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?????? 約翰.濟(jì)慈(John Keats,1795-1821),英國浪漫主義時(shí)期與拜倫、雪萊齊名的浪漫主義詩人,代表作品有《恩底彌甕》(Endymion)、《伊莎貝拉》(Isabella)、《圣阿格尼斯之夜》(The Eve of Saint Agnes)等長詩以及《希臘古甕頌》(Ode on a Grecian Urn)、《夜鶯頌》(Ode to a Nightingale)等頌歌。

???????? 濟(jì)慈在《希臘古甕頌》中提出了“Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”(美即是真,真即是美)的美學(xué)理念,意思是生活的本真是藝術(shù)美的源泉,藝術(shù)美使生活之美得以永存。濟(jì)慈的詩歌表達(dá)感情真摯,濟(jì)慈雖然他英年早逝,但我覺得他是一位用生命寫作才華橫溢,追求詩歌的本真和美的詩人。
????????《夜鶯頌》是一首頌歌。 如果你看過電影《明亮的星》(Bright Star),相信你會被濟(jì)慈對詩歌的狂熱和才華所折服。詩人對生命、美和自由的歌頌和贊美在《夜鶯頌》這首詩歌中體現(xiàn)地淋漓盡致。
? ? ? ? ?Ode to a Nightingale?
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
‘Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness, –
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been
Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth,
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
Dance, and Proven?al song, and sunburnt mirth!
O for a beaker full of the warm South,
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,
And purple-stained mouth;
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim:
Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget
What thou among the leaves hast never known,
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden-eyed despairs,
Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.
Away! away! for I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of Poesy,
Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:
Already with thee! tender is the night,
And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne,
Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;
But here there is no light,
Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.
I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,
Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,
But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet
Wherewith the seasonable month endows
The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild;
White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;
Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves;
And mid-May’s eldest child,
The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine,
The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.
Darkling I listen; and, for many a time
I have been half in love with easeful Death,
Call’d him soft names in many a mused rhyme,
To take into the air my quiet breath;
Now more than ever seems it rich to die,
To cease upon the midnight with no pain,
While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad
In such an ecstasy!
Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain –
To thy high requiem become a sod.
Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!
No hungry generations tread thee down;
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperor and clown:
Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
She stood in tears amid the alien corn;
The same that oft-times hath
Charm’d magic casements, opening on the foam
Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell
To toll me back from thee to my sole self!
Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so well
As she is fam’d to do, deceiving elf.
Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades
Past the near meadows, over the still stream,
Up the hill-side; and now ’tis buried deep
In the next valley-glades:
Was it a vision, or a waking dream?
Fled is that music: – Do I wake or sleep?

???????????????? 夜鶯頌
我的心在痛,困頓和麻木
刺進(jìn)了感官,有如飲過毒鳩,
?又象是剛剛把鴉片吞服,
于是向著列斯忘川下沉:
并不是我嫉妒你的好運(yùn),
而是你的快樂使我太歡欣——
?因?yàn)樵诹珠g嘹亮的天地里,
你呵,輕翅的仙靈,
你躲進(jìn)山毛櫸的蔥綠和蔭影,
放開歌喉,歌唱著夏季。
?哎,要是有一口酒!那冷藏
在地下多年的清醇飲料,
?一嘗就令人想起綠色之邦,
想起花神,戀歌,陽光和舞蹈!
要是有一杯南國的溫暖
充滿了鮮紅的靈感之泉,
?杯沿明滅著珍珠的泡沫,
?給嘴唇染上紫斑;
?哦,我要一飲而離開塵寰,
和你同去幽暗的林中隱沒:
遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地、遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)隱沒,讓我忘掉
你在樹葉間從不知道的一切,
?忘記這疲勞、熱病、和焦躁,
這使人對坐而悲嘆的世界;
?在這里,青春蒼白、消瘦、死亡,
?而“癱瘓”有幾根白發(fā)在搖擺;
在這里,稍一思索就充滿了
憂傷和灰色的絕望,
?而“美”保持不住明眸的光彩,
新生的愛情活不到明天就枯凋。
去吧!去吧!我要朝你飛去,
不用和酒神坐文豹的車駕,
我要展開詩歌底無形羽翼,
盡管這頭腦已經(jīng)困頓、疲乏; 去了!呵,
我已經(jīng)和你同往! 夜這般溫柔,
月后正登上寶座,
周圍是侍衛(wèi)她的一群星星;
但這兒卻不甚明亮,
?除了有一線天光,被微風(fēng)帶過,
蔥綠的幽暗,和苔蘚的曲徑。
?我看不出是哪種花草在腳旁,
?什么清香的花掛在樹枝上;
?在溫馨的幽暗里,我只能猜想
這個(gè)時(shí)令該把哪種芬芳
賦予這果樹,林莽,和草叢,
這白枳花,和田野的玫瑰,
?這綠葉堆中易謝的紫羅蘭,
還有五月中旬的嬌寵,
?這綴滿了露酒的麝香薔薇,
它成了夏夜蚊蚋的嗡縈的港灣。
我在黑暗里傾聽,多少次
我?guī)缀鯋凵狭遂o謐的死亡,
我用深思的詩韻喚他的名字,
求他把我的一息散入空茫;
而現(xiàn)在,死更是多么富麗:
在午夜里溘然魂離人間,
當(dāng)你正傾瀉著你的心懷
發(fā)出這般的狂喜!
?你仍將歌唱,但我卻不再聽見——
你的葬歌只能唱給泥草一塊。
永生的鳥呵,你不會死去!
饑餓的世代無法將你蹂躪;
今夜,我偶然聽到的歌曲
曾使古代的帝王和村夫喜悅;
?或許這同樣的歌也曾激蕩
露絲憂郁的心,使她不禁落淚,
?站在異邦的谷田里想著家;
就是這聲音常常
在失掉了的仙域里引動(dòng)窗扉:
一個(gè)美女望著大海險(xiǎn)惡的浪花。
?呵,失掉了!這句話好比一聲鐘
使我猛醒到我站腳的地方!
別了!幻想,這騙人的妖童,
不能老耍弄它盛傳的伎倆。
?別了!別了!你怨訴的歌聲
流過草坪,越過幽靜的溪水,
溜上山坡;而此時(shí),它正深深
埋在附近的溪谷中:
噫,這是個(gè)幻覺,還是夢寐?
?那歌聲去了:——我是睡?是醒?
[賞析]
?????? 頌歌(Ode),屬于詩歌形式的一種,頌歌是一首抒情詩,用來贊美一個(gè)人、一個(gè)事件或一個(gè)物體。英國頌歌最著名的代表作品是雪萊的《西風(fēng)頌》(Ode to the West Wind),以及濟(jì)慈的《夜鶯頌》(Ode to a Nightingale)、《希臘古甕頌》(Ode on a Grecian Urn)。
??? 《夜鶯頌》這首詩寫于1819年。有一天,一只夜鶯一棵樹上筑巢,濟(jì)慈被夜鶯婉轉(zhuǎn)而歡快的歌聲所吸引,他在一棵李樹下面的凳子上坐了2、3個(gè)小時(shí),返回房間時(shí),他的手中拿了4、5張?jiān)姼?。寫這首詩的時(shí)候,濟(jì)慈的弟弟剛剛?cè)ナ?,而?jì)慈也被肺病困擾,夜鶯代表著他忘卻現(xiàn)實(shí)中的痛苦,去追求美好和自由的向往。
? ? ? ? 我國古代詩人中也有很多描寫鳥鳴的古詩詞。如:“月出驚山鳥,時(shí)鳴春澗中。;” “百囀千聲隨意移,山花紅紫樹高低。”;“蟬噪林逾靜,鳥鳴山更幽?!?鳥鳴襯托出了周圍環(huán)境的幽靜,反映了作者閑適、享受大自然美好的心境。正所謂境由心生。山水田園詩人王維被稱為“詩中有畫,畫中有詩”。而濟(jì)慈的這首詩是詩中有畫,畫中有音樂。
? ? ? ? 這首頌歌共分為8小節(jié),每小節(jié)10行,各小節(jié)詩行按照ABABCDECDE的形式押韻。詩人在整首詩中采取了對比和象征的表達(dá)方式。夜鶯代表著詩人所向往的自由、美好的生活,但作者卻不得不困于現(xiàn)實(shí)的痛苦中:弟弟剛剛?cè)ナ?;他自己又身患疾病;他和Fanny Brawn小姐相愛,但迫于現(xiàn)實(shí)的狀況卻不能長廂廝守。愛情的甜蜜,病痛的折磨,這些痛苦讓詩人十分羨慕夜鶯,并愿和夜鶯一起飛去。

? ? ? ? ? ? 從下圖我們可以看出詩人在描述中采用了對比的表達(dá)方式,體現(xiàn)了詩人的現(xiàn)實(shí)(negative)生活和夜鶯(positive)代表的理想世界之間的矛盾,作者在詩中采用了不同的詞匯,如詩人的pains和夜鶯的happiness,詩人的dull和夜鶯的melodious等等,反映了作者當(dāng)時(shí)追求自由、擺脫痛苦但卻又不得不面對現(xiàn)實(shí)的無奈心境。這也是濟(jì)慈在這首詩中采用paradox手法的體現(xiàn)。

[后記]
????? 關(guān)于這首詩的朗誦,可以找本尼迪克特的版本來聽。今天早上,聽本尼朗誦濟(jì)慈《夜鶯頌》的時(shí)候,舒緩優(yōu)美的音樂配上本尼純正的英音簡直是一種至高的藝術(shù)享受。
? ? ? 濟(jì)慈有詩叫做《多少詩人把光陰鍍成了黃金》,“多少詩人把光陰鍍成了黃金,詩杰的神品永遠(yuǎn)是我的幻想......仿佛集聚在黃昏的無數(shù)聲響......仿佛積聚在黃昏的無數(shù)聲響:鳥兒歌唱,樹葉颯颯地絮語,流水潺潺,洪鐘沉重地叩出莊嚴(yán)的聲音,還有那來自遠(yuǎn)方 難以辯認(rèn)的千種鳴響,合奏出
絕妙的音樂,而不是聒噪喧嚷?!?/p>
? ? ? ? ? 濟(jì)慈寫詩講究感官感受,所以讀他的詩,不僅僅是在看一幅精美的油畫,而且還是在欣賞一首優(yōu)美的古典音樂,完全沉浸在他的詩所描繪的美好情境中。所以讀他的詩是一種享受,不僅僅因?yàn)樗麑υ姼璧目駸?,更由于他對美與真的盡情歌頌。
? ? ? ?雖然濟(jì)慈25歲就去世,但他在詩歌方面的影響力卻是英國浪漫主義詩歌中最明亮耀眼的一顆星。他寫詩講究官能感受,唯美主義以及為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)(Art's for arts' sake)的創(chuàng)作理念,他具有與莎士比亞的天才極為接近的藝術(shù)感應(yīng)力。他的詩歌形式和風(fēng)格也是多變的,頌歌、長詩、敘事詩、抒情詩、十四行詩。他的十四行詩與莎士比亞的詩風(fēng)很像,讀他的十四行詩也是一種美的感官享受。
? ? ? ? 我在想,如果英文詩歌可以像夜鶯那樣浸潤現(xiàn)代社會中人們偶爾孤寂的心田,那將是人世間最美好的事。
