上一篇文章講personal representative。今天整理了Lawson《財產(chǎn)法》中的相關(guān)段落，作為參考資料，分享給大家。看完這幾段介紹，估計大家對personal representative, executive和administrator的關(guān)系，就很清楚了。

ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES

遺產(chǎn)管理

第一段

So far we have discussed the ultimate distribution of the property of a deceased. If we had followed the chronological order, we should have started by discussing the administration of the estate for, as pointed out earlier,?distribution must be preceded by administration. However, we have followed the more practical course, because administration varies to some extent depending on whether or not there is a will. The manner of appointing the personal representative?will be different because if the deceased made a will it will usually specify an?executor?to administer the estate as personal representative. If there is no will, or if it fails to name anyone, or if the person named is dead or declines to act, some other means must be found of appointing a personal representative who will, in that case, be called an?administrator.

這段是總體介紹。

遺產(chǎn)分配前要先管理（administration）。管理人稱為personal representative（遺產(chǎn)代理人），分兩種。有遺囑時，遺囑指定的管理人叫executive（遺囑執(zhí)行人）；沒有遺囑或有遺囑但指定的executive不愿或不能履行職責(zé)，則要靠administrator（遺產(chǎn)管理人）。

第二段

Executors derive their office and powers from the will of the testator. They are free to decline the office but, if they accept, they may at once take various steps which will bind the estate. To regularize their position they must obtain a?grant of probate. This involves depositing at the?probate registry?the original will together with the executors oath, i.e. an affidavit identifying and verifying the will as the last will of the deceased (whose death certificate is produced), and undertaking to administer the estate. In addition the Inland Revenue must be given particulars of the property contained in the estate. The executor is then given a grant of probate with a copy of the will and is fully authorized to deal with the deceased's property of all sorts. This, the normal procedure, is called?probate in common form. It is technically an order of the court and so protects the executor even if, for instance, a later will is then found and the original grant revoked. If there is any dispute about the validity of the will,?probate?must be sought?in solemn form?which is equivalent to an action and entails a court hearing.

這段講遺囑執(zhí)行人。

遺囑執(zhí)行人要走一道合法化手續(xù)，才能正式管理遺產(chǎn)。他要向遺囑認(rèn)證承辦處(probate registry)提交遺囑原件和宣誓書，還需要向國內(nèi)稅收局(Inland Revenue)提供遺產(chǎn)明細(xì)。

然后，取得遺囑認(rèn)證書（grant of probate）和遺囑副本，獲權(quán)正式管理遺產(chǎn)。這道手續(xù)稱為普通遺囑認(rèn)證（probate in common form）。

如果對遺囑效力有爭議，則需走另外一道手續(xù)——正式遺囑認(rèn)證(probate in solemn form)，即要提起訴訟。

第三段

If there is no executor, some person interested in having the estate administered applies to the probate registry for?letters of administration. On intestate succession, preference is given to the surviving spouse, the children, parents, and so on. If any likely beneficiary is a minor, administration will be granted to at least two individuals, or to a trust corporation. Once letters of administration are granted, the grantee becomes the personal representative of the deceased and entitled to act.

如果沒有遺囑執(zhí)行人，配偶、子女、父母和其他有意向之人，都可申請擔(dān)任遺產(chǎn)管理人。

申請要向遺囑認(rèn)證承辦處提交，申請的目標(biāo)是遺產(chǎn)管理證書（letter of administration）。獲得遺產(chǎn)管理證書，便成為遺產(chǎn)管理人，可管理遺產(chǎn)。

第四段

Personal representatives, whether executors or administrators, succeed to all those rights and obligations of the deceased that do not die with him (as is the case, for instance, with a claim for damages in defamation). They can claim property belonging to the deceased and collect debts due. They can be sued to recover property belonging to someone else which the deceased possessed and on debts or for torts which the deceased owed or committed.In all these cases they act, not for them selves, but as a representative. Their own creditors cannot reach the deceased's estate, nor can the estate's creditors go against the private assets of the representative.

這段講遺產(chǎn)代理人（遺囑執(zhí)行人 or 遺產(chǎn)管理人）的職責(zé)范圍：

收回他人占有的遺產(chǎn)，收取他人欠死者的債務(wù)，處理死者侵權(quán)事宜（侵犯他人、被他人侵犯）；

為此起訴、應(yīng)訴；

“在實施這些活動時，遺產(chǎn)代理人并非為自身行事，而是作為死者代理人（representative）行事。”

特別把這句話引出來，與里面的representative有關(guān)。以前專門寫過“代表”與“代理”，前一陣子重讀，發(fā)現(xiàn)寫得蠻好，已經(jīng)基本理清楚了。這句話可算是印證。