1957)—You seduce someone sexually or sycophantically to relieve fear.
潛伏期（6-11歲）
Latency Phase (6 to 11 years)
40、升華：你從事于一個象征性的代表著一種幻想的活動。
- Sublimation (A.Freud, 1936)—You engage in an activity that symbolically represents a fantasy.
41、挑逗/挑釁：你使他人跟你發(fā)生性關系或者懲罰你，或者兩者兼而有之。
- Provocation (Freud, 1916; Berliner, 1947; C.Brenner, 1959, 1982a)—You get other people to have sex with or punish you, or both.
42、合理化：你制造借口來緩解緊張，通常是在否認某些現(xiàn)實之后。
- Rationalization (Symonds, 1946)—You make excuses to relieve tension, usually after denying some reality.
43、窮思竭慮：過度分析和絞盡腦汁，試圖解決問題。
- Rumination—You “overanalyze” and “spin your wheels” trying to solve problems.
44、逆恐行為：你越是害怕什么，你就越去做什么。
- Counterphobic Behavior (Blos, 1962, 1979)—You do exactly what scares you.
45、理智化：你非常投入且苦惱于一個異常的行為理論中去。
- Intellectualization (A.Freud, 1936)—You get cranked up about a peculiar theory of behavior.
46、社會化與疏遠：你用你的社交能力來分散你的注意力使你遠離痛苦的想法。
- Socialization and Distancing (Sutherland, 1980)—You use your social ability to distract yourself from painful thoughts.
47、自我功能的本能化：你給一種自我功能賦予象征性的含義（照顧孩子是媽媽的事情，不合理的把所有照顧孩子的事情都歸于媽媽）
- Instinctualization of an Ego Function (Hartmann, 1955)—You attach symbolic meaning to an ego function (e.g., “Washing dishes is women’s work” irrationally equates a certain type of work with gender).
48、自我功能的抑制：你本能化的自我功能跟內疚發(fā)生沖突，以至于你關閉這個功能。（例如你無法閱讀，因為閱讀被等同與性活動）
- Inhibition of an Ego Function (Freud, 1926)—Your instinctualized ego function clashes with guilt, so you shut off the function (e.g., you can’t read because reading is equated with forbidden sexual activity [Anthony, 1961]).
49、理想化：你過于看重某人，因為
- Idealization: (Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971)—You overvalue someone because of:
A：自戀：減輕因為你的缺陷而引起的羞愧感
a. narcissism (Freud, 1914a): to relieve shame over your inadequacy
B：自戀：你將一個人跟你高估的自體影像（自體客體）融合在一起。
b. narcissism (Kohut, 1971): you fuse the person with your overestimated self-image (“selfobject”)
C：愛：為了不體驗到失望。
c. love: to not experience disappointments
D：移情：他們就像你幼年時的一個美好的父母那樣。
d. transference (Freud, 1914b): they’re like a wonderful parent, when you were little.
50、貶低：你瞧不起某個人為的是維護你自己的自尊。
- Devaluation—You look down on someone to preserve your own selfesteem.
青春期和以后——第二生殖器期（13-20歲以后）
Adolescence and Later-Second Genital Phase (13 to 20 years plus)
51、幽默：你用到處開玩笑的方式來避免痛苦的感受。
- Humor (Zwerling, 1955; Vaillant, 1992)—You use kidding around to avoid painful feelings. If you get extremely wound up, you’re hypomanic (Lewin, 1950; Almansi, 1961).
52、具體化：你停止使用抽象化思維（你所擁有的），你責怪某種“化學失衡”或者尋找一種病毒來避免想起人際關系使你感到的苦惱。
- Concretization (Blos, 1979)—You stop using abstract thinking (which you have); you blame a “chemical imbalance” or look for a virus to avoid thinking relationships make you upset.
53、不認同：你試圖讓自己不跟你的父母之一相似。
- Disidentification (Greenson, 1968)—You endeavor not to be like one of your parents.
54、團體形成：你圍住你自己以防止性沖動。
- Group formation (Freud, 1921)—You surround yourself to guard against sexual impulses.
55、禁欲主義：你避免跟人們接觸。
- Asceticism (A.Freud, 1936)—You avoid contact with humans.
56、同性客體選擇：你的同性“伙伴”會緩和對異性刺激的恐懼。
- Ipsisexual Object Choice—Your same-sex “buddy” allays fear of heterosexual stimulation.
雜類
Assorted
57、一種感情對另一種感情：你把注意力防在一種感情上面以回避另一種。
- One affect versus Another (Ackerman & Jahoda, 1948)—You focus on one emotion to avoid another.
58、高度抽象化：你濫用理論，如果你還否認并重構現(xiàn)實，那么你多半是精神病性的。
- Hyperabstraction—You abuse theories. If you also deny and reconstruct reality, you’re probably psychotic.
59、緘默：你停止講話以避免被看穿。
- Reticence—You stop speaking to avoid being found out.
60、饒舌：你說的太多，但是并不詳細或者切題。
- Garrulousness—You’re talking too much, but aren’t circumstantial or tangential.
61、回避：你遠離某些情境因為它們產生沖突。
- Avoidance—You stay away from situations due to the conflicts they generate.
62、被動：你在面對攻擊時自動采取一種依從的或者唯命是從的態(tài)度。
- Passivity—You automatically adopt a compliant or submissive attitude in the face of aggression.
63、自大感/全能感：你是上帝送給地球的禮物，擁有特殊的力量。
- Grandiosity/Omnipotence (Freud, 1913; Kohut, 1971; Kernberg, 1975; Lachmann & Stolorow, 1976; Blackman, 1987)—You are God’s gift to earth, have special powers.
64、轉被動為主動：你控制你自己的受害（你不能開除我，我辭職）
- Passive to Active—“You can’t fire me; I quit!” You control your own victimization.
65、軀體化：你把注意力集中在自己身上以避免跟口欲、性欲或者敵意沖動之間的沖突。
- Somatization (Kernberg, 1975; Deutsch, 1959)—You focus on your body to avoid conflicts with oral, sexual, or hostile impulses.
66、正?；耗闶棺约合嘈拍闶钦５模M管存在著明顯的精神病理。
- Normalization (Alpert & Bernstein, 1964)—You convince yourself you are normal despite obvious psychopathology.
67、戲劇化：你在自己的言談中注入了情緒以緩解未被注意的沖突。
- Dramatization—You inject emotion into your speech to relieve conflict about being noticed.
68、沖動化：你利用性、進食或者敵意來緩解緊張或者不愉快的情感。
- Impulsivity (Lustman, 1966)—You use sex, eating, or hostility to relieve tension or an unpleasant affect.
69、物質濫用：你用一些物品來鎮(zhèn)壓不愉快的情感。
- Substance Abuse (Wurmser, 1974)—You use a concoction to quell unpleasurable affects.
70、粘人：緊緊地抓住一個拒絕你的人。
- Clinging (Schilder, 1939)—Clutching onto a person who rejects you.
71、哀怨：不停的抱怨，你沒有看到自己愿望中的幼稚的特性受到照顧。
- Whining—Complaining, you don’t see the infantile quality of your wish to be taken care of.
72、假性獨立：你變成了獨行俠，不允許任何人幫助你。
- Pseudoindependence—You become the Lone Ranger, not allowing anyone to help you.
73、病理性利他主義：事實上是投射和受害者認同。你否認口欲欲望，并把它投射到貧困者身上，然后代理性的感到被滋養(yǎng)。
- Pathological altruism (A.Freud, 1936)—Actually projection and identification with the victim: you deny oral urges, project them onto the needy, then vicariously feel nurtured.
74、點煤氣燈：你導致別人變得精神失常或者認為自己是精神失常的。
- Gaslighting (Calef & Weinshel, 1981; Dorpat, 2000)—You cause people to be mentally disturbed or to believe they are.
75、最小化：你意識到一個痛苦的現(xiàn)實卻有意的輕視這個現(xiàn)實。
- Minimization—You are conscious of a painful reality but give that reality little weight.
76、夸大：你在某件事情上渲染的太過頭了。
- Exaggeration (Sperling, 1963)—You make too much of a deal over something.
77、普遍化：為了不去憎恨某個人，你把他看成是邪惡集體的一部分。
- Generalization (Loeb, 1982)—To not hate someone, you see him as part of an evil group.
78、現(xiàn)實重構：你否認現(xiàn)實之后，重塑一個狀況。
- Reconstruction of Reality (Freeman, 1962)—You reinvent a situation after denying the reality.
79、移情：你將對既往情境和人際關系的記憶轉移到一個當下的人身上，然后你使用舊的防御來忘記過去，或者通過象征性的再次經歷它或者改寫結果來征服它。
- Transference (Freud, 1914b; A.Freud, 1936; Loewenstein, 1957; Marcus, 1971, 1980; Blum, 1982)—You shift memories of past situations and relationships onto a current person. You then use old defenses to forget the past or to master it by living it again symbolically or changing the ending.
80、解離：你忘記了關于自己的完整面貌，你讓某個人來定義你，然后駁回他的想法。
- Dissociation—(1) You forget a whole aspect of yourself. If you name it Butch, you are probably psychotic (Frosch, 1983; Gardner, 1994). (2) You get someone to define you, then reject his or her ideas (Whitmer, 2001).
81、恐光癥：你對 光回避，以回避你的偷窺沖動。
- Photophobia (Abraham, 1913)—You avoid the light to avoid your scoptophilic (voyeuristic) impulses.
82、冷淡：你對于參加到一個活動中沒有任何特別的興趣。
- Apathy (Greenson, 1949)—You have no particular interest in engaging in an activity.
83、恐嚇他人—欺凌：你使他人處于戒備狀態(tài)中來緩解自己的焦慮。
- Intimidation of Others—Bullying (Knight, 1942; Blackman, 2003)—You put others on guard to relieve your own anxiety.
84、彌補不足：你驅逐那些比你更加整合的人。
- Compensation for Deficiencies (Ackerman & Jahoda, 1948)—You ostracize those who are more integrated than you are.
85、心因性抽搐：抽動以緩解緊張、憤怒。
- Psychogenic Tic (Aarons, 1958)—Twitching to relieve tension/anger.
86、內?。耗闳褙炞⒂谝恍﹥仍诔了家跃徑饩o張或回避現(xiàn)實外在。
- Introspection (Kohut, 1959; Fogel, 1995)—You preoccupy yourself with inner musings to relieve tension or to sidestep external realities.
87、有保留的同意：你表達了部分的同意，作為一種回避叛逆情緒的方式。
- Qualified Agreement (Abend, 1975)—You partly agree as a way of avoiding rebelliousness.
88、自我弱點的本能化：你給自己在情感容忍度或沖動控制方面的弱點賦予了一個性別內涵（雌性或者雄性的）
- Instinctualization of an Ego Weakness (Blackman, 1991a)—You give a gender connotation to your weakness in affect-tolerance or impulse control (masculine or feminine).
89、不真實：你偽造事實，大概是習慣性的。
- Inauthenticity (Akhtar, 1994)—You fake it, perhaps habitually.
90、超合理性：你使用現(xiàn)實檢驗和次級過程來回避情感。
- Hyper-Rationality (Spruiell, 1989)—You use secondary process to avoid affects.
91、含糊：你隱瞞細節(jié)。
- Vagueness (Paniagua, 1999)—You hide details.
92、超唯美主義：你陷入美和真理中，回避現(xiàn)實或情感。
- Hyper-Aestheticism (Paniagua, 1999)—You get into beauty and truth, avoiding reality or affects.
93、膚淺：你毫不猶豫地說著話，但是并沒有想要表達很多。
- Glibness—You speak readily but don’t mean much of it.
94、軀體暴力：你作廢了這個客體，終止你的憤怒。
- Physical Violence (Glasser, 1992)—You “nullify the object,” halting your hatred.
95、與受傷客體認同：你仿效自己所認識的受傷小鳥（而且有時候是所愛的）
- Identification with the Injured Object (Kitayama, 1991)—You model yourself after wounded birds you’ve known (and sometimes, loved).
96、形式上的退行：你停止用邏輯的、時間導向的思維。
- Formal Regression (Freud, 1900a; Blum, 1994b)—You stop using logical, time-oriented thought.
97、超警覺：你總是隨時留意著，即使是在完全沒有必要時。
- Hypervigilance—You keep an eye out all the time, even when it’s entirely unnecessary.
98、時間置換到未來：你想象著有朝一日
- Temporal Displacement to the Future (Akhtar, 1996)—You imagine “if only…” or “someday…”
99、疲勞：你感覺到疲勞，但是沒有軀體疾病。
- Fatigue—You feel tired, but you’re not physically ill.
100、率直：你誠實而且坦率，但是這點掩飾了你實際的想法和情感。
100.Frankness (Feder, 1974)—You’re honest and blunt, but this covers up your actual thoughts and feelings.
101、將自我批判轉向客體：你批評其他人而不是訓斥自己。
101.Turning Self-Criticism onto the Object—You criticize somebody else instead of berating yourself.
注：
1、上述中文來源為
作者：申公鮑
鏈接：http://www.itdecent.cn/p/42aa92747418
來源：簡書
著作權歸作者所有。商業(yè)轉載請聯(lián)系作者獲得授權，非商業(yè)轉載請注明出處。
2、上述英文對照摘錄自網絡公開資料，本人只做了匯合整理，內容一字未改。
