● 重復(fù)造成的冗余

這一點分為以下三種情況：

1. simple restatement (same idea presented twice indifferent words)

舉例："we must arrive at the station on time and be punctual."

2. self-evident statement (one idea implicit in another)

舉例："we must arrive at the station on time in order to catch the train。"

3. mirror-image statement (same idea presented first in positive form, then in negative)

舉例："we must arrive at the station on time and not be late."

如果發(fā)現(xiàn)了這樣的重復(fù)，要返回去明確要表達的本意，是不是要表達兩個不同的意思。如果是就要更改措辭；如果不是，就要刪除重復(fù)。有時候根據(jù)特殊情況，如果要強調(diào)某個意思，也可以保留重復(fù)的部分。

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● 反復(fù)指代造成的冗余

舉個例子：

錯誤: Now let me discuss how we can overcome our financial and economic difficulties this autumn and how we should strive for a turn for the better regarding our financial and economic situation next year.

正確:Now let me discuss how we can overcome our financial and economic difficulties this autumn and how we can improve the situation next year.

[-The meaning of "situation" is clear from the context, even without the second "financial and economic."

-("Strive for a turn for the better regarding" is only a wordy expression for "improve.")]

如果反復(fù)指代的是一個動作，, 那么第二次出現(xiàn)的時候不要用一樣的動詞，可以用"do so," "do the same," "do likewise," or "do this" 來指代。

如果反復(fù)指代的是一個有很多修飾語的名詞，那么第二次出現(xiàn)的時候可以去掉修飾語，或者用有總結(jié)意義的名字或代詞指代，有時候可以用首字母縮寫來指代。舉例如下:

錯誤: As far as the work of the Central Advisory Commission is concerned, its general functions are set forth in the new Constitution of the Communist Party of China. According to the Party Constitution, the members of the Central Advisory Commission are to act as political assistants and consultants to the Central Committee.

正確: As far as the work of the Central Advisory Commission is concerned, its general functions are set forth in the new Constitution of the Communist Party of China. According to the Party Constitution, the members of the Commission are to act as political assistants and consultants to the Central Committee.