The Framing Effect: One of theWorst Cognitive Biases of them All
本文的要點(diǎn)：
認(rèn)知偏差會(huì)給我們的決策能力帶來(lái)麻煩，哪怕高智商也不能幸免。
框架效應(yīng)：一個(gè)問(wèn)題，兩種在邏輯意義上相似的說(shuō)法卻導(dǎo)致了不同的決策判斷。
認(rèn)知偏差可以通過(guò)訓(xùn)練來(lái)消除：擴(kuò)充工作記憶；學(xué)習(xí)思維工具（mind?ware）
One of the most compelling andpersistent cognitive biases/ that plague（n.瘟疫，麻煩）our decision making competence（=ability能力，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力；excel
in=be competent to有能力做某事）is the framing effect.最令人信服、長(zhǎng)期存在的認(rèn)知偏差是框架效應(yīng)，它會(huì)弱化我們正確決策的能力。You can experience this?cognitive
bias（認(rèn)知偏差）first hand/ by considering the following dilemmas.
Dilemma 1（困境1）
The U.S. is preparing for the?outbreak爆發(fā)of an unusual disease, which is predicted to affect
600 people. You are to imagine/ that you have the authority to choose between
two treatments治療方法.
Treatment A: You save 200 lives.
Treatment B: There is a 1/3 probability that 600will be saved and a 2/3 probability that no one will be saved.
600人得了病
A.救活200個(gè)
B.1/3概率救活600個(gè)，2/3概率沒(méi)人能救活
Which treatment do you choose?
Dilemma 2
The U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of an unusualdisease, which is predicted to affect 600 people. You are to imagine that youhave the authority to choose between two treatments.
Treatment A: 400 people will die.
Treatment B: There is a 2/3 probability that all 600will die and a 1/3 probability that no one will die.
Which treatment do you choose?
同樣，600人得病
A.讓400人病死
B.有2/3的概率，600人都會(huì)死，1/3的概率，沒(méi)有人會(huì)死
If you were like most people–no matter how high your IQ–you were more likely to choose treatment A in Dilemma 1 and treatment B inDilemma 2.
But this is?irrational（不合理的）You’ve been?taken in（欺騙，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）the Framing Effect Bias. If you double check you can see that the
numbers and probabilities in the two dilemmas are in fact identical（相同的）; they are just?verbally framed（口頭上的結(jié)構(gòu)）in different ways–Dilemma 1?in terms of（按照）lives saved, and Dilemma 2 in terms of lives lost.
According to the research, intelligence agents, who may in fact be in?positions of authority to make life or death decisions like this, are more taken in by this bias than your average college student（根據(jù)研究顯示，情報(bào)人員（那些可能有像這樣生殺大權(quán)的人），可能更容易被這種偏見(jiàn)所欺騙，相比于一般的大學(xué)生）–more likely to take risks with human lives /when outcomes are framed as losses rather than gains.
In general, a“framing effect”occurs when factually?equivalent?descriptions相同的描述of a decision?scenario劇本?lead to systematically different decisions depending on how they are phrased. In our example people react differently to a particular choice depending on whether it is described as a loss or as a gain.
Examples of the Framing EffectsIn Real Life
Framing effects in our day to day lives have beendemonstrated by many studies.
We are more likely to enjoy meat labeled?75% lean meat as opposed to（與...截然相反）25% fat.（75%的瘦肉和25%的肥肉）
93% of PhD students registered early/when the framing was?in terms of依照?a?penalty處罰fee for late registration, with only 67% registering early when the framing was in terms of a discount for earlier registration.
More people will support an economic policy if theemployment rate is emphasized than when the associated unemployment rates ishighlighted.
Interestingly, framing effects may be neutralized ina second language!
Cognitive Biases such as theFraming Effect can be Overcome
Cognitive biases make us irrational. The benefits ofa high IQ do not extend to coping with these biases. And coping with thesebiases is critical to being intelligent understood more broadly.
Cognitive biases like the framing effect can be to alarge extent overcome with training.
Debiasing除偏is a technique/which aims to decrease biases byencouraging us to use our working memory and self-control tooverride
automatic自動(dòng)否決,‘pop-up’ ‘System 1’processing (Baumeister & Bushman, 2010, p. 155). Trainingworking memory and increasing its capacity to engage System 2 thinking can helpwith debiasing.//擴(kuò)充工作記憶
So can building up useful‘mind ware’. According to
Professor Keith Stanovich from the University of Toronto who studies intelligence and rationality,‘mind ware（思維工具）’is made up of learned cognitive rules and strategies. It includes our ability to keep track of underlying probabilities when dealing with scenarios described in different but equivalent ways, how we go about doing Matrices IQ Tests, and our willingness to consider alternative hypotheses when trying to solve a problem.
IQ Mind ware’s‘capacity strategy’brain training method is
based on training working memory capacity so we have the self-control and
processing power to use System 2 logical thinking when we need to. It is also
based on using problem-sets and tutorials to build up our‘mind ware’ –our knowledge end strategiesfor better decision-making and problem solving, so we have the know-how tosolve problems and make better decisions.//學(xué)習(xí)思維工具
A high IQ alone is not enough to ensure gooddecision-making in real life. It helps, but we also need the self-control to?snap us out of（突然擺脫了某種狀態(tài)，心情）being cognitive misers and apply System 2 thinking whenwe need to.And we need the know-how and
strategies to know how to apply our analytic minds to the problem at hand.（所以我們擁有了這種（獨(dú)有的）信息--知道如何（通過(guò)了解認(rèn)知偏差來(lái)）解決問(wèn)題，如何更好做更好的決定）
詞匯
Cognitive認(rèn)知上的 （和意識(shí)相關(guān)的）
Cognition n認(rèn)知
Cognitive bias認(rèn)知偏差
cognitive miser。認(rèn)知上的吝嗇鬼，不會(huì)花意識(shí)，精力去多用邏輯、理性思考。
Compelling令人信服的，強(qiáng)大的
Compel = force強(qiáng)制
Compelling = strong and forceful令人信服的，強(qiáng)大的
Compelling biases令人信服的，強(qiáng)大到，讓你感覺(jué)要去做的偏見(jiàn)
Persistent持久穩(wěn)固,長(zhǎng)期存在的。
Persistent biases長(zhǎng)期存在的偏見(jiàn)
形容物體：fight a persistent cold和一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期感冒/疾病做斗爭(zhēng)
形容人 ， 固執(zhí)，堅(jiān)持不懈。 褒貶都可以.
褒義詞：He's very persistent inlearning English
貶義詞：He called me again and again,so persistent
Plague /pleɡ/ n瘟疫 麻煩
Competence（做好事情的）能力，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力=ability
Competent adj有能力勝任的/做事高效的 （efficient and effective）
簡(jiǎn)歷中，你要寫(xiě)，我非常擅長(zhǎng)做某事，不要一直用
good at, do well in用excel in, excel at
She excels in managing people
Competent to do sth
She's competent to manage people
Irrational非理性,不合理的
intelligence agent情報(bào)人員，特工
Intelligence智力，情報(bào)
snap us out of being cognitive misers
Snap sb out of = stop being in (condition, mood)突然擺脫了某種狀態(tài)，心情。
