1 場景

python是一種腳本語言。運行環(huán)境安裝python環(huán)境，并且安裝程序相關(guān)依賴包的情況下，源碼可直接運行。

大部分情況下，開發(fā)者不希望源碼被運行者看到，并且不想再程序執(zhí)行環(huán)境安裝python環(huán)境和安裝依賴包，希望直接將python程序打包成可執(zhí)行文件，直接在運行環(huán)境執(zhí)行。

2 方案

采用pyinstaller將python程序和依賴環(huán)境一起打包成可執(zhí)行程序。

2.1 官網(wǎng)

http://www.pyinstaller.org

2.2 注意事項

pyinstaller針對不同平臺（windows、linux...），需要打包成不同平臺的可執(zhí)行文件。

2.3 安裝

pip install pyinstaller

pyinstaller安裝時，會一同安裝其他依賴包，建議pip在線安裝。安裝成功后，在控制臺輸出一起安裝的包。提示如下：

Successfully installed altgraph-0.17 future-0.18.2 pefile-2019.4.18 pyinstaller-3.6 pywin32-ctypes-0.2.0

2.4 常用參數(shù)

4.1 常用參數(shù)

3 打包可執(zhí)行程序

當(dāng)前操作系統(tǒng)：win10，運行后生成exe程序。同理，linux可執(zhí)行程序，需要在linux環(huán)境下生成。

3.1 打包成單個文件

執(zhí)行命令：

pyinstaller -F xxx.py --clean

命令目錄下將生成如下文件和文件夾：

__pycache__ #緩存目錄，存儲的pyc格式的編譯后的程序，有python和依賴包的環(huán)境，可以直接執(zhí)行
build #打包過程的目錄，其中存儲了打包過程的相關(guān)日志和配置
dist #打包結(jié)果目錄，對應(yīng)生成的xxx.exe程序
baiduVoiceToZip.spec #打包配置文件，可手動編寫，通過其他方式打包

文件夾dist中存儲了打包生成的exe文件，命名和主python腳本的名字一致，如xxx.exe。

如python程序有其他依賴配置文件，需手動將配置文件，拷貝到.exe目錄下，直接發(fā)布到其他環(huán)境執(zhí)行即可。

參數(shù)--clean用于刪除之前打包生成的相關(guān)文件

3.2 指定包路徑

打包文件時，可手動指定python的本地安裝依賴包的路徑：

和使用PYTHONPATH效果相似，建議加上此參數(shù)，否則可能依賴包無法打包

pyinstaller -F -p "D:\Program Files\Python\Python36\Lib\site-packages;" xxx.py

打包生成結(jié)果，仍然為單個.exe文件

3.3 生成一個執(zhí)行目錄

執(zhí)行如下命令：

pyinstaller xxx.py

或：

pyinstaller -D xxx.py

執(zhí)行完畢后，生成的目錄dist中，將生成一個入口執(zhí)行腳本同名的文件夾xxx，文件夾內(nèi)，仍有一個執(zhí)行腳本同名的.exe文件xxx.exe。雙擊即可執(zhí)行。發(fā)布項目時，需將整個文件夾拷貝到執(zhí)行環(huán)境中，不可只拷貝exe文件。

同樣的，如果有外部配置文件等文件，也需要手動拷貝到指定目錄。

4 擴展

4.1 原理簡介

PyInstaller 輸入你指定的的腳本，首先分析腳本所依賴的其他腳本，然后去查找，復(fù)制，把所有相關(guān)的腳本收集起來，包括 Python 解析器，然后把這些文件放在一個目錄下，或者打包進(jìn)一個可執(zhí)行文件里面。

因此，只需要在命令中指定入口程序腳本即可。

4.2 執(zhí)行變慢

PyInstaller 是將“解釋器”、“程序腳本”、“程序依賴包”打成了可執(zhí)行文件。并非二進(jìn)制文件，執(zhí)行速度有可能比直接解釋執(zhí)行腳本文件要慢。

4.3 編碼建議

打包時，會將程序中依賴的包打包到程序中，因此需注意以下情況：

（1）如果包沒有用到，不要在程序中引入，即需要刪除程序中不需要的包引用。

（2）代碼里盡量不要直接用import，優(yōu)先用from xxx import yyy這種格式，盡量不要將整個外部包都引入進(jìn)來，縮小引入包的范圍。

4.4 打包前注意事項

打包前，如之前已經(jīng)打包過，建議清理之前打包生成的文件及文件夾，否則，打包可能出現(xiàn)問題。

命令中可加上參數(shù)--clean來實現(xiàn)此功能。

4.5 幫助信息

執(zhí)行以下命令，查看完整幫助信息：

pyinstaller -h

輸出幫助內(nèi)容：

usage: pyinstaller [-h] [-v] [-D] [-F] [--specpath DIR] [-n NAME]
                   [--add-data <SRC;DEST or SRC:DEST>]
                   [--add-binary <SRC;DEST or SRC:DEST>] [-p DIR]
                   [--hidden-import MODULENAME]
                   [--additional-hooks-dir HOOKSPATH]
                   [--runtime-hook RUNTIME_HOOKS] [--exclude-module EXCLUDES]
                   [--key KEY] [-d {all,imports,bootloader,noarchive}] [-s]
                   [--noupx] [--upx-exclude FILE] [-c] [-w]
                   [-i <FILE.ico or FILE.exe,ID or FILE.icns>]
                   [--version-file FILE] [-m <FILE or XML>] [-r RESOURCE]
                   [--uac-admin] [--uac-uiaccess] [--win-private-assemblies]
                   [--win-no-prefer-redirects]
                   [--osx-bundle-identifier BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER]
                   [--runtime-tmpdir PATH] [--bootloader-ignore-signals]
                   [--distpath DIR] [--workpath WORKPATH] [-y]
                   [--upx-dir UPX_DIR] [-a] [--clean] [--log-level LEVEL]
                   scriptname [scriptname ...]

positional arguments:
  scriptname            name of scriptfiles to be processed or exactly one
                        .spec-file. If a .spec-file is specified, most options
                        are unnecessary and are ignored.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -v, --version         Show program version info and exit.
  --distpath DIR        Where to put the bundled app (default: .\dist)
  --workpath WORKPATH   Where to put all the temporary work files, .log, .pyz
                        and etc. (default: .\build)
  -y, --noconfirm       Replace output directory (default:
                        SPECPATH\dist\SPECNAME) without asking for
                        confirmation
  --upx-dir UPX_DIR     Path to UPX utility (default: search the execution
                        path)
  -a, --ascii           Do not include unicode encoding support (default:
                        included if available)
  --clean               Clean PyInstaller cache and remove temporary files
                        before building.
  --log-level LEVEL     Amount of detail in build-time console messages. LEVEL
                        may be one of TRACE, DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR,
                        CRITICAL (default: INFO).

What to generate:
  -D, --onedir          Create a one-folder bundle containing an executable
                        (default)
  -F, --onefile         Create a one-file bundled executable.
  --specpath DIR        Folder to store the generated spec file (default:
                        current directory)
  -n NAME, --name NAME  Name to assign to the bundled app and spec file
                        (default: first script's basename)

What to bundle, where to search:
  --add-data <SRC;DEST or SRC:DEST>
                        Additional non-binary files or folders to be added to
                        the executable. The path separator is platform
                        specific, ``os.pathsep`` (which is ``;`` on Windows
                        and ``:`` on most unix systems) is used. This option
                        can be used multiple times.
  --add-binary <SRC;DEST or SRC:DEST>
                        Additional binary files to be added to the executable.
                        See the ``--add-data`` option for more details. This
                        option can be used multiple times.
  -p DIR, --paths DIR   A path to search for imports (like using PYTHONPATH).
                        Multiple paths are allowed, separated by ';', or use
                        this option multiple times
  --hidden-import MODULENAME, --hiddenimport MODULENAME
                        Name an import not visible in the code of the
                        script(s). This option can be used multiple times.
  --additional-hooks-dir HOOKSPATH
                        An additional path to search for hooks. This option
                        can be used multiple times.
  --runtime-hook RUNTIME_HOOKS
                        Path to a custom runtime hook file. A runtime hook is
                        code that is bundled with the executable and is
                        executed before any other code or module to set up
                        special features of the runtime environment. This
                        option can be used multiple times.
  --exclude-module EXCLUDES
                        Optional module or package (the Python name, not the
                        path name) that will be ignored (as though it was not
                        found). This option can be used multiple times.
  --key KEY             The key used to encrypt Python bytecode.

How to generate:
  -d {all,imports,bootloader,noarchive}, --debug {all,imports,bootloader,noarchive}
                        Provide assistance with debugging a frozen
                        application. This argument may be provided multiple
                        times to select several of the following options.

                        - all: All three of the following options.

                        - imports: specify the -v option to the underlying
                          Python interpreter, causing it to print a message
                          each time a module is initialized, showing the
                          place (filename or built-in module) from which it
                          is loaded. See
                          https://docs.python.org/3/using/cmdline.html#id4.

                        - bootloader: tell the bootloader to issue progress
                          messages while initializing and starting the
                          bundled app. Used to diagnose problems with
                          missing imports.

                        - noarchive: instead of storing all frozen Python
                          source files as an archive inside the resulting
                          executable, store them as files in the resulting
                          output directory.

  -s, --strip           Apply a symbol-table strip to the executable and
                        shared libs (not recommended for Windows)
  --noupx               Do not use UPX even if it is available (works
                        differently between Windows and *nix)
  --upx-exclude FILE    Prevent a binary from being compressed when using upx.
                        This is typically used if upx corrupts certain
                        binaries during compression. FILE is the filename of
                        the binary without path. This option can be used
                        multiple times.

Windows and Mac OS X specific options:
  -c, --console, --nowindowed
                        Open a console window for standard i/o (default). On
                        Windows this option will have no effect if the first
                        script is a '.pyw' file.
  -w, --windowed, --noconsole
                        Windows and Mac OS X: do not provide a console window
                        for standard i/o. On Mac OS X this also triggers
                        building an OS X .app bundle. On Windows this option
                        will be set if the first script is a '.pyw' file. This
                        option is ignored in *NIX systems.
  -i <FILE.ico or FILE.exe,ID or FILE.icns>, --icon <FILE.ico or FILE.exe,ID or FILE.icns>
                        FILE.ico: apply that icon to a Windows executable.
                        FILE.exe,ID, extract the icon with ID from an exe.
                        FILE.icns: apply the icon to the .app bundle on Mac OS
                        X

Windows specific options:
  --version-file FILE   add a version resource from FILE to the exe
  -m <FILE or XML>, --manifest <FILE or XML>
                        add manifest FILE or XML to the exe
  -r RESOURCE, --resource RESOURCE
                        Add or update a resource to a Windows executable. The
                        RESOURCE is one to four items,
                        FILE[,TYPE[,NAME[,LANGUAGE]]]. FILE can be a data file
                        or an exe/dll. For data files, at least TYPE and NAME
                        must be specified. LANGUAGE defaults to 0 or may be
                        specified as wildcard * to update all resources of the
                        given TYPE and NAME. For exe/dll files, all resources
                        from FILE will be added/updated to the final
                        executable if TYPE, NAME and LANGUAGE are omitted or
                        specified as wildcard *.This option can be used
                        multiple times.
  --uac-admin           Using this option creates a Manifest which will
                        request elevation upon application restart.
  --uac-uiaccess        Using this option allows an elevated application to
                        work with Remote Desktop.

Windows Side-by-side Assembly searching options (advanced):
  --win-private-assemblies
                        Any Shared Assemblies bundled into the application
                        will be changed into Private Assemblies. This means
                        the exact versions of these assemblies will always be
                        used, and any newer versions installed on user
                        machines at the system level will be ignored.
  --win-no-prefer-redirects
                        While searching for Shared or Private Assemblies to
                        bundle into the application, PyInstaller will prefer
                        not to follow policies that redirect to newer
                        versions, and will try to bundle the exact versions of
                        the assembly.

Mac OS X specific options:
  --osx-bundle-identifier BUNDLE_IDENTIFIER
                        Mac OS X .app bundle identifier is used as the default
                        unique program name for code signing purposes. The
                        usual form is a hierarchical name in reverse DNS
                        notation. For example:
                        com.mycompany.department.appname (default: first
                        script's basename)

Rarely used special options:
  --runtime-tmpdir PATH
                        Where to extract libraries and support files in
                        `onefile`-mode. If this option is given, the
                        bootloader will ignore any temp-folder location
                        defined by the run-time OS. The ``_MEIxxxxxx``-folder
                        will be created here. Please use this option only if
                        you know what you are doing.
  --bootloader-ignore-signals
                        Tell the bootloader to ignore signals rather than
                        forwarding them to the child process. Useful in
                        situations where e.g. a supervisor process signals
                        both the bootloader and child (e.g. via a process
                        group) to avoid signalling the child twice.