By?Sandra E. Garcia
作者 Sandra E. Garcia
Oct.3, 2018
2018年10月3日
Since 1901, when the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was first awarded,?177 people have captured the honor. On Wednesday, Frances H. Arnold became only the fifth woman to be awarded the prize.
自從1901年諾貝爾化學(xué)獎第一次被頒發(fā)，已經(jīng)有177人獲得該項(xiàng)殊榮。周三，F(xiàn)rances H. Arnold 成為了第五位獲得該獎項(xiàng)的女性。
Dr. Arnold, 62, an American professor of chemical engineering, bioengineering and biochemistry at the?California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, earned the award for her work with the?directed evolution of enzymes.
現(xiàn)年62歲的阿諾德博士是位于帕薩迪納的加州理工學(xué)院的化學(xué)工程，生物工程和生物化學(xué)教授，因其在酶的定向進(jìn)化方面的工作而獲獎。
She shared this year’s chemistry Nobel — worth close to $1 million — with George P. Smith, 77, and Gregory P. Winter, 67. Dr. Arnold received half of the prize, and Dr. Smith and Dr. Winter split the other half.
她和77歲的George P. Smith, 以及67歲的Gregory P. Winter一同獲得了今年的諾貝爾化學(xué)獎，價值將近1百萬美元。阿諾德博士獲得了一半獎金，斯密斯博士和文特博士平分另一半。
Dr. Arnold won for her work conducting the directed evolution of enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. She first pioneered the bioengineering method, which works similar to the way dog breeders mate specific dogs to bring out desired traits, in the early 1990s, and has refined it since then.
阿諾德博士因?yàn)樗诿福ㄒ环N催化化學(xué)反應(yīng)的蛋白質(zhì)）的定向進(jìn)化方面的工作而贏得獎項(xiàng)。90年代初期，她首創(chuàng)了生物工程方法，近似于狗飼養(yǎng)員讓特定的狗狗交配以獲得期望的特質(zhì)，自此不斷精細(xì)化這種方法。
Her enzymes have been used to make biofuels, medicines and laundry detergent, among other things. In many processes, they have taken the place of toxic chemicals.
她的酶除了其他事項(xiàng)外還被用于制造生物燃料，藥品和洗滌劑。它們在很多的加工流程中取代了有毒的化學(xué)制品。
[On Tuesday,?a woman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics?for the third time ever.]
周二，諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎第三次由女性獲得（后面我也會翻譯關(guān)于這個大姐的報道~擱我們這兒大姐是敬稱哦~）。
Dr. Smith was honored for developing a method, known as phage display, in which a virus that infects bacteria can be used to evolve new proteins. Dr. Winter won for evolving antibodies through phage display to combat autoimmune diseases and in some cases, cure metastatic cancer.
斯密斯博士因開發(fā)了一種著名的噬菌體展示方法而獲此殊榮，其中感染細(xì)菌的病毒可以被用于進(jìn)化出新的蛋白質(zhì)。文特博士通過噬菌體展示進(jìn)化抗體用于對抗免疫系統(tǒng)疾病，并在某些情況下治愈了轉(zhuǎn)移性癌癥。
“I think of what I do as copying nature’s design process,” Dr. Arnold said in an interview with?NobelPrize.org. “All this tremendous beauty and complexity of the biological world all comes about to this one simple beautiful design algorithm.”
“我認(rèn)為我做的只不過是復(fù)制大自然的設(shè)計進(jìn)程，”阿諾德博士在諾貝爾獎的訪談中說道，“所有這些生物世界龐大的美麗與復(fù)雜都來自于這個簡單美妙的設(shè)計算法。”
In the 1980s, Dr. Arnold tried to rebuild enzymes, but because they are very complex molecules built from different amino acids that can be infinitely combined, she found it difficult to remodel the enzymes’ genes in order to give them new properties.
20世紀(jì)80年代，阿諾德博士嘗試重建酶，但是因?yàn)樗鼈兪欠浅?fù)雜的分子由不同的氨基酸通過無限種組合方式構(gòu)成，她發(fā)現(xiàn)為了賦予新特性而重塑酶的基因非常困難。
In the 1990s, she abandoned what she called her?“somewhat arrogant approach”?of trying to create modified enzymes through her logic and knowledge, and examined nature’s way of doing things. She looked into evolution.
20世紀(jì)90年代，她放棄了她稱之為“有些傲慢的方法”，即嘗試通過她的邏輯和知識創(chuàng)造修飾過的酶，并檢查了自然的做事方法。她研究了進(jìn)化。
“I realized that the way most people were going about protein engineering was doomed failure,” Dr. Arnold said. “To me it is obvious that this is the way it should be done.”
“我意識到大多數(shù)人對蛋白質(zhì)工程的看法是注定錯誤的，” 阿諾德博士說，“對我來說很明顯，這是應(yīng)該采取的方式?！?/p>
She tried to change an enzyme called subtilisin. She wanted it to accelerate change in an organic solvent, so she created random mutations in the enzyme’s genetic code and introduced the mutated genes to bacteria that then created different types of subtilisin.
她試著改變一種酶叫做枯草桿菌蛋白酶。她希望它能夠在有機(jī)溶劑里加速變化，于是她在酶的遺傳密碼里創(chuàng)造隨機(jī)突變并將這種突變基因注入細(xì)菌體內(nèi)，接著創(chuàng)造不同類型的枯草桿菌蛋白酶。
Dr. Arnold selected the type of subtilisin that performed the best. Once she found the best variant of subtilisin, she continued to mutate it until she had the very best version.
阿諾德博士選擇表現(xiàn)最好的枯草桿菌蛋白酶。一旦她發(fā)現(xiàn)最好的枯草桿菌蛋白酶變種，她就繼續(xù)讓其變異直到她擁有最好的版本。
With this directed evolution, she could show the power behind allowing chance and directed selection instead of depending on human logic and understanding of how genes and enzymes are supposed to work. This was the initial step toward the revolution in enzyme mutation.
隨著這種定向進(jìn)化，她能夠展示允許改變和定向選擇背后的力量，而不是依賴人類的邏輯和對于基因和酶如何工作的理解。這是朝著酶突變革命的第一步。
When she began her new approach, “some people looked down their noses at it,” Dr. Arnold?told the National Science and Technology Medals Foundation. “They might say ‘It’s not science’ or that ‘Gentlemen don’t do random mutagenesis.’ But I’m not a scientist, and I’m not a gentleman, so it didn’t bother me at all. I laughed all the way to the bank, because it works.”
當(dāng)她開始她的新方法，“有些人表示了對它的鄙視，” 阿諾德博士告訴國家科學(xué)與技術(shù)獎基金會?！八麄儠f‘這不是科學(xué)’或者‘紳士不會做隨機(jī)誘變’ 但是我不是科學(xué)家，我也不是紳士，所以它一點(diǎn)也不能干擾到我。我很輕松地賺到大筆的錢，因?yàn)樗銐蛴行А！?/p>
Now, Dr. Arnold said, these are some of the questions she would like to answer: “How do you evolve innovation? How do you get a whole new chemical activity that you don’t know already existed? How can I evolve a whole new species of enzymes?”
阿諾德博士說，現(xiàn)在她想要回答一些問題比如：“你如何發(fā)展革新？你如何得到一種全新的化學(xué)活動在你不知道它存在的情況下？我如何進(jìn)化出一種全新種類的酶？”
Dr. Arnold was born on July 25, 1956, in Pittsburgh. In 1979 she received her undergraduate degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University. She received her graduate degree in chemical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985.
1956年7月25日阿諾德博士出生于匹茲堡。1979年她獲得了普林斯頓大學(xué)機(jī)械與航天工程的本科學(xué)位。1985年她獲得了加州大學(xué)伯克利分?；瘜W(xué)工程的研究生學(xué)位。
She started teaching at Caltech in 1986. In 2013 she became the director of the institution’s?Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.
1986年她任教于加州理工學(xué)院。2013年她成為該機(jī)構(gòu)的Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen 生物工程中心的主任。
Only eight Nobel Prizes have been awarded to women in physics or chemistry. It is also the first time that women have been honored with a chemistry Nobel and a physics Nobel in the same year.
在物理和化學(xué)領(lǐng)域只有8個諾貝爾獎頒給了女性。這也是第一次同一年中諾貝爾化學(xué)獎和諾貝爾物理獎都頒給了女性。
Dr. Arnold, speaking Wednesday at a news conference at Caltech, predicted that “a steady stream” of future Nobel Prizes in Chemistry would be given to women.
阿諾德博士周三在加州理工學(xué)院的新聞發(fā)布會上發(fā)言，預(yù)測未來諾貝爾化學(xué)獎會源源不斷地頒給女性。
“It’s just such a rich resource,” she said. “And as long as we encourage everyone — it doesn’t matter the color, gender; everyone who wants to do science, we encourage them to do it — we are going to see Nobel Prizes coming from all these different groups. Women will be very successful.”
“這是非常豐富的資源，”她說?！爸灰覀児膭蠲總€人——不論膚色，性別；每個想做科學(xué)的人，我們都鼓勵他們?nèi)プ觥覀儗⒖吹街Z貝爾獎來自所有這些不同的群體。女性將會獲得巨大的成功?！?/p>
第一次嘗試翻譯這么長的報道，肯定有很多語法錯誤，但是很開心可以向國人介紹這個偉大的諾獎獲得者，不走尋常路的女性科學(xué)家——阿諾德博士。以后會接著翻譯更多優(yōu)秀的文章，介紹更多優(yōu)秀的地球公民。
